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A full, accurate, authentic and interefting Account and Defcription OF Europe, Atia; Atrica, and America; */ AS CONSISTINC OI^ CONTINENTS ISLANDS OCEANS SEAS RIVERS LAKES PROMONTORFEi CAPES 13 A Y S P E N I N S U r> A 3 I S r H MUSSES G U LP II S, &c. AND DIVIDED INTO h Empires, Kingdoms, States, -and Republics, _ ;'^', . .' ' T o i; K r H E K w I T II Tficlr Limits, Boundaries, Climate, Soil, Natural ani.1 Artificial ^fcriofities and ProJuftions, Religion, Laws, Governnienr, Revenues, l-'orces, Antiquities, &c. Alio the Province?, Cities, Towns, Villages, Forts, Caftles, Harbours, Sca-porfJ^Aquedufts, Mountains, Mines, Minerals, Folfils, Roads, i'ublic and Private Edifices, Univerfities, &c. contained in eacli : Anil all that is intcieaing rclaiivc to the Culloms, Maii.ieri, Gcnlu:, 'icmj,:r, if.;':!it», Amij(t.'nKi;fs> C;rc,nories, CcrnmciCi'-, \r.<., ?r cnc;r, M jii il'ail ur' , , anj L.mj^inye cif th5 liiiiaU.rttiitv. Wit'i an accurate mA lively D-lcnption of the varisiij KimUoi tii.Ji, Hearts, Ke|Hi!cs, Filhr», aini'luhlous Creatures, Inietls, &c. tNCLtlDIMC '' The ElTIncc of the nioft remarkable Voyages ami Travels that have been pcrt'cirmcii by the Navigators anJ TravclUis of different. Countries, particularly the late Dil'coverics in the Soutli Sca^, aud the Voyages towards the Nort!i Pole, with every Curiouty that hath hitherto appeared in any Language rcfpecliiig the diftercnt Parts of the Univcrfc. , L t K X W I S C Many curious and interefting Citcunillanccs concerning various Places, communicated by feveral Gentlemen to the Authors of this Work. ALSO A Concifc HI 3 T O R Y of every E M P#k E. KIN 04)0 ?4v.,5'T AT F, 5;c. with tlie varict. ; KevoliitiKi^lHiy H-^'.' i0>rr|i.'nev ^ To which will be aiMed, A New and Eafy Guide to Geography, the Ufc of the Globes, he. with an Account of the Rife and Progrels of Navigation, its Improvcnieiiti and Utility to Mankind. Tlic wlinle embellilhcri and enrirhcd witli upwards of One ip^^H molt elegant and fnprrli Copper Plati-s, engraved in Hull .1 Manner as to do Infiniif Honmn in ilic iiCpeiMivc ArtrHs by wlium ihfV rre oxmitcil. Tliofe I'.Miliellilhmcnrs roi.f'i' I'f \'iew<,.Mapi, Land and Watir Pei I'pci'livis i Rirds, nroils^ I illie^, &c. as alio the v,irious nnlU s of the liili.diii.uUi of diflercnt Comitries, with their flraiige Ciiemonies, CiiftMlie, Anmftmems, ic. Ac. By C JI'A^L v. S T n V. -1 D O 1^: K ^ 1 1 P D l„ K T O \ r AflilWfiy i|ftrn1 Gintlrmiw eminent for their Knowledge in the Science of Geography. To kno^ llt^ Witf ^ il^ni Home yon need not ftray i Sii at foutlliliiV, tW>v'ry Clime lurvey : Hriv Fmpircii Kinftdorat, States, anil Ketlins are iliown Men, Maimers, CuOoitIa, Arti and Laws nude known ; Here rvVv V.is^e your Wonder ftiall excite, And give lirprciveniciit, whiltit gives Delight. ■Ill will* ««>ii .n * ' Tz3ii:i^ju~^. ■■ aass '. a n D ,^ r. •. s.^ ■ ■' Printed for J. COOKE, a( SHAK«tPtAM''i-HrAr>, No. i;, in Pater-no»t£r.Row. r- f ■'■<'' f jt -'^=Hs, ■r-"^ ^ f -" :*i T II E PREFACE. IT is univeiTally admitted, that there arc few ftudles fo replete with importance, or fo abounding with entertainment, as Geography : for here the human mind, at the fame time that it is purfulng pleafure, becomes enriched witli a knowledge that dignifies every faculty. The mind which applies itfelf to Geography, in reaping tlic great intclleifHrual advan- tage of cultivation and improvement, enjoys doubly every pleafing defcription, every animating pi£lure, every hiftoric charm, every grace and beauty, of a variegated, intereft- ing, and deleifiable fcience. A knowledge of the world, and of the people who inhabit it, h a fubjedl which more or Icfs concerns every perfon. By Natwc we are prompted to defire a knowledge ot the country in which wc firft drew brcatli ; Commercial F/ews lead us to enquire into the fitua- tion of our neighbours ; and that Cwir,f.t\ inherent in every human breaft, and from which we derive our moft fiiblime pleafurcs, induces us to wilh for an acquaintance with the moft remote parts of the unlverfe in general. One of the iirft objects of tlie human attention ouglit to be an inveftigation of fuch branches of knowledge as appear calculated to inihutfl, to enlighten, and to improve : and what, then, ill this reipeiil, can be more happily adaptid than Geography ? a fcience lb cfFedually tending to nilargc and ripen our underftandings, to corredl and regulate our opinions, flreni^theii our afl'ociated ideas, and baniHi illiberal prejudices. We mean to furnifh our readers with an Authentic Universal System of (iiuMjRAiMiY ; for which purpofe we have beftowed the 4iio(l elaborate pains in our rcfearchcs, in order to avoid the errors which fomc autlior.-. luue fallen into, and to give clear, dirtinft, and accurate defcriptions : nor Ihall we omit an hiftory of the prcfent {late oi learning in the fcvcral countries of which we (hall treat. Wc have been fupplicd with fome \ery valuable materials from gentlemen of ellabliflied credit, who have travelled into various parts of the world, and wlio have inveftigated, with a peculiar attention, every thing worthy their curiofity : nor have we omitted to examine, with the niced care, tlie writings of fuch great and learned men, as have explored with a philolbphic precilion, and have given the moll ju(t delcrlptloiu of the World. • Our The preface. Our readers will not only here be made fully acqxiainted witli the prcfcnt (late of empires, kingdoms, provinces, and colonics, but alio with the various revolution, whicli have eflcdluated their prcfent form and fituation. We (hall take a view of tl-c ancient a;5 well as modern world ; and, by carefully defcril)ing the maimers and culloins of remote ages, render our undertaking the moll: cxtcnfivcly complete of any ever yet attempted. The grand divifions of the globe into land and water, continents and illands ; tlie fituation and extent of the feveral kingdoms; their origin, tiicir forms of government, their laws and revenues, their produclions ai-,d natural curiofitics ; .the |.;cnius, manners, cuftoms, language, and learning of the inhabitants ; tlieir reli;'/ion, their arts and fciences, manutaclures and commerce, buildings and ruins, will L>c here dcfcribcd in the mofl accurate, familiar, and plealing ftile. The variegated fiice of nature, from the burning tropics to tlie frigid poles ; groves, gardens, and beauteous plants ; Ihrubberies, and each blooming flower of fair creation, cannot fail to yield the mofl fenfible and ai;imated plcafurc ; whiHl, on the other hand, wild folitary profpe£l:s, rude defarts, and tremendous piles of hills, will lift the human thought to the highed: extreme of cf][ual aflonifhment and amufement. The reader, defirous to invcftigate the tranfadion^ of remote n_r,cs, will be prefentcd with the relics of once ilourifliing cities, and the Ipkndld ruins of pr.laces aiul temples. In fliort, every thing that can tend to ftrengthen and improve the underllarding, or q^ratify and divert the curiofity, will he found in tiiis our hillorlcal, political, and commercial defcription of all the nations in tl known world. We fhall begin with a defcription of /IJia; for here it was. according to the holy writings, that the Divine Being created the fnft of the human race: it was here tlic beautiful garden of Eden was planted. It was Afia which, after the deluge, became the nurfery of the ri(ii;g generations ; whence the dcfcendants of Noali difneiieil colonies into the other parts of the globe, making their llrfi- migrations into Aj'iicit, which will be the fecond objt\':t of our conlidoration. When the j-ljjiilic and .Ifiican regions became the feats of tyratmy and defjiotilm, fome of the more liberally ililjnifeil peiKtrate' ( V ) INTRODUCTION. T ■I H E word Geography, which is derived from the Greek, implies a defctiprjon of the IForU. By the World we mean the Terraqueous Globe which we inhabit, mid Which is ufiially termed the Terreftrial Globe. Geography is the general term for the defcription of the Whole World ; Hydrography impVie^ a delcription of water; Chorograpby fignifies the defcription of a country, or province; and ?&/«^>vr/)/;>r means the defcription of a particular diftrift, city, town, village, &c. TERMS ufed in GEOGRAPHY. T H E principal terms ufed in Geography, refpefting the defcription of land and water, arc as follow : A Continent implies a large portion of earth, comprizing feveral countries, which are not fepa- ratfd by the fea. An Kland is a portion of earth entirely furrounded by water. A Peninfula is a quantity of land, joined to the Continent by a fmall neck, and every where elfc furrouncifd by water. An Ifthmus is that neck which connefts tiie peninfula to the main land. A I'romontory, or Cape, is a high point of land, wliicli Ibetches into the fea. An Ocean is an immenfe coUeftion of water, furrounding a great part of the Continent. A Sea is a fmaller colleflion of water, or an inferior ocean. _ A Gulph is a part of the fea almolt furroundetl by laiui, except at one fmall part, where it joins the main fea. A Bay is, in general, lefs than a gulph, and has a wider entrance. A Creek is lefs tiian a bay, and may be deemetl a iiiiall inlet of water, running a little way into the land. ° ' A Road is a place on the coaft, where there is a good anchorage. ASircight, or Strait, is a narrow palfage of water, which joins two feas, two gulphs, a fea and a gulph, &c. t> r ' A Lake isacolleftion of waters, furrounded by land. A River is a ftream of water, which derives its tource from fome inland fpring, meanders through the country, and empties itlelf either inio the ocean, the fea, or fome other river. lor tlic help of memory we (hall recapitulate the foregoing geographical terms in verfe. A Contiitent'i a Track of land defin'd, Comprizing couo'irits not by feas disjoin'd ; 7 he wat'ry element an Jfland bounds. And ev'ry wjiere with circling waves furrounds ; And a Penin/iila's an earthly fpace. Which (one part only) flowing waves embrace: That part, or neck, which joins it to the main. By the word TjJhmus fully we explain. A Proiir.ntory is, as all agree, A (loint of land projeding in the fea; The earthy globe the furging Oceans bound. And lelfer Seas more narrow fliores furround ; For an inferior fea a Cu/ph may ftand, Almolt enclos'd, and circumfcrib'd by land : A Bay is as a fmaller Gii/pb df fin'd ; A Creek\ a fmaller bay, lefs mov'd by wind ; A Road is where a fliip may ride with eafe; A Sn-eigbi's a narrow pafs that joins two feas ; A Lake's an inland fea with certain bounds, Whicii banking eartti on ev'ry fide furrounds; A River through the land meandring goes. Streams from its fource, and to the ocean flows. a 0/ Vi INTRODUCTION. Of the A R T I F I CI A L SPHERE, or G L O 15 E. THE Splierc is an iirtificiiil machine, confillintT of many circles, invcntnl liy the lagnciry c mathematicians, to explain tiie iloflrine of the Globe, or Orrery -, and to illullraie Uic motioiis oi the carrli, jilnncts, &:c. I'very circle is divided into j6o equal parts, which we call degrees ; eacii degree into 60 more eqi.Kd parts, called minutes. The Plane of a circle means that fiirfacc on which it is drawn ; and if the finfice be fuppofed iif an infniite extent from the centre, it is Itill calleii the Plane of that circle. Hut circles arc liiid to be in different Planes, when tiic furfaces on wiiich tliey are made incline to, or interfeCl each otiier. The Axh is that line wliich we conceive to pafs tiiroiigh the middle of the eanli, and on which the whole mafs turns round; reprclented in the Artificial Glol)c by a wire. The two extremities of tiie Axis are called the jioles of the equator; and if the Axi, be imagined to reach ihe ftars, one point is called the arftic, and the other the antarcfic, or the north and fouth poles of the world. The principal Great Circles are thefe : I'l-.e t-iUiitor is a great circle, going from eafl: to weft, which parts the globe into the north and louth hemifiiheres. It is named the Equator, or Equinoclial Line, becaufe when tlic tiui arrives th.ere the nights anil day-j are equal. It isalfo divided iato 360 degrees, reckoned eallward from the firft meridian. The Ikriztn is that a;reat circle wiiich parts the ujijier lK'mil"|)!iere from the lower, cr the vifibh; from the invilible hemifphere. So much of the earth as we comprehend in our viev\-, in a circular manner when we lland on a plain, is called the Senfible Horizon. It is a moveable circle, hav- ing the zenith ])oint over the fpettator's head, and the nadir point under his i^^cx, for its two poles. But the Rational Horizon is to fuppofe the eye at the centre of the earth, viewinjt 'lie whole celelUal hem;fi)here U]nvards ; which is reprelented bv a broad >vOoden circle incompalilng the globe, on wiiich are dcfcribed feveral other circles. The inner one is tlivided into 12 equal j)arts, lliewing the 12 figns of tl-.e zod.iac ; each of wliit'i is fubdiviiicd inio ;iO degrees, mariperly that part of the heavens where the fun is at noon ; fo that every place on the earth has a difterent Meriilian, if we move call or well ; but p. ..Ting Jiortli or fouth, it remains the fame. The Meridians marked on the globe are 24 leaiicircles, ending in the p'oles, which we may multiply at pleal'ure ; for (ieograjihers ufually fetdc one Meridian, fiom whence they reckon the longitude of any place, eafl or well ; as in the new lit of Maps for this Geograpiiy, London is mad.e the Hrll Meridian. The globe hangs in a bral's circle, on which is placed another iiiiall bi-.tfs one, called tu^ horary circle : this is divided into 24 equal parts, and dcl'ctibes tlie liours of c'.ay and night ; which, in turning of the pjobe, ;;re pointed ('Ut by an in;!ex litted to the pole. This is to ihew the rifing and f'tting of the fun, moon, and Itars; or the time of ilay in ;ill parrs of the earth. The degrees of latitude are marked on any Meridian line; but ,n maps, alw.-.vs on the two outermoft. Tiiere are two other meridians called Colivcs, w Inch being alfo great circles, cur tlie fphere into four equal parts. The Solltice Colure goes through the poles, and cuts the ecliptic at the firll degree of Cancer and Capricorn : the Equinox Colure goes likewife through the [)oles, but cut.s the ecliptic at the beginning of Aries and Libra. By thefe the feafons are diilinguilhed ; lor when the earth, in its annual courle, jiafles untler the Equinox Colure, then commence the fpring and autumn ; but when it palVes under the Solllice Colinc, the winter and funimcr begin. The L'.ihplic is a great obliip.ie circle, cutting the equator at angles of 23 degrees, 29 minutes. It det'cribes the annual couri/i',i/;/i,^ . s ^ ^ '^ V* iu O il R A P H V. V - ^// •/'// ///>//■. 1 S TJi ().\ ' OMK : /T. ( 'f'XXJ'J( ' TUiXX Xcmn/iif J'fir/,1' i'/' l/i< liaii/i i>( ('ii'i/ifiii/imi/ ('irr/,.1' <';<• 1 I I INTRODUCTION. vli The two remaining Circles nre Hill rninller, called the /fr.^ii; or Po'/ir Circles. The North I'nle Circle is liiftsnt 23 cle,c;iees ly minutes fiom the North Pole; and the South Pole Circle is cii'.ii- didant from the South Pole. Thefc Circles have alii, double lines. The Cardinal Points are the four quarters of the worKI, ealt, wefb, north, and fou'li. The Collateral Points are the iirineipal divilions and fubdivifions of the four thief ; in all -; :. The earth beinj!; divided into live parts, by the tv.'o 1' topics and the two Pole Ciri ii-s, tliolc five parts are named Zones. Two Temperate, two Frigid, and the Torrid Zone. The North Temperate Zone includes all the land between the Tropic of Cancer ar.d the North Pole Circle : and tlie South remjierate Zone includes all between the Tropic of Caj-n. ,ji n aiid the South Pole Circle. The two Frigid Zones contain all the land from the two Polar Circles to tlie very Poles. 1 hefe, by the antients, were thou'^ht uninhabitable ; but navigators have difeovercd many well-peopled countries within the Arctic Cireh', almoll round the North Pole; tiiough none has yet been dif- towretl within the Antarctic, or South i'rigid Zone. il-.e Torrid Zone includes all the I'pace between the two Tropics, the Equator beinir in the mid. He. The whole is thorou;!;hly inhabited, though it lies under the lull a..iuial courle of tlie fun i for which realbn the antients thought it could not be peopled for extreme hear, any more than the Frigid Zones for extrciie cold. The Temperate Zones contain in laiituile each 43 degrees 1 minutes, being the fjnce brtv.ecn each IVopic and the Pole Circle. 'I'he Frigid Zones contain each 46 degrees 58 minutes; that is to lay, ii, degrees 29 minutes on either fide the Pole: and the Torrid Zone, in like manner, contains 46 degrees 58 minutes I litude ; that is, 23 degrees 29 minutes on cacii fide the Fquator. Of s II A D O W TII F. antients alfo named liie inhabitants of t!ie earth, according to wliich w.ay the Sluulows of flieir bodies were call by ilie noontide fun. j'c'irj'cii are thofe beyond the Polar Circles, whole bodily Shadows turn round everv 24 hours. //i'/i;i/iv/ are thofe people in the Temieraie Z';nes, whole noon Shadows ever tall ():!e way: tlie North Tem|ierate Zone throwing it e.ortli, and i.ie .'■■ourh Tem[K'rate Zone throwing it (omh. .•/fw^/'v':.'/ are thole who live in the i'e.ind, (;r Middle Zo:ie. Their noon Siuidow;, f.ll ni.'llreiit ways at d;lfere:it lealons : for when ihe fun ueis to (he fgn Cancer, being the Nor:h Iropiv, their Shallows fall fouih ; anil when ili; .mi reaches Capricorn, or the South Trojiic, ilic ^h..l •■ ro north. And bee;'.''" , twice a ye,-.;-, their bodies make no fliade at all, the iuii pailiiij^ juiL over tiieir heads, they arc theretore called -/Jcii. PiTifiii is from Trif), which means toitnd about ; and o-xia, a Shuilo'-.v. Ikterqfiii is frv.n iVfi',,-, meaning one only, and txijc, that is, -ji'itboHt a Sbadozv. .■/mpi.'ij'cii is from «/4f 1, icth tf.n/s. And yffcii is from :«, M\d r,'.i^ } Of SITUATIONS. 'I' HI. r(t^/iY/ are ihofe wl'.o live in the fame jiarallel, have the fime latitude and I'cm!o;i;, and the lame pole elevatCkl ; but have oppollte meridians, and coiifequently oppolite days and nights. 'I'hc .Innt'ii are thole piople who have the fame meridi.m, but oppoli;e paralleis ( equi'.iiUint from the I'.ipiator, though on contrary fides. 'I'heir longitude is the fime, and eonieinienti) ihc lame len;;ih of day and night ; but they have cc ntrary poles and lealons ; and when it is iiuon with tine, it is midnight with the other. /intipcM-s are fuch, whole parallel anil meridian are both oppofite. 'I'hey have the wi, ,!e |:ljbe of the earth between them, in diametrical oppolition j they have contrary pules elevated : their feet are direiflly o]i|)olite, and conlequeiuly their nights and days, winter ami Uimiuei. ft 1 I Of LATITUDE and L O N G I V U i) ].. THE exadl fitiiation of cities and places, where the inhabitants of the earth refidt, U mm: jiarticularly called their I ..iiitu.le and Longitude. l..i!itudc is ihe ilillaiice of any place from each iidc the Iquator to eilher of the Poles ; which dillance being but <,u degrees each., no l.ititude can exceed that number. ..« Longitude is the dillaiue of a plaie from the firll, or Ibme other meridian. When Ptolomy invented the way of dillini^iillung theliiuation of pl.iees, he did it by parallel and mtriiiian lines j the latter palfin^ rouiiil the globe ihrough the Fquator and Poles, and the former King p.u.iUel to the {■(lu.iior ; whiiii paiallel lines wire found very convenient for maiking the 1 ,ati(vii!i.' inio degree! ni;d minutes. Then tor I .oii.;iii!dc, he fixed upon TtiierilV, one of the Canary inands, as the Hioll wtflern part of the then know 11 \Mi|lil ; whiih having a very high mountaMi, was a good mark (oi iii.ii iiiris, and the liiti II plue from whemeto begin a gener.il i ompiiiation. Aeiordingly, all the old maps begin their J .ill Longitude from Teiierill', and becaule then 01 Iv one fulc ot" of the globe was l.:u)wn, the di;irees were only i«o: but liiiee the ililio\ery of Aii'eriea, they Hie carried (juite round to }t\o. This nurhod was always clleemed, and TenerifV reikoneil a good ilandard miridian, till the 1 niuh, who like noihing which iliey themfelves ilo not invent, thought propel to alter it, and make the llland Fero their new meridian, wliich, by laic obletvaiioiiv, lit* j'Jit viii INTRODUCTION. juft two degrees more weft. Wlierefore, to prevent confurion, our modern Geographers, and delineators of maps, make the metropolis of their own nation the firlt real meridian : and in this cafe Longitude is two-fold, Ining, from London, either well or call ; as atfea it is computed from ibme known port, or headland. The Longitude of any place from London being known, the difference in the hour of the d.iy i» alfo known. For as the fun performs his diurnal circuit in 24 hours, he gains in each hour 15 degrees, being a twenty-tourth part of j6o, or one degree in four minutes. So that at any place 15 degrees ealt of us, noon is an hour (boner with them, as it is an hour later with thofe who live 15 degrees well fiom us. The townof Pembroke, in Wales, being five degrees weft of London, their noon is therefore 20 minutes later. If a clock, or any time-piece, could be fo made as to go equal and true at any feafon, or diftance, the tlieory of Longitude at fca woulii be no more a myftery : but as that is impracticable, our modern Aftronomers have contented thimfclvcs with obferving tiie Solar and Lunar Kclipfes ; for if tlieir appearances and calculations are exadlly known with us, and the fame appe irani:es are obferved in any other part of tiiis globe, the dif- ference ar.fing from thofe times will fettle the ditferencc in Longitude by the ioicgoing lule. The Eelipfe-- alfo of Jupiter's Moons, and the fpheroidal figure of the Harth, two important dif- coveries of the fevenieenth century, will each, in their turn, lead us farther on to a true lyllein of Longitude. Laftly, Tliough all degrees of Latitude are equal in Icngtli, yet degrees of L,ongitude vary in every new parallel of Latitude : for all the meridian lines meeting and interfeif'iing each othti at the Poles the degrees of Longitude do naturally dim.inilli as they proceed euhcr way Iroin the Equator. The bell explanaiion of which is an orange with the peel ftrippc.l otf; where the natural partitions not only refemble, but are truly I'lc meridians of a (ilobe, CKjllln'; each otiier at the top and bottom : whereas, if tiie orange is cut i.i lliccs the contrary way, tiie divifions arc parallel, and the degrees of Latitude all equal. The following Table fhcwshow the degrees of Lonijtude diniinirti, throughout all the parallels of Latitude; reckoning 60 parts, or miles, for a octree at the Equator. A TABLE, JJiewing the Number of Miles contaimd in a Degree of Longitude^ in each Parallel of Latitude, fruj/i the Equator. Degrees u* Latitude. Miles. 1 - th F.ini ot a Mile. I), jj^tts ot LlIHllJf. Ml In. [ I 59 96 J' 51 ~ 59 94 3- 5-' 3 59 9' J.i 50 4 59 86 34 49 5 59 77 35 49 6 59 ''7 3& 4i 7 59 5^' 37 47 8 59 4^ 3« 47 9 59 20 39 46 10 59 o3 40 46 1 II 5« »9 41 45 12 S« 6!J 42 44 13 5** 46 43 43 14 5« 22 44 43 '5 5« 00 45 4-'' JO 57 6o 46 41 17 57 j'J 47 41 l!l 57 04 4«* 40 '9 56 73 49 39 20 ^'^ 3a JO 3« 21 56 00 5' 37 It 55 63 52 ^l 3.^ 55 23 53 36 2* 54 Ui 54 35 2$ 54 3« 55 34 a'i 54 00 50 33 «7 5J 44 57 3» tS 53 00 5» 3' 99 51 4X 59 30 30 1 S' f6 60 30 loorll Pilts ; :i M. 43 3- "4 '6 54 92 .;8 62 00 iS 95 d8 lb 43 00 «5 3<» 57 73 00 18 26 4' 55 «>7 70 90 00 Digues of I u>lt. 61 (>1 t'3 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 7' 72 73 74 75 76 77 7« 79 80 81 82 83 «4 85 86 87 88 89 90 Mill 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 »9 j8 '7 16 >5 '4 '3 12 1 1 to 09 o« 07 06 05 C4 03 01 01 00 I "th I'irts . I .. Mile. 04 «7 24 30 36 41 45 48 5» 52 54 55 54 53 52 5» 50 48 45 42 38 35 32 28 23 i3 00 u i INTRODUCTION. IX "A 13 09 OS 00 ^ TABLE, Jhewifig in whai Climate any Country lies^ fuppoftng the Length of the Day, and the Dijlance of Place from the Equator^ to be hioi^H. L ituutU. D. M, I156 'jlf9 .5^62 16 OJ 1764 2065 2 1 6ti 22166 2jjb6 24I66 2OJO9 17;,) 4984 45 -9 ^49 01 952 00 io,54 : 37 2q 5« is| --1 0(J 4V : I 47 c'.. i'. 2b 3' 21 4« 37 J-^ "5 25 7 -5 8 25 .6 25 -J 50 .]o 25 ;6 2Sl 6 41 — 4 54 Bicad.h. r. ^' IJ.iV. M. 29 10 5; 29 2C 5:? 44 43 2; '9 14 8 3 •7 12 30 '3 13 30 14 '5 30 16 16 JO '7 18 18 "i> '9 20 20 21 21 22 22 -3 -3 -'': __ 1 Niciiitli : Moiulis ;, M our lis 4 Moiirhs 5 Moiitli.'. ti Moiulis 30 30 30 30 30 3>J 30 Names ot Cuuiitiies and remarkable Phees, liiuateJ in every Climate Norih of the Equator. I. Within the firit climate lie the Gold and Silver Coafts in Africa; Malacca, in the Eall-Indies ; Cayenne and Surinam, in Terra Firma, South America. II. litre lie Abylluiia, in Africa; Siam, Madrafs, and Pondicherry, in the Eall-Indits ; Straits of Darien, between Nortii and South America ; Tobago, Granadcs, St. Vincent, and Barbadoes, in the Weil-Indies. III. Contains Mecca, in Arabia ; Bombay, part of Bengal, in the Eaft-Iiidics ; Canton, in China ; Mexico, ISay of Campeachy, in North America; Jamaica, Hilpaniola, St. Ciiriftophers, Antigua, Maninico, and Guadaloupe, in the Weft-ladies. IV. t,!;vpr, rtnd the Canary Illands, in Africa; Delli, capital of the Mogul Empire, in Afia ; Gulph of Mexico, and Eaft-Elorida, in North America ; theHavannah, in the We(t-lndies. V. Gibraltar, in Spain ; part of the Mediterranean Sea ; the Barbary Coall, in Africa ; Jerufalcm ; Ifpahan, capital of Perfia; Nanking, in Ciiina -, California, New-Mexico, Weft-Flonda, Georgia, and the Caroiinas, in Nortli America. VI. Lilbon, in I'ortugal ; Madrid, in Spain ; Minorca, Sardinia, and part of Greece, in the Mediterranean; Afia Minor, part of the Calpian Sea ; Samarcand, in Great Tartary; Peking, in China; Corea and Japan; Wiiliamfburgh, in Virginia; Mary.";i, capital of Siberia. XIII. Orkney llles, Stockholm, capital of Sweden. XI\'. Bergen, in Norw,iy ; Peforlburgh, in Rulfia. XV. Hiidlon's Straits, North America. XVI. S;beri,i, .\w.\ the I'outh part of Weft Greenland. X\'ll. Drontheiin, in Norway. XVIII. Part of Finland, in RulTia. XiX. Archangel, on the White Sea, Ruflia. XX. Hecia, in Iceland. XXI. Norihern parts of Rulfia and Siberia. XXII. New North Wales, in North America. XXIII. Davis's Straits, in ditto. XXI\'. Samoieda. X/vV. South part of I.apland. XXVI. Wclt-(ireenland. XXV'I. Zemhia Auftralis. XXVIII. /.rmbia Borealis. XXIX. Spitlbergen, or Ead Gnenland. XXX. lliknnwii. fht sc tNTRODUCTI O N. ne SOLAR SYSTEM. * hi tf th-- n:-. "Ul a to iindfii' an .1 IC a(li)iii(i ■ in 'j; :>; .UK I' >1K t, uc . ')' VII 1 ill' 1/ ' '.11 .',)i _ tn 'J ]• ■.; .i o: / TO explain the difpofition of the fcvcral parts of tlic iiiiot-rk-, and dcmoniha bf the heavenly motions with refpeft to each other, anJ to the eaith, it is necelVarv the Sjflc-m of the IVorld. Several Syjlems have, at various times, been formed ciiiclly from conic^lure ; but tl improvements in aftronomy made in later ages, have expioJetl error,i.ous fuppoficioii rience, adifted by experiment, have at length fixed on a perma''.viit balis, the only called the Sclar Syjlem. This admirable Syftem was invented by Copernicus, a I'rullian, and afterwardi ftrated and explained by the incomparable Sir Il'aac Newton, who clearly elucid.utt! of the iiniverfe, " Where order in variety we fee, " And wliere, tlio' all things difl'er, all agree." Tliis Syftem confifts of the Sun in the centre, and ihe Planets and Comets moving about ir. The Planets are vaft boiiies, which to us ajipear like liars ; not that tliey have tliemfcives, but lliine merely by relledingtiie light of the fun. " Each Planet (liining in liis proj-er fphere, " Does, with jull f|)ced, his radiant voyage fteer ; '' Each fees his lamp with different lullre crown'd, " Each knows his courfe with dirVerent jieriods bound; " And in his pailage through tiie liquid fj)ace, " Nor haftcns, nor retards liis neighliours race. " Now fliine thefe Planets with fublhuuial rays, " Does innate lullre gild their nuafur'd days? " No; but tliev do as is by fylleni Ihewn, " Dart furtive beams, aiid gior\', not tlieir own, " All fervants to that louicc of lit:ht, tiie Sun." any i",!;t u\ 1 i'CLiuLfy, The Planets are either Primayy, or .v The Primary Planets are fix in number, vi Mercury, Earth, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. ajiet;-. Tiu-fe are called Primary Planets, becanl'e they move round the Sun; and the i.rlier called Secondary, becaui'e iliey move round the Piimary I'lanets. The Secondarv Planets are ten in number, and go under the general name of Mc:::s : of 0>ic moves round the i.ttitb, f(,:(r round 'J.:p:hr, anil fic- round Sjinnt. With refpect to Comets it is univerfally agreed, tliat they are immenfe bodies ri volvir ■ tl-.e fun in elliptical orbits. Thiir peiioilical times are equally eontl.uit, ceriaii;, am' thofe of the Planets; but the bodies tlicmlelvc-. are abundairJy more denle, as tluy greater extremes of heat and rold, without any Ichlibli- dimiiuiiicn. ri; ■.\\\\ into -- all Pl.;nets lno^ 0 from ea(i to well in tlie plane nl iheit.innn, .imi m uiueim iumuj iuini.h ; uu- Conv.is, in their \ery eilijitical orbits, travtrle the com[)als in all directions (the plane of tiie _i:. ..-.,. IN I ,\.^, ; .,.,.,„,..• i:, .,-,w,,i,.,f,,i .,. „,„ ,,^ ; c,.,- ;., ,\ u;.. „(•.,,..!. Otl , T runners of fome tremendous event ecli[)tir, and in orbits ne.uly liiuilai u.u.o. 111 U1...1 .-., ^...,...^ ^..., — ^..- ...- com[)als in all directions (the pi. ;lipiic excepted), ;'nd tliat in a manner I'o wonderful, as not to inu-rfcrc in t''e orb dier. SiiperlUtion I'lnf.; held them as ominous, and tlic viilL;ar iupj oftJ they wuc ic inncrc nT iiinif tri'ini'iidi ill'; fvenr. r. i of (Mck nuin (oie- " Thus terribly in air the Comct'i roll, " And flioot malignant gleams from pole to pole s " "Tween worlds and worlds tin y move, and from their air " Shake the blue plague, the pellilence, and war." • Thoiiiih the Ncwtoiil.iii Syftem fccms to difTer, in I'omc rrfpffl«, from thr account of the C.'ri itioii Uy MolW, »et liMih arc trui', aii'l tlic v.tiijlion i« unly in point .i. S U N*. INTRODUCTION. XI U N. T M F. Sun, fitiKited in tlie centre of the iinivcrfe, is the fountain of light, the fource of the feafons, the caiifc of tlie viciiruudcs of day and iiip-ht, th': parent of vegetation, and the friend of man. It is a prodigious body of intenfe iteat, and amazing illumination: in fine, when we viev/ the Sun we behold a globe of liquid fire, wiiole diameter i:; equal to loo diameters of the earth; the thici;nefs being 795,000 miles. Its furface is 10,000 times larger than the earth, and its ilili- dity 1,000,000 greater: that is, the furface is the fquarc of the thickncfs, and the folidity its cube. 1 " The Sun that rolls his beamy orbs on high, " Pride of the world, and glory of the iky, " lUufiious in his courfe, in bright array " IVlarcnes along the lieav'ns, an; fcatters day " O'er earili, and o'er the main, and the ecjiereal way. " He in the morn renews iiis radiant round, " And warms tlie fragrant bofom of the ground ; " But e'le the noon of day, in fiery gleams " He darti tlie glory of his blazing beams; " Beneath the bin'nings of his lultry ray, " liarth to her center pierc'd, admits tlie day." MERCURY. T 1 1 L''. Planet Mercury is about two-thirds of the earth's magnitude, being 2700 miles in (lianuiu-. His difianee from the eartii is 88, coo, 000 of niik-s, and from the fun ,32,000,000 of miles. His revokuioa roiintl the i'un IS m.ide in a little more than 88 days, wi'h the velocity of 100,000 miles in an iiour, which is almoii as fwilt again as the earth travels ; for we only go 56,000 miles in the lame fpace. The heat of the fun in tiiis Planet is fomcthing more than feveii times greater than the luat of the hottcft part of the earth in the moil; fultry fummer, which is fulRcieui to make water boil. '• Mercury, nearefl to the central Sun, " I'yoes, in !,is oval orbit, circling run ; " But leldom is the object of our light, " la folar glory lunk, and more prevailing light.'" V E N U s. T 1 1 L. Planet A'enu:; appears to the eye to l)c the brigiirell: hf all the Planets ; and from its fupe- rior luihv it ca:inot he miilaken lor any of then. I'lie I'ilh'.nce of Venus from the fun is 60,000,000 ?,i' ni'lcs i her revolution round the I'uii is performed in a littU- more tiiari 224 days, and her motion ' - ' ir is 70,000 miles. From tiie uncommon brightnelo of tliis I'lanet, the poets have made it the (.i )ddels of iieaiitv. • " She ttiin'd, and maile appear " Her neck refulgent, and ililhevell d hair; " W'hicli Mowing on her ilionlders rc-aeli'd the ground, •' And widely fprtad ambrolial fcents aroun;!; " In length of train delccnds her fweeping gown, " Antl, by her graceful walk, the (j^ieen of Love is known." E A R T II. fTi reviilu: liom t' is calk /.odi.U' v.'incti, Ihe linil tq; The ♦aids t F. F.arth forms its revolution roiuul the fun in J65 " Friends of the God, and followers of the war." J JUPITER. JUPITF, R is the largcft of all the Planets, Init being very remote from the Sun, would Icarte enjoy any light, had not the great Author ot Nature provided it v. ith four moons, or fatel- lites, « hich revolve round it in different orbits. The diameier of Jupiter is upwards of 80,000 miles, and the mafs of matter it contains 220 times greater than our Earth. The diftance from the fun is 424, 00,^000 of miles ; he involves round his own axis in 9 hours and 56 minutes; round the fun in ji years and 10 months, and proceeiis at the rate of 24,000 miles an hour. Exclufive of a famous Ij^xjt by which the diurnal motion of this Planet was originally determined, it has fwathes, or belts round it, that arc moveable, and which are formed by clouds ; and, like the trade winds to us, lie in tracks parallel to the equator. The poets feigned this Planet to be the head ef the heathen Deities, or fabulous Gods, and reprefented him as having tiie command of the tliundcrbolts. " The pow'r immenfe, 'eternal energy, " The king of Gods and men, whole .iwful " Uifperfes thunder on the leas and land, " Difpoling all with abllilute command." hand SATURN. SATURN is the mofl dirtant Plantt in the whole Syllcm, being 779,000,000 of miles f.o.n the fun. He is 30 years in performing his revolution, and yet moves at the rate of 1 8,000 miles xa hour, lie is 61,000 miles in diameter, contains 94 times as much matter as the Earth; but his denlity is not more than a feventh ()art of tlie matter which compofes otir Planer. As the light and heat in Saturn are not above a ninetieth part of wliat we enjoy from the fun, t!i wile Creator of the Univerfe hath accommodaied Saturn with five ino'jns, wiiich rev.ih'e roun i hiii in different orbs. But the moll fingular circiimllaiu e relative to this Planet is Jiis rinf^. This i a vaft body of earth, of the thicknefs of near 800 miles, which fnrro...ids Saturn in form of a circle, at the dilhmce of 21,000 miles from its furl'ace. c 111 'us is «* -i J SECONDARY PLANETS. Til E Secondary Planets, as we have already obferved, are ten in number, viz. live belonging to Saturn, four to Jupiter, and one to our Earth. With relpeit to nine of thefe Moons, or Satellites, namely, t i.-fe belonging to Saturn and Ju- piter, they were unknown till the lad century, by reafiin of ili- . Iieini_< lo dimiiaitive, that diey could not be ken from our Earth without the ufe of long telcl>opes; limic, till thole critical glalVe.'. were improved, thefe Secondary Planets were unobferved. 'I'he Moon which lights our Earth, contains about the fortieth part of the quantity, or mafs of matter, which comj)ole the Planet we refide upon. It is near 2200 miles in diameter, 240,000 miles u.ilant from us ; and its furface is about 14,000,000 of fqu.ire iniks. I'he Moon is the ipiickell in its motion of all tlie Planets, making its revolution in 27 davi liven hours .uid three (luarter?. Tlie light which this Planet affords us at night is not the only benefit we receive from it ; fur it governs the waters, and gccafiuns the tides, which are of inliniie benclit tu mankind. The INTRO DUCTION; knit " The Moon, as day-light fades, " Lifts her broad circle in the decp'ning Ihadesj " Array'd in glory, and enthron'd in light, " She breaks the folenin terrors of the night ; " Sweetly inconllant in her varying flame, " She changes Hill, another, yec the fame : " Now in dccreafe, by flow degrees flic flirouds " Her fading luftreb in a vale of clouds : " Now at encrcal'e, lier gath'ring beams difplay " A blaze of light, and give a paler day. " Ten thoufand Itars atlorn her glittering train, " l-'ail when fhe falls, and rife with her again ; " And o'er tiic deferts of the fky unfold, " Their burning fpangles of Sidereal gold ; " Thro' the wide lieav'iis flie moves lerenely bright, " Queen of the gay attendants of the night ; " Orb above orb, in fweet confufion lies, " And witii a bright diforder paints the ikies." FIXED STARS. *% • -E % M THE dlfl'ercnre, with regard to \ifion, between the fixed Stars and Planets is, that the latter have a more placid lultre than tl;e fonncr. The fi\cd Stars have the fource of light within them- felves, being Sun-i but the Planets arc compofed of opake matter, and have no light but what they receive fron; the Sun, or their own Sa;eliitr.,,. Hence, though the fixed Stars are at an immenfe difbme, their brightnefs exceetis that of the Planets, and tliey are to be diftinguiilied by their twinkling, though Venus and Tvlcrcury oolIi twinkle, but not in fo great a degree'^as the fixed Stars. Beyond the atmofphere of our S. Hem -He heavens are filled with a fluid much more rarified than our air; and lu'rc the Jixed Stars are placed at difll-rent, but immenfe diftances fron; us, and very great diilanccs from each otiier. " We mull .'lavx a vad idea of this fpace, (fays an accurate writer) when we coiilider that the largdl of the fixed Stars, which are probably the neareit to us, are at a diftance too great tor the exprelilon of all that we can conceive from figures, and for all means ot adir.e.iiuiement. The fmallell: are, doubdefs, more and more remote to the Icalt, which are of the hxtli magnitude. Thefe mult be in a part of the heavens more remote from us than the others, and yet beyond thefe t-defcopes difcover to us more Stars too dilUnt to be at all perceptible to the naked eye ; and in projiortion to the power of thefe inllruments, more or lefs ue difcover." Hence we may obtain fome idea of the inlinite wifdom and power of the Gi-eat Creator or tiie Univcrfe. " Wlio fpread the pure Ceruliaii fields on high, " And arch'd the t haiiibers of the vaulted ttty ; " Which he to fuit iheir glory with their height, " Adorn 'd with globes that reel, as drunk, with liglittj " His hand directed all the timeful fpheres, " He tuin'd their orbs, and polilh'd all the Stars." 0/ the CLIMATE S. T H I-, RF. are 24 Climates on each fide the equator; and under the equator the longeft dav is no n.oie t.ian -wclvc iiours; and in proportion as we advance towards tlie Polar Circles, the days cncrealc in every Climate half an hour; and at the Polar Circles, the longell day is 24 hours loknow whatUmiate any cuy, town, or village is in, obferve the lont^ell day, from which deduci i:, and multiply the remainder by two, when the piodud will be the 'number of the Climate. X M P The longell day in London is E. From which deducT^ Hours. 16 Multiply the remainder by 2 The produd is the Climate of London — . 8 The Like feafons, climes mull differ ev'ry where, liut man is fitted ev'ry tlime to bear, O 'S XIV INTRODUCTION. • • Of the COMPASS. i N the Compafs there are four Cardinal Points, -.'u, Eaft, Wel>, North, and South. Bt' tween thefe four grand points many intermediate points are formed ; but ihefe, for the purpofcs of Geography and Navigation, are confined to 32. As all thefe refpeft the pofition of places, we find by them how empires, kingdoms, dates, provinces, dillrids, &c. are fituatedwiih regard to each otl\er ; that is, whether they lie northerly, loutherly, callerly, or wefterly, or agreeable to any of the inferior or intermediate points. The invention of the Mariner's Coii.pafs has been, perhaps, of as great and general utility as any difcovery that ever benefited mankind, as by its means the wants of one country are accom- mod,-ited with the fuperfluities of another ; the welfare of individuals, fituated at a great diltancc, becomes interefting to each other ; and the inhabitants of the whole univerfe are linked in one great fociety. While the toiich'd Needle trembles to the Pole, The failor fleers wherever waves can roll ; Loft to the fight of earth, and li^ht of day, ' Thro' boundlefs oceans he explores his way ; On the true Com])afs all his hopes depend. His faitiiful guide, and his diredting friend. ihe Number of Miles to a Degree 0/ Latitude in other Nations, in Pr portion to ours of Sixty-nine. "i 'M A Statute Britifli miles — — — Italian miles, each 475 Rhinland perch, [according to Varenius] Common Turkilh miles ditto — — - Spanilh miles — — — Marine leagues of France, (ours the fame) — German leagues — — — Low Dutcli tr.ivelling hours — — — Great leagues of Poland and Denmark — — Swedifh miles — — — Hungarian miles — _ _. Verfts of Mofcovy — — — Perfian, Arabian, and Egyptian parfanj^a — Chinefe leis — — — — 69 60 60 J? 20 IJ 20 »5 12 10 80 ao 250 The FrencJi meafiire is to ours as 15 to 16. being our ilatute mile. Therefore 4950 Paris feet are equal to 52S0 Briiifh, Of M I N all Maps the north is at top, the fouth at bottom j the eaft on the right, and the weft on the left : or, if it be otherwifc, it is always txprefled i-itlicr by words on each fide, or by a Mari- ner's Compafs, w herein the mark of a I'leur-de-lys alwavs denotch the north. Maps are laid down and proportioned to a certain fcale, which is always taken from the degrees of Latitude. The dejrrees of Latitude arc always marked on the eaft and weft fide of the Map. The degrees of Longitude are always marked on the north and t'oiith fide of the Map. A ilegree of Latitude is always of the fame breadth : wherefore the diftanc ■ of two jilaces feated directly north and i'ouih, is immediately known by knowing the difierent Latitudes. But a degree of Longitude is of dift'erent extent. Tiie Latitude and Longitude of a place being known, you may find it immediately in the Map, by drawint^ a line, or thread, crofs the Map both ways; and where the two lines cut one another, the place ftands. Thf Karth being a Globe, a Map of the whole Earth muft necefTarily confift of two parts, both fides of the{ilobe not being vifible at once. Accordingly, in a univerfal Map, the right hand circle ftiews the Old World, or Europe, Afia, and Africa; and the left hand circle fliews the New Y" I'.d, or America. Upon the general Map are marked the Circles correfponricnt to thofe in the Sphere, namely, the Equinoclial Line, the two Tropics, and the tw o Polar Circles, all wliich crofs the Map from eaft to we!' i and the firit Meridians furrounding the two llemifpheres from north to fouth, the Paral- lels lying from north to fouth at ten degrees dillance ; and the Meridians at the fame diltancc from weft to eaft, arc alfo marked upon general Maps. Particular Maps, being parts of this, retain the Meridians and Parallels belonging to that par- ticuhu- part j which are made fiiiallcr or larger, as the paper on which it is drawn will admit j and the diftancc of places mentioned in it are always exadtly propouioned to the breadth of the Paral- lels. So that let a Map be ever lb finall, the diftancc of places is exactly flicwn, if mcafured according to the degrees of Latitude in tliat particular Map. In M tNtkODijCflON. :tv^ In both general and particular Maps, the thick fliadowing denotes the Sea-coaft. Rivers are marked by lartre fliadowed ferpentine lines; Roads by double lines; divitions of Countries by dotted lines ; larger for Provinces, and fiiiailer for Subdivifions ; and divifions of Nations are often fheun bv chain lines. Forefts are reprefented by trees; Mountains by rifing fhadows ; Sands by dotted Beds; Marlhes by fliadowed beds; Lakes by fliadowed coafts. The names of Provinces are written in larger capitals ; and fmaller Divifions, in fmaller capitals; great Cities in round Roman ciiarafters ; fmaller Towns in Ita/ic. The exact fituation of a Town is ihewn by a little round o, but larger places have the addition of a church for a Market-Town, if the fize of the Map will admit. A City is noted by a chu.'-ch with houfes about it, as much as the fcale will allow. I'articular qualifications of Cities are diftin- guiflied by murks, as a Bifliopric has a crofs, or fometimcs a miire over it. An Arehbilhopric has a double crofs over it. A Univeriity has a liar, or fometimes a Cathicent. An Abbey is fliewn by a crook, or palloral llaff. A I'orirefs, by angles like baftions. A Caltle, by a little tlag. A Gentleman's Seat, by a houfe only. Otlier marks are aftisdlcd by particular engravers, which they explain in tlie margin. in the jt one B, both It hand le New lly, the Im eaft Paral- le from lat par- It ; and Paral- Icafurcd In Of the E A R T H, abJlraBedly confidcred. T H F. firft thing that prefents itfelf to our view is that huge, mafly fubftance, tiiC Globe of the F.ardi, confiding of many folid materials, as well as great quantities of fait and frefh water ; for wliich reafon the philcjfophers commonly call it tlie Terraqueous Globe. And thouL^h the folid matter may perhaps be more than the fluid, yet tlie water takes up much tlie g; iter part of the furface of the Globe, us is plain to any one wiio looks uj)on a Map of tlie Earth; for befide the rivers and lakes, pools and fountains, which water the F.artii in various places, the ocean, and its particular feas, are much more extended tiian the dry land ; wliich doubtlefs was ordered by the Maker o'( all 'Things, for the good of mankind, there being liich great occafion for water to moiftcn the F.arth, lupiily us witli Hlli, and facilitate commerce and navigation. But referring to another place what we fliall fay iibout the waters, if we confider the Earth pro- perly I'o called, we fliall find it to be a heap of various bodies ; for therein are difcovered find, clay, mould of various colours, feveral Ions of Itones, many I'alts, lulphur, bitumen, minenlls, and metals, without number. Nor is it neceflary to tiig to the centre of the earth, whither human indultry can never penetrate, for the dil'covcry of ihele tilings; they are fometimes met with in great abundance, not many feet deep. But in the mines of Hungary and Peru, which are faid to be deeper tlian ordinary, great Itore of fuch things apptar. The ancient pliilofo|)hers (and Iclioolmen, who followed their opinion, and maintained that the Earth isojiC of thofe four Elements whereof all thinj^s confilt) oblerving fuch a medley of things to lie uniier tile rface of tlie F.arth, faid this was not the pure Element they meant, buc that it ■was fome.vher. 'lOUt the centre: hut fince no man can ever come at thole parts near tiiC centre of tlie Earth, lii' , conjecture of theirs is ufelels. If Dcs Carte' o hypochefcs weie but well grounded, that tlie Planets were once of the like na- ture with the fixed hears, confuting of a fiery I'ubllance, and came alterwards to be crullcd over with thick and folid matter, there iiii(j,ht be Itill, at this day, a great tire in the centre of the Earth, as fome people imagine. But fuice the grounds on which he l\ip[iofed the Planets to be derived, may be reckoned among thofe things which are every way doubtful, and only feem not impolTible, though perhaps as far from being true as real impollibili;ies ; it is a ralhnefs in his followers to take this imaginary fire at liie centre of the F.arth for a certain truth. If tho." parts wliich now make up the Earth were once loofe, and carried round the fame centre in a circular motion, we could then gather, fVom molt certain experiments, that the grolfell of all the parts fell down to the centre of the Eartii. Now, fince we know nothing heavier than metals, it would not be abfurti Co fuppole, that the inmoft bowels of the F.arth were rilled wich a prodigious Itore of various metals ; and this being prefumed, our opinion would receive confirmation from magnetic experiments, by which it generally appears, that the Earth is of tiie nature of a great loadltone. I'hereforc we might, with great realon fuljiect, that at the heart of the F.arth there are iron and loadltone in great abundance, which would be jult contrary to their opinion who hold a fiery centre. But this our hyjiothefis is built upon no certain reafon, and therefore, for the avoid- ing of error, it is much die I'afell way to fufpen1 uits, uliiili ait- tid by the fruits and moillure of tlic I'.arih, and after a Iho.t time putiify, and reunn to tariii .i.-ain, wc fliall have reafon to biliive, that this lurface on which we tread, i-rin-cially in coiniiries liiai have been long inhabited, is, for the moll part, eompoled of tiic bodies of men aiid bealls, or ;ather of a matter which is every day putting on new forms. And by Inch |)erpetual variations of matter, there mnll neetis liappen an increafc of dry l.artit, and a decay of inoilhire j for it does not appear, that the part;, cl lUiid bodies, winch have been once blended with folids, and have been lo iinpiegnated witii lalis as to lole their fluidity, do ever retrieve it again. This is evident in plants anti animals, uhicli grow bigger fo long as tlicy receive Ipirit and nouriflimcnt from litpiors, but afterwards turn to corruption. Some conclude from h.cnce, that in order to prevent too great a decay, or total failuie of moilUiie in the I'lane's, God created Comets j that fo their funics ditfufmg dieinfelves th.rough th.e vortex of the Sun, might fall into the lefler vortices of the Planets, and augment their liquids. Moreover, there mufl: needs be a vail change made in the Earth by means of t!ie many fires wliicii I'icy uprjn it within. Phi!>)idj)hers Ibmetiines eorduler the Earth as a huge loadltone, which, when we come to fpc.k of tlie loadflone, wc Ihall have opportunity to cidarge upon. Meanwhile we mav here obferve, tliat in liiis reljieet ailb tlic L'.arth is much altered, as appears from the variations of the Magnetic Needle, v.iiich iometimes points directly at the Pole, and Ibmetimes declines I'everal degrees ealt or tvll. But livs caiMot i-,a;-;.en, without an alteration in the pores of that magnetic matter which Ho\,s out of tlie l^irih, and which feems to come at one time direc'tly from tlie Pole, and at ano- ther time from thi^fe j aris which are on the right or left lide of the Pole. And v.hether this varianr.'n proce.ds from the tires under groimd, which may f'poil here and there a mine of loatl- ftone, (yet fb as rint it may a!ter'.vards recover its virtue again) or whether it be frum ibmc other caufe, IS what no man certainly knows. GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS. P ROB E M I. ahe Latitude of any Place Icing give?], to reSlify the Globe for that Place. L F, T it be required to rcclify the Cdnb-,- for the Latitude of London, 51 deg. j2 ir.in. north ; and M."' .d 40 deg. lomin. north, proceed thus: 'li' '.le I'ole on which the dial-plate is fixed towards the verge of the Horizon, nipping or tnovi..^ the Globe backwards or forwards in the notches of the Horizon, till the H.);i/.on cets the btPzen Meridian in 5; (.leg. 3: min. (viz. a little more than 51 and a halt) ; fb ia the tilobe rectified for the Latitude of Lontlon ; that is, the North Pole will then lie elevated 51 deg. 32 min. above th; Horizon ; and London being brought to the Meridian itlelf, will then be in Zenith, or riglic up, an'' .'.r equal diilance 'rom all [>arts of the Horizon. Dcpreis he Pole till the Horizon cuts the brazen Meridian at 40 deg. loir.in. antl you have then the poliu.on of the iidiabitants at Madrid; and turning the Globe till M.id rid comes to the Meiidian, you will rind it in the Zenith, or top of the Globe, under 40 deg. 10 min. No'-'. If it were required to redit'y the Globe tor South Latitude, then you imu! elevate t!ic Sou''i Pole to tlie given'Latitude, inllead of the North Pole ; but this is better explained by the next Problem. V ROB M IL W i The Latitude and Longitude of any Place given, tof/id the fame. fir/!. You are to obferve whether the Longitutle be reckoned from London, or fiom the firfl Meridian ; tor on lome Globes the lirfV Meridian begins 2 { deg. on others 20 deg. and on Senex's Globes iS dtg. v.efl of London; but if once you know where the firll Meritlian is on the Globe, it is very caty to know the difference from the Meridian of London. EXAM P L E. 1 h.ere are two certain places ; one has 18 cleg. North Latitude, and 77 deg. 5 min. Weft Longi- tude i dieother i:.,s.iihg. ^j min. South Latitude, and 18 deg. Eaft Longitude from London. I demand \vh,|.t Places ihel'e are. kuij. For the fiiR j'lare, I elevate to the North Pole 18 deg. becaufe it is iSd.eg. North Lati- tuile : then I turn tiie Globe to the right hand, oreaftward, (becaufe the place lies wellward) till 77 deg. 5 min. upon the Equator, counted f.-om the Meriilian of Londcjii, (which on Senex's Globe has a cypher thus (o) on ilie Equato.) pafies through, or umier tlie Meridian : or, in other words, I rurn the (jlohe r;!i 77 deg. 5 inin. wellward be brought under the Meridian, and here I fix the Globe with a quill thrufl in betwixt the Globe and the Horizon ; then I look under the Latitude li) deg. (v.'hich i:. Zenith) on the Meridian atop of the Globe, and under i3 deg. on the Meridian 1 find i'ort-Royal, in Jamaica, the place required. For I INTRODUCTION. xyii 1 -)r the fecond Place I elevate the Soutli Pole (though there is no occafion to elevate the Pole barel/ to find a place, but it is better, becaufe you have then the real fituation of the inhabitants) to the given Latitude 34 deg. 45 min. and then turn the Globe till 18 dig. Ealt Longitude of London come under the Meridian; and juft under this I find the Cape of Good Hope, the place required. PROBLEM III. T/je Latitude of any Place given, to tell all thofe Places that have the fame Latitude. ^ DEFINITION. All thofe places that have the fame Latitude have the days and nights of the fame length, at the fame time of the year. Rule. Bring the given place, or places, to the Meridian (fuppofe London 51 deg. 32 min. and Madrid 40 deg. 10 min. North) ; then turn the Globe, and all thofe places that pafs under jo deg. 32 min. have the fame Latitude as London, viz. Prague, in Germany, &c. and all that pafs under 40 deg. 10 min. have the fame Latitude as Madrid, which you will find to be Pekin nearly for one, and many other places. PROBLEM IV. To tell the Difference of the Latitude of Places. Here are two Variations, or Rules. Firfi. If th(f Latitudes be both North or both South, then fubftraft the lefs from the greater Latiti'de, and the remainder is the difference, or anfwer. Thus between London and Madrid is 12 deg. i-iTii'i- the firil being 50 deg. 32 min. and the other 40 deg. And between Candy and Stocklv'lm is 52 deg. 30 min. for Stockholm is about 59 deg. 30 min. North, and Candy 7 deg. 30 min. North. Secondly. If one lies on the North, and the other on the South-fide of the Equator, (that is to fay, if one be North and the other South Latitude) then add them both together, and their fum is the difference of the Latitude required. Thus Copenhagen is 55 deg. 40 min. North, and the Ifland of Madagafcar is 19 deg. 30 min. South: thefe added together make 75 deg. 10 min. the difference of Latitude required. ROB E M V. TJje Longitude of any Place given from any Meridian, to tell thofe Places^ having the fame Longitude. This is done after the fame manner as the other ; only here the anfwer will be on the Equator, as the others were on the Meridian. I would know what places have tlie fame Longitude as London, and the fame Longitude as Moflow ? The Rule is, bring London to the Meridian, then all thofe places on the Globe (from the North Pole to the South part of the Horizon) that lie under the edge of the Meridian, fiave the fame L(.n- gitude as London : thus Fort NafTau, and Fort Mina, in Guinea, have the fame, or very nearly the fame Longitude as London. And Mufcow, in Muf'covia, has very nearly the fame Longitude as Aleppo, in Syria ; alfo Scan- daroon, Antioch, and Tripoli, in Syria, have the fame Longitude, viz. 37 deg. 30 min. from London. ROB E M VI. I I To tell the Difference of Longitude of Places. Rule. Here are two Variations. Firjl. If the places lie both Eaft or both Weft of the firft Meridian, or where you reckon the Longitude from, viz. if they both be Eaft, or both be Weft Longitude, then fubftraift one from the other, you have the difference. Thus I find Jerufalem has 36 deg. 15 min. Eaft Longitude from London, and Pekin no deg. 52 min. Eaft Longitude; therefore fubftraft 36 deg. 15 min. from no deg. 52 min. and there remains 74 deg. 37 min. difference of Longitude Ealt or Well; that is, Pekin is 74 deg. 37 min. Eafl Longitude of Jerufalem, or Jerufalem is 74 deg. 37 min. Weft Longitude of Pekin. Secondly. If one place be Eaft, and the other Weft Longitude of the firft Meridian, (fuppofe London, or any other Meridian) then add their Longitudes together, and the fum is the difference of Longitude required. d EXAMPLE. For V xviil INTRODUCTION. A M 1' I. !•: I. I would know the difference of the Longitude between Jcrulaiein, j6 deg. 15 niin. Kiill of London, and Port Royal, in Jamaica, 77 dcg. 5 min. Welt ? Here, asoneisEaft, and the other Well, I add j6 deg. 15 min. and 77 cleg. 5 min. together, and their fum makes 113 deg. 20 min. ditTercncc of I^duMtude; tli.it is, Jerukilcni is ii, aomin. Eart of Port-Royal, or Port-Royal is iij deg. :oinin. Welt of Jcrulalem. (■leu E A M I. 1-. II. Pekin, in China, is no deg. 15 min. Fall Longitude, and I'ort-Koyal 77 deg. 5 min. Well , I add thefe fums together, and find it 187 deg. 57 min. ditrcrenec of I-ongitudc; hut bccaufe it n more than 180 deg. I fubltradt 187 deg. 15 min. from j6o deg. and tiiert rtmaii.i 17.: deg. j min. the difference required. R O 13 L M VII. T/je Day of the Month given to find the Suns Place in the Ecliptic. Rule. The day of the month being given, look on the inner Ciliiul.ir on the new Cilobe';, and you have tiie fign, and the degree of th.it lign tii.it the Sun is in lur that d.iy, aceoiding to the New Style. If it be upon old (jlobes, look on the outer Calendar, you have the fign, and degree of the fign. N. B. You may further obferve, that the Calendar ufid throusihi.ut hurope is the Calend.ir for New Style, viz. New Style is alw.iys known from t'le other, bccaLile it lias the Saints Days, and fcveral other things, wrote on the Horizon. E X A M P L l". I would know the Sun's place in the Ecliptic on May 21, New Style ; March 21, June tembcr 11, and December 21. I look for thefe days of the months in order as they fland in the new Calendar, (viz. Style before defcribcd) and right againft tlie day of the month in the innermolt Circle 01 rizon, I find the Sun's place among the figns, as ft>llows : Thus right againll May 21 1 find 1 deg. of Gemini : and alio on March 21 I find Aries : on June 21 he enters Cancer : on September 22 he enters Libra: and on Deceiv enters Capricorn. PROBLEM VIII. on for Nev/ the Ho- 'le enters er 2 1 he The Suns Place given, to find the Duy of the Month, This is only the reverie of the fornur Problem : for liaving the Sun's place given, feek ir in thf Circle among the figns i then againll that degree in ti'e Caleaiiar New Style you have il.c d.iy oi the month required. E X A M P L F. I would know what time of the year the Sun is in 1 deg. oi" tiemini : as alfo when he enters Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn ? Proceed accordiuj?; to the rule, and you w;ll liiid the day to be May the 2ilt, June the 2ilt, September the 22d, and IJcc^mbcr the 21 It, as in tiic l.ul. •f j ■'I P R O B L M IX. Tie Latitude and Day of the Month given, to find tl.\' Suns Place in the Ecliptic., and re&ify the Globes J or ujc. llult. Find the Sun's place on the Horizon by Problem the Sever, rh ; and havirv; nottd \v!iit degree he is in, look upon the Ecliptic on the Globe, and find the fame fign and degree as you did on the Horizon; then bring this degree of the Ecliptic verv earefiilly to the gr.idi;ate edge of the brazen Meridian, and holding the Cilobc Iteady, turn the Index exactly to the upper twelve (which reprcfents twelve at noon); and thus is the Globe rectified for that day, and the ilegree of the Ecliptic that lies under the Equator reprelents the Sun's place at noon, or twelve o'clock that ilay. irt- The Allronomer's day is reckoned from, or begins at, twelve o'clock ; and if you fix the Quadrant of Altitude to the Latitude in the Zenith, the Globe will be completely rectiiied. l!i' i P R O B L M X. I0 tell the Declination of the Sun on any Day of the Year. Rule. Having found the Sun's place in the Ecliptic for the given day, bring it to the brazen Meridian, and obferve what degree of the Meridian it lies under ; and whether it be on the North i INTRODUCTION. yix or on thi' Soutli-fule of the Equator, for that is tlu- declination required, which is called North or South declination accoidingiy. Thus, on / ,iril liic 2ilt, the Sun has u deg. jomin. North declination ; and on May the a ill, he has 20 deg. jo niin. declination ; but on Oftobcr the a7th, he has 12 deg. joinin. South declination. R O B L M XI. 7fje Lat'itiiJc aiid Day of the Month given to tell the Suns Meridian Altitude^ 'viz. hts Height at Noon. Rule. Bring the Sun's place to the Meridian, antl oblerve what degree of the Meridian the Sun's place is under; for thofe degrees on the Meridian that are intercepted, or lie between the Soutli Verge of the Horizon anil tiie Degree, wliicli is over tiie Sun's place on the Meridian, (counted on the Meridian) is tiie Sun's Meridian Altitude required. Thus I find his Meridian Altituiie at London, May the 21II, to be 59 deg. but on November the 5th, he has but 23 deg. 30 niin. Altitude. P R O B L E M XII. I'he Latitude and Day of the Month given, to tell the Su/i s Altitude at any Time. Example. On May the 21ft, at nine in the morning, and at live in the ufLcrnoon, at London^ I would know the Sun's altitude, or height ? Rule. Rtdify ihe Globe for the 1 .atitude, and bring tiie Sun's place (i deg. Gemini) to the Meridian, and the Index to the upper twelve on tlie Dial-plate; tlicn fcrew the l^adrant of alti- tude on the Zenith, (viz. the left edge of the Nut mult be fixed on the Menilian, at 51 deg. 3omin. then turn the Globe till ihe Index point:, to the hour, viz. nine in the morning : tins done, fix the (jlobe by thrulling a quill between it and the Horizon : laiUy, turn the Quadrant about till the graduateil or figured edge touch the Sun's place, (viz. 1 deg. Gemini) ant! the degrees on th.e Quadrant, counted trom the Horizon upv\ arils on the Qu.idrant, !,•! his lieight at tiiat time, vi/. 43 deg. 30 niin. Then turn the (ilobe till the Inilex points at five in the afternoon ; and alio turn the Quadrant on the Well-fide (without unfcrewing it) till it touches the Sun's place, and vou have about .-i-deg. on the (juatlrant, his altitude at that time. A'. H. At North Cape, (viz. Nortli Latitude, 7 2 deg. at nine in the morning) May the 21(1, he will be but fibout ;2ueii. luirh. R O B L E M XIII. the The Latitude given, to tell the Rifing and Setting of the Sun., and Length of the Day and Night, at any Time of tlie Year in a7y Place. Rule. Reility the Globe, (viz. elevate it for the Latittide ; bring the Sun's place to the Meri- dian, and Index CO the u[)per twelve) ; then turn it till the Sun's place comes even with, or lies right .againlt the inner Vergf, on the Lall-fide of the Horizon, then the Index will Ihew you the time of the Sun's riling ; turn it to the Welt-fide, or Verge of the Horizon, and the Ii iex will Iliew you the fetfiiig. Or thus ; having got the hour the fun riles, count how many it\v,ints of twelve, fur lb many hours will it let after. Thus, if the Index jioints to four in the morning at rifing, it will of courfe be at eight at night, &c. Proceed thus, and you will find the Sun, on May the :6th, at London, to rife about four ir the morning, and lets at eight at night. Now double what he wants of twelve at rifing, viz. eight hours, and It gives tiie length of that day at London, viz. fixteen hours. R O B L E AI XIV. lo teh the Suns right Afcerfion, Bring the Sun's place to tl-.e br.nzcn Meridian, and note wluit degree of the Equator is cut by the Mciulian, lor that is hi,-, right Alcenl'0,1 requireil. I uouid know the S\ia's right Afcenlion on March the 2irt, June the 21II, September the 22d, and December tiie ;i !'t ? I find the Sun's place for thefe different days, and bring it to the Meridian ; I find the Meridian cuts^the P.qiiatorin (o), in (.jo), in (i«o), and in (270 deg.) his right Afcciifion requires. Note. When the Sun enters Aries, March the 2 tit, he has no "right Afcenfion, becaufe it is counted from, or begins ac Aries j therefore, on March the 2orh, lie mult have his greatelt right Afcenfion, viz. Jji^deg. " P R O B T. 1 ^\ 1. 1!^ > III < \^{ XX INTRODUCTION. PROBLEM XV, To Jiiid the Suns oblique Afcenfmn and Dejcenfwn at any Titne^ and in any Latitude. Ruin. Reftify the Globe for the Latitude, and bring the Sun's place down to the eaftern verge of the Horizon ; then obferve what degree the Horizon cuts the Liiiuior in, for liut is the oblique Afcenfion required. Thus, on March the 21ft, Junethc2ift, September the 2 2d, and December the 21II, viz. when the Sun enters Aries, Cancer, Libra, and Capricorn, you will rnui his obliiiueAilenfiDn at London tobe(o), (56), (180), and (304). And on the fame days his oblique Defcenfion will be (o), (i2j), (180), and (237 and a half) PROBLEM XVI. The Latitude and Day of the Month given, to tell the Suns ajcenfwnal Diffe- rence^ viz, how much he ri/es, or Jets, he/ore and after S,x ; and confcquently to tell the Length of the Days, fuppofe there were no Index to thi: Globe. Ritk. By the lad Problem find the Sun's right, and oblique afcenfion ; tiien fubflraiJt the oblique from the right afcenfion, or the contrary, and the remainder is the afceiifiond difference recjiiired ; which divide by fifteen, the degrees of the Equator that pals through the Meridian of one hour, (or fcven and a half for half an hour) gives the anfwer in time, that the Sun riles and fets before and after fix. Thus, on May the 26th, I find the Sun 6 deg. of Gemini, and his right afcenfion is 64. deg. and, on the fame day, his oblique afcenfion is 34 deg. now 34 tleg. from 64t!iir. there remains 3odcg. his afcenfional difi^trence ; which divide by 15 gives two hours, the tnne tlut he riles before, or fees after fix. R O B L E M XV!I. 7he Latitude and Day of the Month given, to tell the Suns Amplitude, viz. his Difance from the Eajl and Weft Points of the Compafs he rifcs and fets upon. Rule. The Cilobe being re(Jtificd, bring the Sun's place to the faflern verge of the Horizon, (which lliews his riling) then the degree upon the inncrmoll Circle of the Horizon, counted from the true I'',all Point to the jilace where the Sun's place lies againfl on the I lorizon, fliews you the Sun's amplitude. Proceed according to the rule, you will find the Sun's an'jiiitude at London fMay tiie 21II) at rifing, to be about 34 dig. fVoin the fall to the Nordi, and at llttuig 34 dig. from the Well to the North i and the Point he riles upon is North-K.ill by Kafl, and he ftts Ndrih-W'ell by NNeft j but on Noviir.ber the 5th he has .liiout .'5 deg. and a half .iniplitnde from the i'all to the South, and at fetting 25 (leg. and a half from the VVeft to the South. The Point he rifts ujion is Lall- South-Eaft, and the Point he lets upon is Well-South-Wcll. P R O B L i: M xvin. The Latitude and Day given, to tell the Suns Azimuth, v.z. his Difance from the EaJl and Wefl, or from the North and South Points, at any 'l\ine. Rule. Redify the Globe in peneral, then turn the (ilobe till tlie Index points to the (liven hour : this being done, tvirn the C^iailrant till it touches the Sun's place for the given day ; and then the f.Juadrant will cut the Horizon in the ;\/iiinith it quired, from the I'all or Well Points, or fioin the North or South Points i for you may reckon from either, only then name it jiroperly, and ac- cordingly. Thus, on Augufi the 17th, at nine in the morninc?, the Sun will have about 30 deg. Azimuth from the Eall to the South, or which is the fame, ^)0 deg. from South to the Eall j for 60 deg. and 30 deg. make 90 deg. the whole quarter from I'all to South. P R O B I- E M XIX. The Latitude, Day, and Hour given, to tell the Suns Almicanter. D E F 1 N I T I O N. Almicantcrsaie Circles of Altitude, tlut run parallel to tlie Hoi zon, whufe Poles are the /eniih and Nadiri fo th.it you may imagine as manv Circlei ui Altitude, viz, Alinicanters, aiyuupleafe. RhU. I INTRODUCTION. xxi Ruh: The Almicantcr is found the fame as the Altitude of the Sun at any time, therefore I refer you back to Problem ij. PROBLEM XX. T^e Latitude a?id Length of the Day given, to tell what other Day of the Year ivill bs of the fame Length. Rule. Having found the Sun's place for the g;iven day, bring it to the Meridian, and obferve well its declination ; then turn the Globe till Ibmc other degree of the Ecliptic comes under the Jame degree of declination under the Meridian; tljis being done, fee what day of the month an- fwers to the Sun's place then under the Meridian, for that is the day K-quired; which you may cafdy prove. Thus you will find July the i jth, and Auguft the aoth, of the fame length as May the 26 th, and April the 17 th. R B E M XXI. Tlje Latitude and Day given, to tell the Beginning, Endings and (confcqucntly) the Length, or Continuance of Twilight. DEFINITION. Twilight is tliat faint light which begins immediately after the Sun lets in tlie even' -.g, till he !■! 18 dcp;. below the Horizon ; and it begins in the morning,- when the Sun comes wiiiun i8\L-,;. o: the 1 '.(jiizon on tlie Eall-fuie, and enils when he rifes. Therefore it is plain, tliat Twiligli'.ij hoc only longer when days encreafe in length, but it is alio much llrongcr, as will be lien by iht work of the Pioblem. OBSERVATION. Note. You were told that Twilight begins and ends when the Sun is iS dcg. btlow tl.c Ho- rizon i and as the Quadrant of Altitude reaches no lower tiun the Horizon, therefore tiie rule is this : Reflify the Globe, and bring the ojjpofite degree of the Sun's place to the f^iadrr.nt of .\iti- tude, fo tliat it touches jull 18 deg. on the Qiiadrant (then it is plani that tiie Sun's real |)lace will be deprclled 18 deg. below the Horizon) ; then look at the Index, for that will point (if aiiionj the morning hours) to the beginning, or (if among the evening hours) ending of Twilight. I'rocctd then according to the rule, and you will finil that on March the 21U, and September the 22d, i'wilight begins about four in the morning, and ends about eight at night. The Sun on thefe days y<'u know rifes and fets at fix. Add, therefore, the length of morning and evening Iwilight to twelve hours, (the lengtii of the day tiien) .'.ml it gives lixfeen hours j this, fubitracted troni twenty-four hours, leaves eight hoius the lengtii ot the real, or dark night. So alio on April the i.\k\\. Twilight begins about half palt two, ends about half pall nine, wiiicli is in all (even liours. But on December the 20th it begins at fix, and ends at fix, which is in all but three hours and forty minutes. from ROB M XX I r. i-.imuth Lg. and /enith pleale. RuU. 'The Hour given where you are to tell what Hour it is in any other Pnrt of the irorld. Rule. Bring the given place to the Meridian, and fet the Index at the given hour ; tlien turn thcCjlobe till the other ]ilace, or places, coine under the Meridian, and the Index will point to the real tiine in the place re(]uired. I'l\ro;Kli or recede, accorduip to tlieir v,irious pofiiions. Tlieir parts wliuh ll.uul North iniiig oppolid, go ofl' to a dillancc from cacli otiier i but tlie Soutli-end of the one draws to tlie North-end if tlie other; and fo 'Sice lerf.L Thefe parts of tlie Loadllones we call their Poles , and for a reafon wliirU will appear hereafter, we Ihall call that the South i'olc which turns to tiic North, and that the North- Pole which jioints to the South. Two Loadllones will hold uj) one another in the air by turns, if the North-l'ole of the one be put to tlie South-I'ole of the other; and vue rfif.i. .Sometimes a lighter Loadllone wilt hold uj) a heavier, when the heavier will not hold u|) a lighter. It is ohi'ctvable, that all Loadllones are noteipially liiilk and nimble iiiturning to the Poles of liie World i nor I, tlair attracting virtue all alike. I hou^^h a L<'.iilflone generally has two Poles pointing North and Soxith, as we laid before ; yet t!i(.;e are fome irregular one' , which Icem to have mote I'oUi. .^^ one Loadfloiie holds up another, fo it iloes iron of greater or lefs weigiit than iticlf. If iron .Itill bellrcweil upon a Loadllone, the paiiii.lei will clil'poli- iliciulelves diie.tly between the Poles, and ihrn by ilegree* incline to an oibicular ligure, lo as 10 lie parallel with the axis of I'lc I.oidllone, unlets it be one of the irregular luii. before iiientioiud. The -it i Sun iNTRODUCtlbN. xxiii The Loadftone imparts its virtue to ironfo effectually, tliat iron, touched with a Loadftone, ap- pears to have all the properties aforelaid, though not in an equal degree. The great ufe of this communication is experienced in the Mariner's Needle, by the help whereof they readily find the North and South, and all other parts of the world. It is obfervable, that on this fide the Equator, the North-Point of tlie Needle is more deprefTed than that which (lands to the South ; on the further fide the North-Point is elevated, and the South depreffed ; but under the line it keeps no fituacion, nor is of any ufe. As the Loadftone communicates its virtue to iron j fo when it is fet in iron, it attradls a greater weight of it than ii does by itfelf. Loadltones are rpoiled if they lie long near one another, with the North or South-Pole of the one oppoied to the fame Pole of the other ; or if they are thoroughly iieated in the fire, which like- wife fpoils the magnetic virtue in iron ; and tiiis virtue is much impaired in iron by its ruft, to which the Loadftone is not fo liable. Laftly, iron placed at length North and South, and continuing fo for a long time without alte- ration, has often acquired a magnetic virtue ; as the old crofies upon churches are found to do. lowcvcr, turns Is, ami ufe in I oints w ay til itii i bnl rccrdi-, ofi" to .1 other ; )irh will Nortli- (iiic lie loUl UJl .1 Poles of on- i vet bftwrrn le BXii of Tlic I 1 V Of the A. I \ AFTER fountains and rivers, it is now proper to view the common receptacle of them all, the Sea, which is that vaft quantity of falt-watcr extending from North to South, and from Weft to Eaft, furrounding the dry land on every fide, into which ali ftreams difcharge themfelves, and out of which mighty gulplis and bays are formed, the griateft of which is the Mediterranean. The whole is, in one word, called the Ocean, but varioufiy diftinguifhed and named, from the feveral countries by whofc coafts it runs. In it there are thclc three prciperties chiefly confidered by Naturalills : V'irft, its infeparable faltnefs; Secondly, its coiillant equality of bulk, notwithftand- ingthe inctiTant Mowing of all rivers into it; and Thirdly, the tide, or flowing and ebbing of its waters twice every day : all which properties we fhall conlider. The I'altnefs of the Sea-water feems to proceed from the fame caufe as that of feveral fountains, by the boiling of which water fait is produced : for iince the bottom of the Sea is of fucli vaft extent, it is rcafonahlc to tliink that there are large mines of fait in many placeS of it, which being diluted, fpread throng!' nit the '•ca. And tlu-re is fomcthing even in the river- water, which iiclps to increale this faltnels; for the rivers carry down with them an incredible multitude of faline particles, wliich they w.ifli oft" their banks as they run along. Thefe particles aie not indeed fo confiilerablc a.i to fait tiieir particular ftreams ; init when tliey all meet together, and fettle in one bottom, they may well be allowe 1 to change tlie tafte of tlie water fufficiently. Hence wc may likewii'e be fatistied wliy the faltnefs of the Sea is neitlier augmented nor dimi- nillied, at le.ill not in a lenhhle manner. It is not augniL-nted by the inl^ux of fait particles. 1. Becaufe a world of I'.iline particles are continually tlirown otf upon the fhore, where they putrify, and come no more into the water. 2. Becaufe people make fait upon the; Sca-coaft for common ufes. •;. Water can be imi^regnatcd with fait only to a certain cic^nce, at which it ftands and rejects the overphis. 4. In the Lift jilace, the faltnels u( the Sea is rot diminiilied, becaufe as mucli is imported or diluted from its own mines, as is got out of it. To hcl|) us in finding ouf the reafon why the water of the Sea is not augmented, let us fee whe- ther there be not a way for its daily diminution, as well as increafe. It is fufticiently plain that there is a vail quantity of vapours in the air, from the abunilance of fnow and rain, which arc formed of condenled vapoms : but how to eftimate the quantity of the evajKirations of water by fome certain rule, is the material point j which the learned Dr. Flalley has happily attempted in the following manner: He took a pan of water alinut four inches deep, and aiiout eight inciics diameter, falted to the fame degree as is the common Sea-uattr, by the folution of about a fortieth part of fait, in whicli he placed a thermometer, and by means of a pan of coals he broia-ilit the water to tiie fame degree of heat, which is oblerved to be that of our air in the liotteft I'limmer, the thermometer nicely Ihewing it. This done, he affixed the pan of water, with the thermonieter in it, to one end of the beam uf a pair of fcales, anil exadly counterpoifed it "itii weights in the other ftalc; and by the application or removal of the pan of coals, he fournl it very eaty to maintain the water in the fame degree of heat precifely. Doing this, lie found the weight of the water lenfibly to decreafe ; and, at the end of two hours, he oblerved tiiat there want.„ .^ , >.i,, v. .v. ^t'hereby the lurface of the water is Ikimmed oil" Ibmctimes faller than by tlie heat of the I'un. be reduced to rule, namely, the Winds, 1 ■n Of w I N D S. >%{ ..# IT is well known that Wind is nothing elfc but the llream of the air, toget!ier witli Inch va pours as the ail carries along with it. But there area aieat many prop.erties of Winds, the realbn', and grounds of which are not ealily difcovcred. llov^cver, \\e will lirll cor.lider tlie Winds in general, as tliey are conflar.i or variable. Secondly, «e will p.articuLirly examine their sarious ap- pearances i and Laftly, fay fomething of their origin. Tlie W'inds may be divided into coiillaiu and variable: the former are always, at certain times of the year, and in certain jiarts of the world; but ti.e latter vary fo much, that t!;ey cannot Ijc reduced to any rule. Now iinee it is ealier to tind out the caufe of one regular elfeft, tlian of many irregular, let ll^, in tlie lirft place, treat of ronllant wind>. And here we mull take r.otice, that tl;e Winds areconllant and periodical only in the open leas. Now the univerl.il Ocean may moll pro- perly be divided into three jiaits. I. '1 he Atlantic ami Ithiopic Ocean. :. 'Ihe Indian Oi 'ri. .■5. I'he great South-Sea, or I'acil-c Ocean; and though thele leas do all communicate bv the K nih, yet as to our prel'ent lurpole of the Periodical Winds, they are fufiiciently fejiarated by the intt' ; o- lition of i;;cat trails of land ; the firll lying between Africa and America ; the fecond between Aire..-, ami India; and tlielail between China, Japan, anil the coillof America. In the Atl.intic and Kthiopic Seas between the Trojjics, there is a general eaflerly Wind all the year, excepting t!iat it is fubjetl to v.iry and dellecl lome lew points towards the north or fouth, ac- cori'.in.: to the polition of the |)lace. The obfervations which have been made of thefe dellertions are as follow : that near the coall of Africa, as loon as you pais the Canary llles, you ire lure to meet a frelh gale of north-cafl Wind, about the l.ititutle of iS degrees north, which feldom comes to the eallward of call-northeall, or pali'es the north-iiorth-eall. This wind accomi)anies thole bound to t!ie loiirhward, to the latitude of ten north, and about 100 leagues from the Ciuinea Coall, where, till the fourth degree of nortli latitude, they fall into calms and tornadoes. 'Ihnfc who are bouiul to the Caribbe llles lind, as they approach the American fide, that the aforefaid norlh-eafl wind becomes llill more and more eallerly, fo as loir.ttimes to be call, lomeiimes eaft by fouth, but yet mofl commonly to the northward of the call, a ]ioint or two, not more. It is likewife obfcrved, that the llrtngth of thefe Wnuls gradually decreales as you fail well- ward. The limits fif tlie conftant and variable Winds in this ocean are farther extemled on the American fide than the African : for whereas you meet not with this certain W iiul till you have palled the latitude (/ 28 degrees on this fide ; on the American fide it commonly holds to 30, ji, or -)2 de- jrrees of laiitude . and this is verified likewife to the louthwaril of the I'.ipiator : for ne.ir the Cape of (jood Ho|:e t!ic limits of the 1 ladc Winds are three or four degrees nearer the line, than on tn«. .coafl of Ikalil. From the latitude of four degrees north, to the aforelaiil limits on the fouth of the I'quator, the! Winds are perpetually between the fouth and call, and moll i ommonly between the fouth-eall and' eud; obferviiig always this rule, that on the African lide thiy arc more loutherly, on the Bralilian inoreeallerlv, li> as to become alirioll due ead, the little tietlee'tion they have being lliil to the fouth. In this jiart of the ocean the VVind has been nicely oblerved, for a full \ (,ir together, to kerj) coii- Ihintly about the fouth-< all, the mod ulu.il jioint fouth-e.ill by call. \N lien it is eaderly it generally lilows hard, with gloomy, ilaih, and lomitimes rainy weather. The fcalon of tlie ye.ir has lome I'm.ill ell'tiit on thefe conltant wiin!'. ; for when the fun \\ to the north of the l-miator, the lomli call Winds, efpeeially between JJialiland the coall of t.jiiinea, vary n point or two to tlir fourh, and the n«rth-ead become more tallerlv ; and, on the tontrnry, when the \ ■4 s • INTRO DUCTION. XXV jeinjT the fun is to'.v.irds the Tropic of Capricorn, the Ibuth-eafterly Winds become more eaflerly, ahd the north-eafterly Winds, on this fide the line, vcre more northward. As there is no rule witliouc fome exception, fo there is in tiiis ocean a traft of fea, wherein the foutherlv and fouth-wefl Winds are perpetual, and that is all along the toaft of Guinea, lor above 500 leagues togetiier, from Sierra Leona to the lile of St. Tlioma^ ; for the fouth-eall I'rade Wind having pafled the line, and approaching the coall of Guinea within 80 or 100 leagues, inclines towards the fliore, and becomes fouth-fouth-caft ; and by degrees, as you come nearer, it veres about to fouth, fouth-fouth-weft, and in with tlie land Ibuth-weil, and fometimes weft-fouth-weft, as is feen in the r..ip of the 'I'rade Winds. To the nort!iward of the line, between four and ten degrees of latitude, and between the Meri- dians of Cape Verd, and of the eafternmofl illands that bear that name, there is a f-ad of fea, wherein it were improper to fay there is any Trade Wind, or yet any variable j for it feems con- demned to perpetual calms, attended with terrible thunder ond lightning, and rains fo frequent, that our navigators from thence call this part of the Ita ^['hc Rains : the little Winds that are, confilt only of fome I'udden uncertain gulls, of very little continuance, and lefs extent. All who ufe the Wcft-lndia trade, even thofe bound to Virginia, count it their bcfl courfe to get as foon as they can to the fouthward, that they may be fure of a fair frefh gale to run before it to the wedward i and for the fame reafon, thofe homeward bound from America endeavour to gain the latitvide of 30 degrees as foon as pofTible, where they firil find the Winds to be variable, rlioufch the moft ordinary Winds in the north part of the Atlantic Ocean come from between the fouth and weft. What is here faid is to be underllood of the Sea Winds at fome iliftance fiom land. ; for upon aixl near fnorc, the lanil anovemb»r, and the fouthcrn in May, blowing all the fummer months. The points of the rompafs, from whence tiie Wind comes in thele parts of the world, ^re not fo fixed as in thofe lately dcllribed ; for the foutherly w ill often pals a point or two to the eallward c( the fouth, and th.e nottheily as much to the wellward of the north, which lecms oceafioned by the great quantity ol land whicli is interfperfed in thefe lias. In the f.ime Meridians, but fouthward of the Kqiiator, being that tratfl lying between Sumatra and Java to the well, and Ncw-(iiiinea to the eall, the l.ime northeily monfosns are obferved ; but v.ith this ilillerence, that the inclination ol tiie northerly is towaids the north weft, and of the fititherly towards the foutli-eail. 'liirle contiary Winds do not fliift :dl at once, but in fome pl.ices the time of the change is at- tended with i alms, in other.s with variable Winds; audit is particularly lemarkahlc, that the end of the wrfterly monfoon, on the coaft of Coiomandel, and the two laft months of the foutherly inonlixm nithc leas of China, aie veiy fubjc.l to be tempelluous : the violence of thele llorms is fuch, that they' leem to be of the n.iture of the Weft-Indian hurricanes, and render the navigation of thele parts viry unfile about that tniie of the year. Tliefe teinpefts arc by our Itamen ulually tcriiicu, 'rbe heaknn^ up <>/ ihc Muitfi^siis. t By Jcxvi INTRODUCTION!. r Byrcafonof thefliifting of thel'e Wiiuls ;ill iliofc tli.u I'.iil in tlicll- i\\u ah- oltlij'iil to obfen-e the feafons proper for their voyages ; and by To doin^j, tlicy lail noi of a (',iir V.'uul, and I'lnedy iKuV.'.ge ; but if they chance to oiitftay their tinne till the tontr.iiy monfoun fcts in, as it frequently happens, they are forced to give over the hopes of aeeoniplilhing tlieir intended \■^)ya^^e, and put into Ibnie Other harbour, there to remain till the Winds come favourable. The third Ocean, called the Great Pacitic, whai'c extent is eiiua! to that of the other two, (i: being from the well coaft of Ameriea to the I'lillippine Iflands, not lell than 150 degrees of longi- tude) is that which is leaft known to all nations. The chief navi;:;ation is by the .Spaniards, wlia go yearly from New-Spain to the Manillas by one beaten tiaek ; fo that we cannot be jiarticul.ir here, as in the other two. What the Spanilh atithors lay of the Winds t'ley tind in their courfes, and what is confirmed by the old aecoini s of Drake anil Cavendilh, an'd fuue by .Schoo-en, is, tliai there is a great conformity between the Wintls ot this fea, and thole of t!ie .■\.'.laiuic and Ktliiopic ; that to the northward of the Equator the predominant Wintl is between the eaft and north-eall, and to the fouthward thereof there is a conllant llea.ly ;;ale '. .-tvveen t!ie ealt and fourh-eall, ami that on both fides the line with fo inuch conllaney, that they fearee ever need to atfend the fail-, ; and I'o much ftrength, that it is rare to ftil of croll'in^; this vail Ocean in 10 weeks time, which is about 150 Britidi miles a day. This is to be underftood of the Pacific Sea at a great dillance from land ; for about tiie fliores are various Winds ; and when the fouth-eaft or fouth-welt blows, this fca is rough and tlangerous, for the leall Wind raifes it very high ; but when the Wind eeafes, tliotigli it blowed very flrong juft before, there is an immediate calm, as if there iiad been no Wind for a long time ; whereas, on the contrary, the Atlantic Sea rolls for fevcral ilays after the Wind is laid, and is generally fmootli On the coalV, and tempeftuous out on the main. The limits alfo of thele general Winds are nnich the fame as in t!ie Atlantic Sea, that is, about the thirtieth degree of latitude on both fides ; for the Spaniards, home-bound from Manilla, always take the advantage of tlie fouth monlbon, blowing tliere in ilie fummer months, and run up to tlie north of that latitude as high as Japan, before they meet whh variable Winds to (hapc their courfe eallward. Alfo Schooten and otlicrs, wiio have gone by the Magellan Straits, have found the limits of the fouth-eall Winds mucii about tlie fame latitude to the fouthward: and a farther analogy between the Winds of this Ocean and tl;e h'thiopic, appears in that upon the coafl of Peru J they are always much foutheiiy, as they are near the Ihores, of Angola. As for the Variable Winds, they are felt moll by land, and in fueli pans of the fea as .ire without the limits of the conftant Winds to the north and I'outI; ; that is, in the colder parts of the Oceaji, and all over its outmoll bays, the ]irineipal of \v!i;c!i are the Mediiterranean ai.d Haltic ; lomc are coramon to all countries J others are more peculir.r to lome particular parts. Of this latter lore the mod famous are the hurricanes, which iliielly infcllthe C.tribbtes, but are not anniverlary, i-.or equally frequent. Their fury is fo great, that they throw down all before them, tear up trees, overturn houfes, tols fliips prodigioully, and blow about things of vail weight. They are noc even, but blow in gulls, which fuddenly eonie and i^o ; neither do they extend very v^ide, but are fometimes confined to a n.irrow compal's, and at otiier times take a larger fcope. As for their duration it is but for a few days, ai-.d fometiir.es only a few hours. They are more common m America than any wiiere, though Iuiro]ie and .Mia arc not altogether without them. It may be oblerved of all Winils, wh.etl.er lonllant or variable, that lome are drying, others atf moill ; fome gather clouds, others difperle them ; lome are warm, others cold. Hut tlieir inlliiencc is not one and tlie fame in all places; for fiich Winds as are cold and iliy in one eouimy, arev.arm and wet in another. Thefe are the principal obfervations concerning Winds i for to examine every tiling bflongin;^ to this fubjeifl would be the work of a large volume, as no reafons can be gi\en'or ieseral things before the truth of them is better afcertained. Wherefore we Ihall, at j relent, conline omfelves to account for the caufes of confiant Winds. Wind is moil properly defined ti) be the llream, oruirrentof ilie air; and vhere f.icli a iiirr^nt is perpetual, and fixed in its courfe, it is lueeir.'.ry that it i)roceeds from a I'ermanenr, unn i. mitting caufe. Wherefore lome have been inclined to propole the diurnal rotation of tlie eartl\ upon the axis, by which, as the Globe turns ealf, the loole and tliiid particles of the air, being |i> exceeding light, are left behind ; fo that in lelpeit of the earth's fnrfatc, they move wi lUvatd, and become a conllant eallrrly Wind. 'I'his opinion leems conlirmed, for fh.it thele Winds are loiii'i! only near the Hquinodial, in thofe parallels of latitude where the diurnal motion is Iwiliell. And ve Ihould readily allent to it, if tlie conlfant calms in the Atlantic Sea near the Itpiator, th.: weflerly Winds near the coall of Guinea, and the periodical weilerly monfooiis under the I'ljuator in the Indian Seas, did not declare the inliiffieiency of that hypothefis. Belides, the air being kept to the earth by tlit principle of gravity, would requiie the fame degree of velocity that tiie furface of the earth movc.« with, a; well in reipect of tlie diurnal rotation, as of tiie annual alout the fun, which is 30 t''-.e. I • fter. It remains tiieii.fore to find fome other caufe, capable of producing a like conllant clFcift, agrec- nble to the known [;ropcrties of the elements of air and water, and the laws of the motion of hnid bodie,, SulIi aone is, we conceive, the action of the fiin-be.ims upon the air and water, as he palTes every day over the Oceans, conlidered together with the nature of the loil, and fituation of 'he adjoining continents : therefore 1-irll, according to the laws of llatics, the air whieli is lefs ranlied, or expanded by heat, and confequently more jionderou.s, mult have a motion towards thofe parts thereof, which are more rarihid and lels ponderous, to bring it to an equilibrium: iind Secondly, the prcfmce of the Win continually niil'ting to the wellward, that jiart toward wliicli tl'.c air tends, by rcalbn of the rarcfai'fion made by hij great meruban hc.i, is w'uh luai carried wdlwaid. I ^ I Ci- nor V INTRODUCTION. xxvii weflward, and confcqueudy die tendency of the whole body t)f the lower air is tliat way. Thus a general ealurly wind is formed, which beint; iinprefll-d upon all the air of a vail: Ocean, the parts impel one another, and fo keep moving till the next return of tiie fun, whereby fo iiiuth of the motion as was loll is again retlorcd ; and thus the weiUrly wind is made perpetual. From the fame principle it follows, that the eafterly Wind ilnnild, on the north fide of the Equator, be to the northward of the eaft, and in fouth latitudes, to tiic Ibuthward thereof; for near the line the air is much more rarified than at a greater dlflaiice from it, becaul'e of the fun being twice in a year vertical, and at no time dillant above ij degrees atid a half; at which dilhince the heat, being as the fine of the angle of incidence, is but little fliort of that of the perpendicular ray. WTiereas under the Tropics, though the fun continues long vertical, yet he is as long 47 degrees' of!'; which isakintlof winter, wherein the air fo cools, as that the fi;rniiier h.ear cannot warm it to the fame degree with that under the Equator : wherefore the air to the northward anil fouthward being IcC^ rarified than that in the middle, it follows, that from both fides it ought to tend toward tlie I'.quator : this motion, compounded with the foruier eafterly Wind, aiifwers all the phoeno- mena of the general Trade Winds ; which, if the whole were fea, \v(juld undoubtedly blow all round the world, as they are found to do in the Atlantic and EtI.io])ic Oceans. But feeing that fo great continents do interpofe and break the continuity of the Oceans, regard mull he had to the nature of the Ibil, and the pofition of the high mountains; which may be fup- pofed the two principal caufes of the feveral variations of tiie Winds front the former general rule : for if a country lying near the fun proves to be flat, fandy, low land, fuch as the deferts of Libya are ufually reported to be, the heat occafioned by the reflexion of the fun- beams, and tlie reten- tion thereof in the fand, is incredible to thole who have not felt it, whereby the air being excied- ingly rarifie !, it is neceflary that the cooler and more denfe air fliould run thitherwards m rellore the equilibrium : this is inofl; likely to be the caufe, why near the coalt of Guinea the Wi/id .ilways fets in upon the land, blowing weflerly iiifl^ead of eallerly. There is liifHcient realbn to believe that the inland parts of Africa are prodigious hot, fince tl-c northern borders thereof were fo intemperate, as to give the afitients caufe to conclude, that all beyond the Tropic was uninhabitable by excefa of he.it. From the faine caufe it h.appens, that there are fuch conltant calms in that part of the Ocean, called the liains ; for this trad being placed in the middle, between the wefterly Winds blowing on the coall of Guinea, and the eaftfrl;,- Trade Winds blowing to the well: thereof, the tendency of the air here is uidiflerent to either, and fo llands in etjuilibrio between both j anti the weight of the incnmhent atmofphere being di- ininirtied by the continual contr.iry Wintis blowing from hence, is tiie realbn that the air here holds not the copious vapour it receives, but lets it fall into frequent rains. But as the cool and denfe air, by reafon of its greater gravity, prefljs upon the hot and. rarified, it is detr.onllrative, that this latter mult afcend in a continue(.l Iheam as fall as it ratifies; and that being afccniied, it mull difperle itfelf to prel'erve the equilibrium, that is, the upper air muft' move by a contrary current from thole parts where the greatcll he.it is ; fo, by a kind of circula- tion, tlie north-eall Trade Wind below will be attended with a Icuth-wellerly above, and the fouth-tallerly with a north-well Wind above : that this is more than a bare conjecture, the ahnoll in(lanta;;eous c!:a;ge of the Wind to tlie oppofite point, which is frecjuently found in pafTiii'T tl»e limits of t!ie Trade Winds, feems to affure us; but that which above all c(jnlirms this hypothelis, is the phornoir.cnon of the monlbons, by this means inoll eafily folved, and without it hardly ex- plicable. If the caufes of tempeils and hurricanes be demanded, they are hardly to be accounted for in all particulars. However, it may in the full; place be noted, that t!ie ratio of all liquids is much the fame, and therefore an extraordinary motion may be excited in the air, by the fame way as it is in the water. Now if w.iter falls froiii a high place, or if there be a confluence of feveral llreams together, this gives it a violent motion, and caufes many whirlings anil eildies in it : this is appa- rent in the torrents falling down from rocks, and the conlluences of rivers. If, therefore, foine- thing analogous to this .nay hai)pen in the air, there mult needs be furious trmpefls of Wind railed in it. Anil liich a thing may h.ippen, if an extraordinary iiuaiuity of vapours be driven by the Wind upon a certain place, v\hich they lannot e.ilily uer over by realcn of mountains, or contrary Winds, that ojipofe tliem. I'or examjile, fufpofe a Wind iVoin limie point hftween north and call carries a vail colleciion of vapours out of Africa to the Caribbets, this Wind lights uiion the t'ontinent of .\meiica; now it is poO'ible that not only the mountains and wimkIs of P.mama inay refill the current of this Wind, and croud the vapours together; but a contrary Wind, from a j)oint bctweeii fouth and well, may blow at the fame time on the wellern lliore of America, which Ihall forte the vapouis back again. When fuch a rencounter liapjiens, there mull be a wild uproar in the air about the Caribbee llles, and in all that tract between South and North- America , and the va])ours in this circular motion mull be furious on all fides, jult as it i^ in water. For we fee at tliv coiilUicnce of two rivers, if their currents be r.ipid at the jilace vi here they fall in, thcv caule violent eddies, which whiil .-.bout things that arc call into them, Iwallowing them for a time, and then throwing theni up ..gain. This fliews us ihe re.ifon why heavy bodies are often toflVd in the air by the whirlin-i- of hurri- canes, and then dalhcd to the j'lound ag.iin. lor the air being in a circular motion, is with n-reat fury tolTed b.iikv.ards and forwards between the gro'iiul and the clouds, And as the waters of the rolling lea do not run to tlie lliores in an even llream, but in fuch waves as dalh by fits and turns, fo the courie of a violent Wind is broken and iiiltin.:t blafls. To come now to the common plutiiomena of Winds, the dry ones are fuch as carry few v.ipours alont; with ihim, and t'lertforeih.tw t/ll' the moill particles from bod, is over which they pals. Thus ia 4 xxviii INTRODUCTION. in Holland the north and eaft Winds, with the intermediate points, are drying, becaufc the cold northern fea yields but few vapours, in comparifon of thofe which come from warmer parts of the Ocean : and from thence towards the eaft are vaft trails of l;ind, where the heat at Midfummer is but very fmall. But the other Winds, efpecially the wefterly, are moift, becaufe they iflue from >varm and vaporous parts. The Wcftern Ocean feldom fails to fend us rainy Winds j however, this property varies according to the various fituation of countries. Such Winds gather clouds as blow from the quarters where the vapours arife, which, in con- junction with the vapours of our own region, fill the air. On the other fide, thofe Winds make fair weather, which bring little vapour along with them, and bear away that which hangs over us. Winds are warm or cold, as the countries are from whence tliey blow ; and, therefore, when a brillv Wind blows from a cold quarter, it allays the heat of fummer, which is very tirefome in ftill weather. Thus-a quick blall of a pair of bellows will put out a flame, which a gentle blowing increafes ; for the quick blaft drives all the flame to one lide, where it is iiifled by the force of the incumbent air, except it meet with more AkI on ihatfidcj but a gentle Wind augments the mo- tion of the flame every way, and makes it feize on more parrs of tlic fuel. Now, becaufe all the heat or cold of Wind proceeds from the heat or cold of the country whence it blows, tlierefore the fame Winds are hot or cold every where. Beyond the line they are jull the reverfe of what they are with us; for their cold Winds are from ilie fouth, as ours are from the north ; and as our fouth Winds are warm, for no other reaibn but becaufe they bring us an air heated by the fun, for the very fame reafon tiie north Winds are warm to our Antipodes. From what has been laid it is fufficiently manifcll, that the fun is the principal caufe of Wind, and motion the caufe of Vapours. But if we except thofe conflant and perio.lical Winds which blow in fome feas, the limits of the reft cannot be determined, nor can we fay when they will begin, or when they will end. For inftance, we cannot give a reafon why an eaft Wind fhall generally blow one fummer, and a weft Wind another. Pofiibly it might be difcovered, if for feveral vcars together a nice obfervation was made of the Winds, and their Ihiftings in feveral countries j for that which feems inconftant and irregular tons, might perhaps be found to follow certain courfes; at leaft we fhould know how far a railL'd Wind would continue its blaft ; but, till fuch experiments are made, we muft be fatisfied with what knowledge we have. ■■•v..«a A NEW i If. ,^:■'^ . . - o':;':: 'r.!: I'l- . -'T'rir.'.' «r^ ■■■" \ I I 'tjAffa ■ >, /•vir <>wi* . Orf.lt, -IVii.t '■H' ■ 40X ,...1 D^ -"•+^. 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K. :\- mm' piMar— ^ pczi*- -^«aot— ^^ann |umij ,::'-..'^:_ j^: Aiit. i w I J ( 5 ) •3 A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM O F GEOGRAPHY BOOK L A S I n 4 till- wiH, t» tlicc.ilKrii lli'iic ot I .irl;iry, il is in length 4;40 mills; anil 'rom tlic mod rou'licin part THIS grand Jivifioii of the globe, which in Uk- extent of its iciritoiies txcteil^ F.inopc niul Al'rica, an J uh'ih was loinKily go- viriuJ by the AH'yii.ins, the Mi.le?, the I'lr- fians, aril the CIrecks, i.oni|iichi ruls four v.ilt inipiris, viz. tlieCliinefe, Japanele, iMo^iil, an.l I'eifiai', I efiile.s the eountries pollille.! by the Ti.iks ami Ruffians. I'pcm thefe four impiris ilepiiid il, (;cn ral llie nu- merous lillir foMreigntii." ami kinj^ilu.ns of the A(i..iie regions, Tlic continent of Afn is lilualiil between 25 niul kSj decrees of call loni;ituih', anJ Ih'.umii the niu.itor .iihl 80 Jeaees of 1101 tU latilinK. I'loin the IJ.iiJanels on 111 leni'th of Ma- la, ea to the mod northern cape ol Nova Zeinhl.i, it is 4^Ko miles hioail. The Fro/i 11 Ocean boiimls it on the iiiith; it i^ on the wid fepuatej from Afiica hy the UeJ Sea, and fiom Luropc by the Leant, the Arihipihi^o, the HelKfpciit, the fea of Marmora, the liolphoru'., the Ulaek .Sia, the ii\er iJon, and a lii e jeaihiij; Ifom it to the ii\er 'I'obol, and from thence to anrtli, r tiver, callid theOhy, whiih diltli,iii;es itfilf into the Iro/.en Oic.iii, 1 lie I'aiific Ote.m bnundsthis v.ilt coiiiiiunton the cad, aiul fcparates it lunn Ameiica ; ond rn the limth it is bounded by tlie liul .m (Jiean. The I'liiieip.il rc[;ions whiih di\ide this coiuitiy arc, Kudiaii, Chiiief,', and Indeprndant 'rail,nyi China, J,'paii, the p iiinl'ula of India bi yoiul the (i,iiigrs, roiil.iiiiiiij; Cochin-t.'hiii.i, 'roiuiniii, I'egu, ;iiid ^l,^m i fh'.' p.ninliila 111 this fule the (i.iM;;ev, mnt, lining the Dri.iii, (joleond.1, i)ifna:;ar, and ^lalabJr ) liidodan, or th, NIojiil\ Empire ; I'lrha i Afiatic Turkey, diviiitd into e. dMii ,111,1 widerii. Afia, n» we have obfcived above, ii not only more exiiiifne thin Kurope ami Alica, but is fiiperior III thiin in its fine Unnc air, and luh liriile foil. F.vriy loiueMi.nce, iind ivery luxury of liic, iiic lure unboundedly enjoyid, iiett rri' t iirun.s, ilivus, •uaiir.es, leinoii":, nitloii', pinc-ap| lis, laniarj|\'l>, mid bliiii di lull u< fruits ) with wilir, cil, and hun, v ) fdk. cotton, and com; rich nictats, and precious ftonc? ; .Mini,., fpiccs, fugars, and the mod fragrant .ind balf.iniic hcrli-. With ihife various bleflings ot nature, how could a people in the carlv ayi's f.,il t,) he opulent and p,pweifu[! yet I'uch is the iiillahilily of huiiun ciijoy- nieiif,, this mod charming fccne bccinie a picture of horti.r .ii.d Jev,idaticrn. Upon the decline of the Indian and Chinefe cm. piles, and ,d'ter a great part of Alia had fuhmittcd to the ,imis of Runu-, the Saracens, or fuecellors of Ma- homet, ill the niidille a^e,-, fiunded .'. Itill more ex- tenfue enipiic in Afi.i, Aliica, and Kurope, than even that of (lie Roiiiaiis when in their plenit,ide of povvr. The Till ks, the avowed Iocs of free.loni and thclihral arts, pulleliid theiidilves of the center regions of Afi,i, l.i)ing wade a molt ilelighlful country, and converting; its fiuittulled fpnts into harren wildcrnedes. TIk other paits ol the Aliaiic teriitories continue in much iho lame litiiatioii as formerly. The picl'eiit mode of government in Alia, is ahfoluie nion,irihy ; and as to iili^;ion, we cannot i'.xy that C'hiidiaiiity is by any nuMiis idabli(hed there; however, they have a toleration ol icCts in m,iny p,irts, but thel'o air nuiih |crlieuled by the Tuiks. The Arabians, Turks, and I'eili.ins, pruftfi Mahonicanilm, as do thi; 11 itivis of part of India .iiid pait of Taitary ; nearly .ill ihe rid aie ovirwhelmcd w.th he theiiilin, and idolatiy. Many popilh millioiiaiRs, .u the ha/aid of their lives, have ulited the remoter paits of Alia, ciidcavourinc to eomui the idol. Ill is, but to no kind of ift'cct. The nicdl conlideralde i| them aic thole who pay adoration t.) Iliam,! and Toe : tluie are alio the woiflnppers of Confucius, .Hid others who woiOiip the (ire. Theic lall, who do nviicnee i:. the lyinhol of file, are of a veiy aiiiniit (ccl ; they acknowhdj;e only one lupieii.c lulir ol the univerle ; . nd as this the only true (Jod it the ilUtiei of piiiity ;iiui pctlccl'on, they adori him un- d^r Ihe imhUm of (iie, 'iccaiifc hre ihey ellcmi the mod ileal and pine lunhol o, the .ill-wife and all-jiill Deity. 'Theie are Jews to b.- met with in every pit of Afia j and iiiJsid thile people inhabited the rciiiota icciom of U India |i' k A WAV AND c:OMPl,ETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIIY. Inilia fomc centuries iHtore the dilcovcry iliereol' by the Porliiguere. As to the l.infiinges rjioken in Ah.i, alti-.oll every country or illaiij li.itli a t .iij^ue of its own ; ^lie |)riiiei- pal, however, are, the I'lirkifii, nioJern Cireik, Ci\i- neU', J.ipaiRle, R,.llian, T.iilaii.iii, I'rrli.m, liiiii'll.in, M.ilav.iii, aii'l A:al'.ic. The illaiub of Alia, (Cypru-; exceptoil, whieh is in the Levant; lie in tlic I'aeifu- Oeean, and the Indian Seas; the principal ot which are, i. I'he Japanele ifles, t'ornjin^ the gre..t e.iipirc of Japan. 2. 'I'lu- La- ni of Tontpiin on the fouth ; and on the weft by Tibit, from whitli it is feparatcd by mountains and dtfat>. It is included between 20 and 42 decrees of ivrth latitude, ntid between 9S and 123 dcjireis rf eaft linjiaide, from London ; it ib upwards of 1440 miles in length, and in breadth about 1260. China ii called by ih,- natives Tclion!;-kniie ; by the people of Indoftan it is named Catay ; the Iialians tall It Cina ; the German;, Tfchina j the Kujilifli and Sp.iniard*, China ; and the French call it Cliine. Whither the names yiven to it in Europe aie derived from the firft cn.pemr, Tfm, or wheilicr they arc derived from a Chm f- vvord, fignifyniL; the centre, from an idea the Chinefe entertained, that their ( nun- try Viy fituated in the centre of the globe, it is diffi- cult to determine. AIoynieiit in Ciiin.i ; an.i the empeior himlcll, one day in tlie year, puts his hand to the phni-h to open a furrow : this cere- mony, which is attended with a ;;re.U deal of pomp and folemnity, is kept up in conlormitv to an'ient cul'.om ; tor ih.' Chinefe pretend, th.it their tiili: em- perors uled perlonally to cxercile theinfelves in .'i^ricul- ture. China produces chiefly the four fullowiiig forts of grain: rice, wheat, oats, and millet ; alio pcle, bean;, pulle, flirub-;, medicinal plants, and a proi'uiicn of the richclf fruits; inr<>niuch that n.iiure (eems to have en- dowed this countiy with a larjjer ihare cf her blcflings than any other. It i-. princip.illy in the culture of the hills that the inhabitants aie nioll fKilful and indultnon, ; fir thel'e they cultiva'e Iroin bottom to top, aii' r having cut them into a kind of flat terr.ilV walks, in the m.innerof ftairs and fl.inked ihein on the lidcs with a wall of loole Itcnes to keep them ccmpa I ; tliev likuwile form relervoirs to prefcrve both the rain and (prin^ wa'er; and in dry Icafons they fu|-ply thel'e with w.it r from the rivers, by me. ins of enj,ines conftrucled for the pur- pofe ; and indeed thele h\draulic macbincs aie in com- mon ul'e with thi' farmers. The m luntains produce fofTils and minerals of every kind in great abundance ; and in certain mines there IS foind a metal which the natives call pe-toiig, or whitu copper, and on which leveral expcrinienis h.ive been made, to tiy if it owed its whitenels to anv mixture ; but it was lound that it did not, and that all mixtures, filvet evcepted, dnninilhed its beauty. It haih all tlicr whilenefs of (iUer, and if it wa. not more brittle, .xnA conleipieiilly lei. m.illeable, there would Ic.ireely be 4 poftibilily ol diltin!',uilliirig It fiom th it valuable metal. Mire arc great (luantllies of pit-co.d, which, as lire- Wood is pretty Icarce, is ufed on moll occalrons : but of all the mines that .ihound lieu-, thole o| the ftcne-coal arc the imdt common and ulcfiil, as they fiipply the (rreatdl part of liicl both 'or tcwn and country. L)///■»/ ,y ' hi i 'il.-i y/i y XW _l)\l< /iV /',' /;■/,' rR v;:^ i t i E M p I u E OP CHINA ASIA.] There are fcvcral navigable rivers in China ; tlic moft coiifiilcrablc Is. the Kiam, which rifcs in the province of Yun-naii, crulles three other provinces, and taking a winiiin-T euurle of 1200 miles, lofcs itfelf in the eaftern ocean. This river is not only very broad, but alio of a remarkable ilepth, infomuch, that it is a common | faying amongil the Chinefe, " The ica hath no banks, and the Kiain no bottom •." and they pretend that in fonie places itabfolutely has no bottom. Another is called the Yellow River, which rifes at the eittremity of the mountains which bound the pro- vince of Se-tchucn in the weft; from thence it throws itfelf into Tartary, where flowing for fonie time on the outfiJe of the great wall, it re-enters China between Chan-fi and Chen-fi provinces j it then w.afhes Ho-nan, runs acrofs one p.irt of Nan-king, and, after having flowed about 600 leagues, empties into the eaftern ocean : it has the name of the Yellow River, becaufe the eaith it carries away with it, (particularly when there are heavy rains,) i- '"es it a yellow colour. There are great numbeis of other rivers, kfs famous, though far more commodious for commerce : there arc, befulcs, feveral lakes, fomc very extcnfive, and pro- ducinij a variety of fifh. In ftiort, it is computed, that China contains no Icfs th.an one thoufand four hundred and levinty-two rivers and lakes. Canals are cut through moft of the provinces, which have a ilear fmooth water gliding between two banks built with flat coarfe marble; over which, at proper diitances, are bridges, confifting for the moft part ot feveial arches, and the centrical one high enough for b.irks to pafs under without lowering their marts : thcfe arc in difterent places fluiccd out into lefl'er canals, which are fubdivideu into flill fmaller ftreams, terminat- ing at fome great town or village, or elfe diRharging into fome lake that waters the adjacent country : and thefe fine ftreams, flowing through fruitful plains, render the face of the country be. utiful beyond dcfcrip- lion. And, indeed, China far furpafl'cs all other coun- tries, whether confidcred in the fcitility of its pio- vir.ces, in the multitude of its inhabitants, cities and great towns ; in the wifdom of its mo;als ; the excel- lency of its laws, or the induftry and politenefs that ju:e confpicuous throughout all the provinces : which are, I. Pi-lchi-li, the moft northern part of the empire, fituatid on the frontiers of Tartary : it is about one bundled and forty leagues in length, and hath a moft tciiijciaie, ferrne air j notwithftanding, however, thi^ mildncfj of climate, the rivers are generally fio/.cn over for near f ir months in the year, viz. fmm the latter tnd of ^. A ember till the middle of M,;ich. This pioviiice coiKuins about one huiulrcd and forty cities, and ,biiii.ids with every kind of grain cxtept rice. II. ( ' u'ig-tong, which is boumlcd on the north and weft bv Pe-lche-li, and by tlie (ea on the e.ift ; it con- tains a'jout one hundred and twenty cities or large walled to'.v;.s. Here the foil producci every kind of grain, as will as of fruits ; ami the rivers and fea coalls aboun.i wiih tllh. lliit what mnft diftiiiiruilhcs this province, is ihe wild lilk-worm, which produces a valu- ille v.liiie lilk, the ihieads of which the worm (re- fcm' Vu'ii a caterpillar) laftens to biiftics and IV.rubs. III. (Jurin-Ji. This pioviiice is bounded on the north bv Tartary, and borders to the call upon Pc-tche-li. It coiit.iiiis one hundred l.ir.:i- towns, and produces every (oil of grain except rice I'lie mountains heie, which aie nunier, are for the moft part cultivated, and cut into tetr.iCCi up to their very fummits. Here arc mines yielding a plenty of coal, irnn, and other niineral-i. IV. I'he province of Cheii-Ji, bounded by Chinefe T:utary on the north and weft, and on the eaft by (Jhiang-fi, contains one hundred and fourteen lirge tn\rns, and yields great quantities of wheat and milKt, though but little rice. Here arc fuppofed to be very rich gold mines; but thefe arc negle.;K'd b;' govcrn- n.mt, from niolivej of policy : too great a conflux of opuUiire might eiulani;er the public weal, by rendering the people inattentive to agriculture. Individuals, how- ever, are allowed to look for the giains of gold in the fands of rive. ■ and brooks, which yield them a fiifficicnt lupply. 7 V. Ho-iuvi is the moll deligluful province in all Chilli, and is lituatcd near the centre ol the empire, to the fouth of Chan-fi and Pc-tclic-li. It contains upwards of an hundred large towns, is very fertile, and appears one entire garden, except to tlie weftern part, where there is a range of mountains coveicd with forefts. VI. AVrti -nan is the richell and moft flouriihini; pro- vince in the whole empire: it borders upon Ho-nan to the weft, an I the fea to the eaft: it contains upwards of an huiidrci' large towns, of which Nan-king is the capital, and piys thirty-two millions of tacls annually to the revenue, which, according to P. Du Halde, amount to one hundred and lixty milli. ns of French livres. VII. lliu-quang is fituated near the centre of the empire, as well as Ho-nan, to which, on the north hde, it is adjacent. This province, which is nearly as extenlive ns the whole kingdom of France, abounds v/ith every !;ind of grain ; and produces alio a plenty of fruits, foul 'nd caf'.le. It contains one hundred and twenty-nine fortified towns j and its capital, Vou- tchang, is as large and populous as Paris. VI II. The province n( Se-tch:ie>i is as extcnfive as Spain and Portugal ; it has ninety-eight lar-^e towns, and is bounded on the north by Clien-li, on tlic weft by occidental 'I'artary, and on the call by Hou quaiig. It products great quantities of filk, tin, iron, la])is l.izuli, ie-ad, cinnabar, vitriol and allum, fugar-cancs, cloves, nutmegs, mufk, and the very belt rhubaib in all China. IX. Tcht-iiatig is famous for its fine and beautiful filks : it is one of the fmalleft provinces in China, but in its commerce excels moft of theiii. It is bounded on the north and \\eft by Kiang-nan, and on the ealt by the fea ; it has eighty-eight walled towns, and a con- fiderable number of others. X. Ki,ing-/i is ci lebratcd for its manufafturcs of Hulls and pnicclain-ware, and produces grain of every i lint, particularly rice ; its inhabitants, however, are I'o numerous, that there is fcarce a fufliciency to fupply their v.'ants. It is bounded by Kiang-nan and Ho-nan to the north, Mou-quang to the weft, and a part of Tche kiang to the eaft ; it has eighty-four conliderablc towns, and abounds v\'ith gold and filver mines, as well as thofe of tin and iron. XI. Fo-kicn is a fmall province, and contains only lixty-ninc towns ; its foreign commerce, however, greatly en chcs it : it is fituated between Tche-kiang and Kiang-fi, and it lying open to the fea in almoft; every other extremity, has great advantage with refpeft to its trade with the Philippine illands, as well as with Japan, Java, Siam, Cambaya, and other countries ; and its mountains, which are covered with forefts, lurnifti wood proper for fhip-building. This province produces, in great plenty, all forts of grain, as well as lilk, cotton, iron, tin, and quickfilver. The finelt rock-cryftal is got here ; and the artificers who live near the inountaiiis where it is produced, are Ikilful in cut- ting, engraving upon it, and making it into feals, but- 10ns, the figures of animals, and Inch devices. The mountains of this province alfo produce porphyry, and quarries of fine marble of various forts, which, if properly poliflicd, would equal the bcft to be found in Europe; little ufe of it, however, is made in the public buildings of the Chinefe. XII. .^uang-imi;, which Is divided into ten diftrii5ls, equals, either in extent or fertility, the fine country of lt„ly ; and, like Italy, it refcmblcs a boot ; at the lower end if which there is an ifland called Hai-nan, of an oval figure. It is fituated at the fouthcrn cxtcmity of the empire, and is bounded by Fo-kicn on the north- eaft, Kiang-fi on the north, and on the weft by Qiiang- fi. It contains more than ninety great towns, the moll confidcrable and wealthy of which is Canton, as called by the Europeans, but which the natives call Qiiang- tcheou. Bcfules every kind of grain, this province produces bananas, ananas, and other rich fruits ; alfo lilk, cotton, pearls, gold, precious ftoncs, fugar, quick- filver, copper, till, iron, fteel, falt-petre, ebony, caele- wood, and feveral kinds of fweet-fccntcd wood. The loil here is laid to be fo fertile, as to yield two crops of grain in a year, XIII. and A NEW AND COMri.ETE SYSTEM OF OEOGRAPIIV. ! « 'ill; ?'l XIII. and XIV. .';^«rtw^-// ami A'siv/./c;.; juin caili other, and arc lituatLj to ilic loulli ; iltcy .nc hy lu) nicaiib ci]ual to any of tlit: provinces ot" Cliinaiitlur m opiiL'iicc or extent : Q^uinii-fi i.i niountainoui anil bai- reii, except in the ealleiii and Inutlu-rn paits, which produce a good dial ol rice. Koei-tcheoii i^ to poor and ikrilc, that a great part of iii inhahitanti ful lilt in general at the charge ot the puhlic. X\'. Yiw->uin is a very lertde province, prnduciiiy every necellaiy of life ; which is in a ii;reat niealiire owing to its rivers and lakes, with which it ahounds. iti-,to tlic north and the call of its froiuieis, hoiindid hy Se- tchiicn, Koei-tehcou and Q^ianp-li, and to ihe loutli and the welt by ti:c kingil-ins of Tong-kini;, I'egti, Av.i, and Tibet. It has l'e\enty-li\ lar^e towns, and pioduces amber, nnilk, (Vankinceiife, |ireciuii, itonts, and other valuable articles. The above will li:r\e to convey a grand idea of the extent and riches of this vait and flour, Ihing un|dre: We (hall therefore now proceed to an accurate and coni- prehenfive dcfcription of every curiofity, whether natural or artificial, worthy the attention of our readcis, SECT. 11. Tr,!:, Fruits, foiier'wg miJ ether Shrubs, aiiJ medicinal Plants, and roots. iN China are feen molt of the kinds of fruit-trees that ••■ we have in Europe ; tlie fruit, however, in geiicial, i,s not equal in goodnefs to ours ; lor theChinUe know not how to giaft or cultivate their trees in the manner we do. Oranj;es arc very comir.on in China; they h.rvc trees of tl.is fruit of feveral kinds, bearing in general very plentifully : one in particular, of a Iniall fi7,e and thin fnicoth rind, hath a niidt rich iLiMiui ; and the province of Fo-ki.n produces a laiger kind that is equally deliciuus, the rind of which is of a bright red, and fmooth ; but the Canton oranges arc Ilill fupeiior to thofe of Fo-kien in point of fizc, and aie cxtrimely plealant to the t.dle ; they arc of a yellow c ioui, and arc ellcenicd medicinal : there arc othcis ot them of a quick fharpidi talte. Lemons and citrons grow in the louthcrn prcA inces i'' ihe greatelt plenty ; but of thcl'e the inhabitants make no othir ule than piling them up, by way of Ihew, in thi ir valci of porceiain, nicrelv to gratify the eye. There are two forts of melons in Chinii, the one fmall, and the other large ; the ir.eat of the former is of a yellow colour, and that if the hitter white and red : this latter melon is what thej call in Italy and othci countries the water melon. The Chinefc have a moll delicious fruit, which ihcy call Li-tchi i it is about the fuc of a date ; the Hone is long, hard, and covered with a loft, moilt pulp, of a molt rich flavour ; over the whole is a thin but rough fkin ; and it refemhics an egg in Hiapc. 'I'his fruit, however, when drieil, lofes much of its flavour, and becomes black and wrinkled like a prune. There is the mango, with a yellow coat, of a fliarp talle and cxqiiilite fmtU ; the long-yen, with a while coat; and the ya-ta, relcmhl-ng a pine-apple. Thele arc delicate liuits, little known in Kurope. The tie-ile is another line fruit ; it grows in almolt every part ot China, and is of feveral kinds : thole in the fuuthern provinces talte much like lugar, and dilUjIve in t!ie mouth ; their rind is clear, fmooth, tranfparcnt, and of a bc.iutiful red when ripe. Some are ot the (hape of an egg, but in general bigger. This fruit, when dried, \i covered with a fugared mealy coat, like our figs. The hirgelt fruit in China, and perhaps in the world, is the ]io-lo-mie : fmne ot thele weigh not Ids than an hundred pounds. This fruit, hov^■c^er, is notconhned to the foil of China; for it grows in India, Luconia, and other parts. It contains a great quantity of nuts of a diep yellow, .'.nd the kernel hath a molt pleaiant tafle when roalled : the Indians drefs it in the milk (d the cocoa-nut, and make a very cxcTellent difli of it. The po-lo-mie does not hang on its branches like other fruit, for thefe could not lupport it ; it ;^roWb out im- mediately from the tri.e's trunk. Thefe feveral kinds of fruit grow naturally in China, and ainiuft without any aUillance Iroiii ait; for the I Chinefc, as hath been already oblirvcd, arc ilrangers to the art of graliii.g. (^ne of the moll remarkable of their trees is that which produces peafe ; for the (hape, colour and tallo are verv much like tlioic of the liuropean pea. In Ciiiaii:'-li ihire arc trees, which, inltead of piili, liaji; a foil pulp, of which prcttv ;^!tiiallv icvivc~ kr.J enliicr,'; the I'pirits of a Chinefo ; ami it woiilJ i'l u!l h'lni.Mi prol'.ihilitv have th,- fimo ciV. cl upon an Kiiropcrfn, did It not lofe, in its lonj; paliage, a toii- lidcrah'e part of it.; volatile and tne.lieinal \irtiies. Anion;!!- the various other lliiiibs which grow in China, tliole in thj lakes arc remarkable for their hcau- tit'ul I'lown • ; and tho vvateis, thus elegantly de,o:atcd, f'-.tm a mod ayre:able and pleafini^ fpcclaele. 'I'hei'e flowers arc ;'.iio pre;aved in Ii!t!c ponds, or in vef- fels lilkd xvil'i mini and water in t!ie gardens of the great. The Licn-hoa, whofc long lea\es fwim upon the furfaee of the water, and coninuirncatc with the root by lonu; ftrinis, preatly iilVnibles a ti:lip ; its colour is Cith'.-r vii'let or white, or part wli:Ic and part red, and has a moll gratoful fnirll : it iifes to a coni'iderable height aho\e the watLi's fiiifaee, and bears fruit as big as a walnut, the k'.incl of which is white and of an agreeable t.ilte. 'I'lie loot of this ihriib i; vcrv falubii.ius, and inueh eaten. I^lt of all the flirubs growing in this cnunlrv, the cotton Ihrub is l.'oked upon ,-s the molt ufvlul. As foon as the harvelt is got in, the peafants fov rotton in the fields, and raking the larth over 'h,' fied*, there I'oon fpiin'.TS up a (hriib about two fiet hii'h, iho flinvrrs of wh'cii are in general yill)W, but lbii;etinKS red: a fniall button, about as big as a nut, and opening in t'rec pl.ices fucccods the flower, and, on the fortieth day after tiie llnwcr's appearance, dilcoveis three or four wrappings of while eolton . thiv being fattened lo the boti'.n pod, contains fe:d for tlv? year eiifiiing. A- all the fibres of the cotton arc f.iilened Itiongly to tlu lecdi tliev inclofe, the people I'epnrate them vvi'.h an fncinc. Tlic cotton is afterwards carded, fpjn, v.'uvcn, and converted into caiheo. I: mult lie iiatui.'.lly I'uppofed, that in fo cxtcnfive a coiintrv medicinal plants and roots mull be luiincrous. y\men:;(t theic is the fouling, or China root, the admi- rablevirtutsof wh eh aievs\ll known in Kuiope, Rhubarb grows plentifully in feviral parts, the leaves of which ■.■re lun::, bro.id, and rough lo the touch ; the llowers relciiibJp tufts in the fliape of a bell, but arc j:ig'.;ed at the edge; and the looi, while frolh, is whitifli within ; but when dried, it allumcs the cidour it has when brought to u'. The tiho-an.r is the root <>f a very beautiful plant, and is much ufed as a grailual refto- rativc of dccaved (Irength. 1 he laiit-li is a mol^ valuable n'.cdicinc, and hath a variety of virtues. Kut of all the medical plants, none are In Id in fuch gene- ral dtimation as the gin-feng ; though this cannot be ifilcd a natural prodinilion ot the country, being chiefly imported from Chintlo Tartary, Among the manv excellent virtues their houfe; b.fotc the dulk (f the iveniiig, and fallen w.ll their doors, tu fccure themlchcs agaiiilt thia devouiirg creature. 'I'he hi.ing-t>.hang-ile, or niufk roc-buck. Is an ex. traordinary animal ; it is a fpecics of deer, without horns, ami hath dark hr,ir. The bladder or bag that grows bene.ilh its beliy, exhibits, when opened, grains of muf-; iTiekins to the inner coats of the bag. The flcfh of feipents is laid to be the common food ot this animal ; and though theli; ferpcnts are of an enormous fize, the roe-buck cafiiy dcllroys them ; for they aic lo over- powered and llupiiied with the fccnt of the inulk, as to bccoit.c motionlefs. In the pro. ince of Chang-tong there Is a fpecies of ^ K-ars, which f me I ly walk upon their hind legs, and j liave a t.icc fomcwhat lelVmbling the human, with ;i beard liisc that of a goat: they are leported to climb up tres, and to feed upon the fruit. In Yun-nan pio\ij:ce there is an animal not Icfs ciiriou.'!, though lefs frightful than the foregoing ; this is a p.irticular kind of Itag, no l.irger than a common dog, and which is kc|)t in the gardens of the gentry. The holies here are very nect"i but fniall. 'i'he black hogs, which arc very numerous, are fine food, anil much eaten by the natives ; who are fond alio of thu (Icih of dogs and wild horfcs, which are drelied in a variety of wavs. Of the feathered tribe, the Golden Phe.tfant claims our fird notice, whether we conlider the beauty of its plumes, or the delicacy of its Iklli as food, which far furpalles that of the Kuropc.in phealant. A lively (liining red, joined with tlic tinelt yellow, paint ilie featheis of the cock phealant, with a bcaitiful grada- fon and \ariety of Ihadcs ; a yellow tuft, bri ht as burninicd gold, forms its crelf, vvhiUl a di\erlity of other colours adorns the plumage of its back, wiiigi:, and tail. The hait-fing Is alio a very beautiful bird : it only inhabits the piovince of Chciill, and fome parts of Tartary. It is equal in beauty, and fupcrior in li/.e, to the fincll falcon ; whence it mav be iullly liiled tiic king of the birds of prey in China and j'artai,'. 'I'here aie in China parrots of all forts ; likcwilc wild and tame peacocks, fowls ol eveiy kind, and mod of the birds to be met with in CJieat JJritaiii ; together with bats of a prodiginus fi/.c. Among the infeels, the filk-worms hold the firll: rank, whether their number or their utility be con^ liiiered : there is the grcateft plenty of them in the fouthcrn piovinces. In the province of (,Viang-tong there In a kind of butterfly of an uncommon fizc as well as beautv ; It is parrieularly admired lor the variety of its colours; and IS cafily taken, being altogether motionlefs In the day- time. In the evening it begins to flutter about like our bar, anil is nearly as big. I'he linelf and bcautifullell of thel'c infeels arc fent to court, for the imperial family. 'i'iie fields of China, particularly in dry fummers fuccceding wet ones, fwiin with locuKs ; they lomc- times appear in I'm h multitiiiles as even to d.irkcn the Ikies, and coiinnit the molt drcidful dcvallations on land lic.iring gram. What is molt worthy of notice in the reptile kind iii a fort of lizard-, called by funic Wall-dragons, bccauic thiy M I I 1 I ASIA.l ttiev arc foiiiul cre Inind ;iioi:g its neck, to make it difchargc the iifli; for the lilh is prevented from entering the gullet by a rino' put on the lower part of the neck. When a lilh iiappciis to be too lafe for a fmgle bird, two birdsjoin together, both in the attack and the coiivevance of it ; one takes the head, the other th ■ tail, and thus fly away with it to the boat. In fome other parts the fifhermcn make ufc of long narrow boats, to tach fide of which they fix a plank that is as long as the boat, and aHout two b et broad. Tliele pl.inks are painted white, and oveilaul with a a fliiniiiiT varnilh, and reach (loping down to the water's furiaec. I'he filhermen go out in thele boats in the night-time, when the moon (hines bright, ujiieh heightens the fplendor of the varindi ; lo that the li(h, pi. lying about the boats, and miiiaking the brightnefs of the plank tor that of their clement, le^.p into the boats and are fecured. Ill fome places they flioot (ifh wiih finall arrows, failenedtothebow withpaek-thread, winch lerves both to l.nc tile arrow, and alfo to draw in the fi(h when (liot. They foiiietimes catch fi(h by diving j and in places where tbeie aie gre.it numbers in the mud, men (land lip to their waills in water, and pierce them with a kind of barbed trident. Wild-duck liuiiting is a very common prafliceamongd Empire of CHINA. It I the calibafti, w!iich the duel; b.""!!' accunomcJ to fee ! Ihi.itiiig, lui.n approaches, and pecking at it, the duck- ' hunter (cizes hini by the feet and Iccutcs him. SECT. IV. 0)7i,'/'.v sf the C'jtncJ'i Empire ; Perfsiis of the i^ativelf their Drcjj'ei, Ahnmn, Ciijliiiu, and Xalisiial I'rt- juMiiS. '■■p' H E founder of the Chincfe F.nipiic, according to both Alianc and Kurope.m hilloriaiis, was I'o-hi, who is recorded in the annal, of t^'hina to liaie reigned about ihiee tliouf.'.nj yo.irs belbre Cinilt, or lix hundred before the deluge, according totlie vulgar leripture chio- iiology. Ti.e Chiiiefe annals inform us too, that Ko-lii being the tiiit who civilised the natives, they, for this le.ilon, eleciid bim their king : hence we diicover that the country cculd net at this period be thin ot inliabi- t.iiils, and eonleeiuently thai theoiigiiiof this people mult be dill moie ancient than the reign of Fo-hi : in- deed fome Chinele hilloiians have aiiertcd, that their c'Hintiyimri were fettled here even feveral thoufand jears before Ko-hi held the imperial fc ptre. Such have been the ambitiiius and extravagant pietenl'u'ns of thele men to the honours of aiitii|uity. Agreeably, however, to the regular hiliory of Ciiina, in which the literati fccm oiia- iiiiiiou!lv to concur, th..' cmiiitry hath had its kings up- waids of iv.-o thoiifind \..- It is rot imprubable tliiC loine of the jjieat giaiKl-chi|j,en of No.ih d fperfe.l ibem- IcKcj tlnougii ilie Aiiatic regions; and le.iched in pro- cefs of time the molt welterly paits of Ciiina. Indeed Dr. Sliaekford, a warm a-voeate for the untiquitv cf the Chinele, all'erts that thev are the imm.-.iia;e deieend- .iiiis of Noah: lie luppol'es tiie ark was left bv the waters of tiic d.luge upon a ridge of miunt.ons, b.ir- deniig on the fio;itieisof China; and that Ko.ii aiiJ his lo;is feiilcd and '.-•ok up tiieir i-liJenee here. li^ I'lir.her thinks tint Noah an i l-'o-hi were one and ths lame peifon. 'I'lie mod genera! opinion is, that this country was firlt peopled within a centut)' o;- two after the deluge, :it t'le time if the dilperlion w.ii, 'i fallowed the contuiicii ofton;iKs, when a fcjttere.l Ijabyluii'an colony fniii- ded tile empire oi Chiii.i, and eleeied Ko-b.i tlicir prinee, on account of the great abilities and virtues which dil- tingiiinu'd him. Vv'lioevcr or whatevrr inflitutcd tiiis empire, certain it IS, that the people in thole earlv ajes applied them- (elves chiefly to agriculture, and the education of their einidreii ; they wcie judicious, frugal, and indulh-ious ; the governors or head people were wife, prudent, pene- trating, and in their public ilceifKiiis c.|Uital-le. Thele governors or princes gained the hearts of the pcopb by their patriotic and \iituous public conduit; their whole happinels centered in the weli'are and felicity of their fubjects. Thus theChiiKl'e reijuired fucli repuiation. tli,;t they were admired and revered by all the countries ro.rnd them ; and hence they vainly gave it out, tiiat they were placed by heaven in the niiddie of the globe to adiniiii- tler laws to the iel( of iii.inkiiid. As to the perloiis of the natives, a wo.nian in this country is deemed handlbme who is loniewhat under the the Chine fit it to tlieir heads, leaviii they fcoop a caliballi, or ircutil. lid rel to ihcir cm pi ran on tl proper apertuies for light ley then go na ked into the water that iiuthiiig may appear above WJter but common (Ize, has litt le eves, I nge cars liaiuin; low. * — -"■ ■••■-, ....,■......, ..v^-, 1.1 ;:^\, V .11 .3 11.111 _ Hi ; .ej w, a (lio:t nofe, red lips, ll.-.ck ha,r, tlorrid complexion, and a mii'dle i'l/.^d mouth : and lucli mil arc aeln-.:rej by the women, who have broad f.ces, h gli forehei.ds, fl.i't iiof.s, widcnolirils, thick legs, and ro.nul flioulJc.s. In the Ibutherti pairs of tne empire, where tiie fun hatii gieat iiilluenee, the nati\es are of an olive colour ; but 'n the northeri paits they have as good complexion.! as any Kuropeans : the young people in part;cuiar, aie comely, giaceUi!, and handlbme. 'I'he women of this country arc remarkable for the fin.iilncfs of tluir feet, which, in the ll.ite ol infancy, are cramped and bouii.l up loh.irj, th.;i thcnevei gruw to the li/.j piefeiib.d by nature; but whatever pain in- laiits endure by this, they never complain wh.t they fulleied when the >w up ; they rather ide thcmfelvcs ill tills violence offered to nature, and alfer-t 1 ahvayi '"f. A NEW AND COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. li elwnys to fliew their fcui as tlu-y walk, or latlicr as they liulible .-iiiJ totter :i!on;j; the flieetj. It i< coiTimoii for a y";ir,g v.r.ir.an in China, of about t^^■clHy veais of aj;c, to have t\ct no hi^^,ir tiian iholc of a fiici-ir.^ clilM wi'h U5. Some atrribute thi^ ptrnicious anJ abomii^ablc cuP.oin ti-< an act of policy among the aneient Clilnel'e, who are fjid to ha\e invenieit it to keeji their wii'es Mom gadding abroad : thoujrli it is afiirmeU bv ot^-.eis, that it was fult breu;;ht into \o;:ue by the cin)iiefs Ta-kia, \vhoha\in^' rciiiiiikably finr.il fett, aflciT.i-d the wearinjj of b.inda-i s, in r;Jcr to ir.ake them ftill IlIs j thus fcekiiig to cover a zeal c!ei'ormi;y with ihe |iiclcnee of a be.uitv. I'he men Ihavi. ch^ir heads, cxc.pt in one part of the crown, where a lo, k ot li.ir is luileicd to grow, whieh tin. V braid and tr.ilt. '["his ciiiioin they have obfe ved v\'V f nee tlie edi.'.l illiicd by the Tartarian cmperois in tile !.i!t centun , lor tile C'liiKli; lo cut ofi' their liair. Jf, the funn:ur ihey wear a filial! lap, made of cane oi laitan ; i!ii' cap, whicli is in tiie form of a fiu-Mtl, only covirs the io(J if the head, it i.< lined with fattiii, and at the lop of it is a tuft o( brij'ht red ce.vv-hair, (prcad- ini; over it to the very ed^es. liat llie dodors and other learned n:eii wear a palle-buaid cap, which is biith lined and eoveicd with fattiii, and la vmbtllifheJ with a very gaudy tuft of rich rid lilk. In :!ie winter leaibn a \eiy warm cap is worn j it is lioidered with fable or ermine, and ccivered with nd filk falling round it to the edges ; this inakea a verv fii'c.'p- pe..ranec, and flutters in ilie air a:, the wearer of it walks along : thcbordcr of erilniu: is bro.d and vcrv haiulfome j and when a mandarin appiars full diclied, iie.\doins bis cap with a diamond or fome either valuable lb iie. 'I'he other parts of the drefs of the men ililVers in form but little from that of tlie women ; their lelltr under garnn lit readies aliv.oil to the ground, and over it they we.ir another f iir.cthing iliorter, with large (Keves mid without a collar; they lie round tlum a fi!k fafli, wiih the ends hanging do.', n to their knees ; and in llii~ ^'.ifll they have a coiueiiiciice lot putting feveral (mall thir.gs, Uich as a putfe, a knife, an ivoiy f.iik, ^;c. thev wear large drawers, buflMis, and a kind of flipp.is wilhuut heels, A^ the whcde buily-drefs of a Clunefe is wide, and lis lo.e upon hii:, he can form no idea of vh.it .in EuiMpean Itii.;, a griittel l/upc. 'I'hilr il.iitsaie made of liifKrcnt foif.. of dotli, and are vuy wide, but fiiort. In fumnier tin y ^o with their fittk'. ipiile baic, hut cover them in the winter wish f.;nin. fiblc, or fo.v ftin ; and iii this fealon ihey line lluir veils with (heep-lkins. I'erfons c( di(lin.iti(in line ihcin entirely ivith irmiiic, or fine (ox-fKln wiih an timinc bonier; and, v^hcn they make a Mlit of anv Cdiifeqiicnce, wear a long filk gown over the vift ; tiiis f.'i-'Wn IS In general bin;-, ar..l over itiseitluT a black or tile violet-C'ilo ired cloak re idling to thiir knee?. They appe.ir alio in their bu(kin,«, with a icymeier bv their fide, and a fan in their lunJ. There are fome perfons id a particiilsr r.nk in life ^ej'.ii miiH never ] lefim.c lo ^o abio..d will.oul thcii ^ll'klll>•. cun though thry waU on foot, o; aie carried III a fedan, Hill Ihiy uie ccnli rained lo wear ihcm. \V h-.n on a fonn.ii ,:fit, if the pri'.ns tluy go to fic ha;h,.ngi.d tr cerrmony panes till they liavc put them on. I helc bii'uins are made of lilk, and the hole undu tlum if a pink ItuH^linuJ with cition. '1 he Chiiicle, who alfeet a very grave afpci^, fiifl'er tlicir beards t i (jiow alter Ihcy li.m lued to ibe age ol ubout thirty, having a particular vemralioii for a long bcaid : Ihe b."ard however i.s never very thick ; for the 'oung tiKii III giner.il pluck it out wilh nippers, nil iiiey ..riivc al th.it period, wlun lii> y think itnecdiaiy Id luiiinlh mill piini' te ilie giowih ul il, us an hoiiour- khl( iii.iik of theii liper )eaiti, Ihe dodottanil mlur literati, rfpeci.illy if ihfy have .•< ti Ipect.ible atietJlry to Iviall, (iilier Ihe niil of iln i' llille l.nic's to grow vciy bill'.', which thev (i ripe and lilidi Willi great larc 1 this beieg a diltingii.lhin.- in rk fi a gtiillenian, anl llifws ihi y hive never l.iii ulid tiiain laborious or niei.hanical emplo inent, 'i he UdiCi ol L'l'.ina, who are m vain a» ihufe of anv country, wear for theii u,pir garn.ent a rcb2 renching to their hecl,«, with laig- Ikives, and a cullar of white f.itti.i round their nick-: underneath this robe they wear another with tight IK ves, and of the fame length : they wear likewife iilk diaweis, reaching half way down legs i and, below tliefe, Ihort ftockings made of the iho fame : their flippers aie peaked, with fquare heels, terned up at the toes, and embroidered with gold, lilver, >.i Iilk. '1 he robes of youthful ladies are of blue, or green, or any other colour ; but thofe worn by ladies advanced ill years, are either violet or black. A Cliinefe lady, though kept in the moil reclufc manner, v.i 1 fpend three or four hours in a morning in letting olf her licad-drefs, which conhfts of a great nia.'iv curls or ringTis, inteifperled with finall tutts of gold and lilver flmiers, and is fometnnes crov n^d with the ligure of a bird gilt with filver, its extended vving,s einbiacing the l.^.dy's temples, its fprcading tail lorming a plume on the middle of her hva.l, and its reck, whicli is ciirioufly jointed, moving with t'lc gentlell: motion of the ht..d. Ladies of high tank have le\eral if ihcfj birds united and formed in a kind of crown, with wli;eli they make a grand appearance. Many ladies wear a palb.board cap cuvereu v\iih filk, the fore part riling abc\ e the forehead in a point, dtxorated with tiie richelV i;rnaments, fueli as diaii.onds or pejils : the upper part ol their heads they embell.in wiih natural iir artificial flowers, mixed with l.i.ali loli.ins lliick with jewels. Hut w. nun in years, cfp. ci.llv the wives of tradefmen, wrap only a piece ol iilk rou.i i ir heads. The liibjecls of Cliini • a. lowed to wear all colours iiulifcnn'ina'ely : ei, none mult wear ulli vv rob.s and girdi.i. Oi-t li.. e ._ lor and the royal f. mi y. There isa flrange cufiom prevails .among the Chinefe women, wincii is tiiat ot rhewing betel continually, K-I.ieh gre.itly bl.ickiii^ their rvetli. I'lie dilpoiition of the Chiiiele is in general affable, mild, and obliging ; there aie no people who equal them in cuuiielv and good-bieidoig ; they do not, how- ever, confider ceremony inenly as an exchange of coin- pliiiKiits and ci.ii.ties, but as the cement of lociity, mid the gicat preferver ol decori.m and liibordinatinn among mm : aetordingly they have a great number nf tieatiUs on iliis fibjeet, hmiig dimn inllrii.;lion5 on the moll minute pailieiilars ol behaviour, as touching ihc manner ot laluiing, vifiiing, making prclems, writing letters, enleitainiiii; at table, &c. and thcle cullonn ha\c lo far aevp.ir d the force of law, that none are pmiiiited to diipcnle with them : even anionp th-; very Imv-'il clais of piople there is a degree ol cetemony ubferved j and ilierc is never lo be uen that rude behaviour pradliled by the vulgar of other eoiinlries. T he Chiiule are, however, mercenarv, cowar.lly, treacherous, and vindiiftive. In |(,mc p,iits III China tiny will lell or moil, age their eliates m the luj'piiit ol a l:iw lint, in order to ruin an .idverfiry. Inteielt is the mallei-lpring of all the-ir liiSliins; tluy will thiat one am ti.er as iniiih as pollible; and as tu (iiani;irs, ihele tluy always endeavour to e'efr.md, aiil bo.ill ol it. 'The hmer I- rl o' peiipin have innuiner.iblo fi. hemes and tricks to .ni dieiate or difguilewh.it tluy olfer to lale. If a itraii|iir piirchafes fingly and ul him- lell, hi' is lure to be i heated ; and iheie is nn w.iy of ptexenting it, except by employing an liunell naliie (if any can be (nuiul) who !■. well aceiuainted with all ihe links ptaeliled by his countrymen, his dangcrou' lo leiul tlum any lliii.g without luieties ; lor iheie is lui leiy- ing upin aliiije wnrd thev lav, .Somenf them have hem kimwn In biiiiow Iniall funis of money, with Ihe piu. niift eil titutnii'i; it with an high inliiell, whiihthtjr very puiutu llv piifoimed t but allerwarels reqinlliiif; the l(i..n eil a liiili and l.iiger Inm, with tl.n. have gnnc I'll, and have never alter luiii lu.ud eil, AiK nj lluii fe(ei..l tiieks, Iheie hiivc been iiinaiie.oi of Ihiii o(eiiing tin birBlU eif leiwls, takiiii out ili_> Uibllinui, lilliiig ip the (km, and then In elexieniij^y iluling il, as lo Kiiviale ul! tliUuvery or lulpiciuii nil it lonie^ 111 be eaien. Amoliijll fill I a diflioncft (a of peojile, it mull nx- luulijr S; reaching to )ll;ir of white lis robe they lame It-iigth : liilt way (Iowa kings m:u1e of 1 (quare heels, hgolJ, lilver, uc, or grren, iilits advanced mod rcchife ill a morning rtb of a treat fniall tints of troviK'J with ntcmlnl wings g u\il lorniing > I cck, which Icil motion of icral if melo 1, with wh:tli lauics wear a jrc p.irt tihng ith tlic richill tiic upper part lal or artificial (. with jewels, of tradcfmen, s. c(l to wear all une mult wear ' anil the royal ig the Chincfe I continually, ;cnpral affable, lie who equal (' do not, how- han^e of com- nt of lociity, liihnrdinatinn cat number of nations on the touching the ems, writing hele cultoni that none ivin among is a dij^rec - to he lien Igar of other mercenary, n l( me paits cir ellatcs m an adverfjry. iiili have goiiv Kcn inft.iiicci km '. out til ■ i> ili'Sli'iMij'y ull'ICIllll till It It mull lu- tuially 1 ASIA.] Empire of CHINA. tiirally be condudnl, that there arc great numbers of Inch as w> may llile profcffed thieves : tliey will bre-.ik through the thickcll walls, and burn down doors or gates with an engine that fires the wood without creating any flame. They penetrate, unieen, into the mod private places, and will drip rooms without leaving the lead ap- pearance of a footdep or other mark. Thefe arc the fcntiiti-nts of the generality of authors j but in oriler to be as impartial as poflible, it is nccelliiry to obliTvc with a late writer, " that the etnpire of China, from the diftancc and policy of the govern- ment, is extremely difticuk to be known. Nobody has permillion to penetrate ijuo it beyond the lea-potts, unlefs it was formerly the jefuits, upon whole accounts, though fomctimcs very curious, wc cannot always ilepei'.il. 'IVavdlcrs that have touched at Canton agree very well ill their accouirfs ; they .all alllrt the Chincfe to be a faiihleO, deceiving, cowardly, thievidi, paltry fet of rafcals, mandarines and all ; but allow that the people, in general, arc the pictures of unremitting induiiry, and I from tlicfe accounts we form our ideas of that inuiieiiK- ' empire, liiit it dloiildbe reincmhcrcd, that theic author-. ^ have formed their ideas merely from a part, and that the j trading part of a naxion, which contains fiarrily three | trading ports: wc ought nnt to fuppofc that al! China is j peopled with I'uch beings j on the contrary, we have the greatid reafon to believe, that the better part of the \ nation are as refpeiJ'.able as any other muler the fun, and this is not from partial accounts, but greatly from the rcalbii of the thing." The Chincfe ufually fit upon their feet for want of chairs. Whcii they nicet one another they lift up their h.'iuds, but touch neither hat or cap, and do not nui'.e their feet, but bow a little, faying, " hoaw, hoaw," that is, " good, good." When two friends meet after a very long ..bfeiiee, they both kneil down, and then proKrate thernfeUeSj alter this they rife up, and repeat the fame ceiemony two or three times. W ith lefpecl to foeial coneerfe, the Chincfe always life tlie mod fubmillive and refptctlul terms, and gene- r.illy fpeak in the third pirlbiii thus, ir.dead of fayiti/, •' 1 am fenlible of the lavour you have conferred on nie," they lay, " the favour which the Lord has vouih- faiid to the meaiied of his lirvants nives him great joy ;" and again, indead of l.iying, " 1 take the liee- tlo'ni to prcfent vmi VMth thi« ciinolity," they fay, " the feivant takes the freedom to odu to his Lord this poor prifint:" and the anfwcr i', " every thing that comes iiom ihc hands of fuch .1 good fctv.uit is of iiiedimahle v:il-.:c. Previous to a vifil made to any pctfon of quality, n liilit is alw.ivs prefenteil to the porter, letting tbith the name and tank of life of the vilitant ; and if he he of ei|ii.il rank with • perlon whom he viltts, he is le- reiviil at the h.ill door hv the latter, two of his domellics holding before him a large fin, which is romovid upon the Mlit.iiit entering the h.ill ; it is then the teremony hcgius, with many bcndinm of the knrc, and iiov\'in)',s cf the hodv, on both lides i coinplimenting each other with their nf|>tclful title*, and taking the rieht and left liJe III each otiiei by turns. Thele ceremonies over, the gucit is coiiduilted to .1 chair, and when featiil de- ti.ircs the occ.ilion of his vifit. After a Ihort ronver- f.iiii a te.i i« brought i and when that isour, they make tlieii oheiiaiKc to laih other, and take leave with muili bowing on both tides. I |ioii the biillt-d.iy '"•I a confiJcrable niandaiin, jieople cf the hid qiiility alleinble, and proceed in bodiM In hi! palace, t.ikiii ', fweitmeits and oihrr pnfetits with thiin. L'poii entiling the hill they llaiid in row<, and III ike a mud ptofuuiid rcvircncr; one c>l them then '3 they prcfent him with this fine garment, .and rcq^ieft h- will put it on : but the inaiidarin cxciilLs himliilf, hv allcdging that he is by no means worthy of fo great a •. honour, till perfuadcd by repeated folicita'ioi.s, he at length fiiirers them to take olf his upper g.i.n.ent, tint clothe him with that which tlicy have brought alun;; v/ith them : the garment is afterward-s put care.ully by as a mark of great honour and dillindtion. When a maiid.iriii of mtcriar rank meets bis fiiprrior, he iiidantly dons his i'eJaii, and ma!:' s :i mod prorouml I reverence ; and it two of Ciju.il rank iiieit, they falut'- leach oti'er in thrir ledar.s, by < riiU.-ii^ their bands, ami , raifing thd'i lo their herds, wti'c.i ti-.cy repea: till thi-y ! are entireiy out of each o;her's light. j When a man of quality gives an e;it.\'tainmcnt, th.\'e arc as mnnv t.iblcs introduced as ih;'! • are gn :'. . i;u iu J, i iinleis the great number of vilitants rcn.'.i .t neccni-ry ■ to place two at a table; thefe tn'jles da;;J i:i .i V.iu oa each fide of th; groat hall, which ii> adorn. 1 with pi.- ■ ] tiires, flower py'-s, and chi:ia-warc ; the t,v'-.lis bein;; 1 placed dircHly ..ppolit-: to each o'her, the guil!-. i.vci: <>ii.: j another a= tlicy lit. there aie neither t.ibic-c'oths n.r I napkins, but the fore part of each table i. cr.ihsllifli.'d with embroidered filk, and the whole of it handlomiiv iapanned. (Jn the t.ables are lari'.c dilhes of meat ready carved, piled pyramidically, with flowers and ci.rons at the top of the table. Previous to the company being feated, tiic m.aftcr of the lead falutes them feparalely by eroding Ills hiiuls and bowing j he then calls for a ci!') of li.n;or brcwe.l from rice and wheat, and holding it up, makes a low bow io his chief gued, and walks cw: of the hall, followed bv all his company; when in the cou'.t, he turns his face towards the foiith, and lining his lyis to heaven, jioiirs the liquor upon the groutul, to {hiw that i'll Ills podiflions flow from t:,c Lord wi'.o rcit'iis above. He and liis company then letiiin to tl;c hali, and every one takes his feat a^ the inaltci of the lead appoints. The entcrtaintncnt begins with prcfenting to each to their moiitiis, rui'j cacli other with a motion Witii tlic head to d.tln'is hid: this cureni.'iiy Ci>ncl.id.-s v.i'.li their drink:n.; altopcthcr at th-j lame time. J.iqiioti; ferved two or three times, an i m the interim dilhes i f meat arc bioiiglit on the i.iblcs ; fi..r thol. beloren;.:!- tioncd, piled in pyramids, arc mcnly lor o.'namnit. The meat, wliiih is in didirs, is cut into pi.iTs lut^'re it is brought to t,iblc : they have neither folks nor ipoon-, but cat with little ivory dicks. The inalbn of the k.id, on his knee, inviting the company to eat, they accoid- ingly put ((line of the meat on their plates j and at every ficdl dilh they arc requeded, with equal ccteii.onv, to cat, and at the fame time tJiey are ohli.ed to drini., though onlv jud .is much as is agreeable to them. .-Mur level al dilhes h.ue been lit vol, baloiis of foup are brought, attendcil with very lin.ill loa\cs, which tiny break and put into the loiip ; then tea i» brou 'lit, ami allerwards fruit; but beloie the fruit is In veil, the lord of the houle takes his guells into the gaiJeii, oi f..iiii' other place: in the mean while the leiv.iiit. arc iir. ployed, fome in cainlng water for ihe gialU to w.illi their lianiN, olherit in cleaning the tables, ;iii,| ..theis oi' ihcin in preparing the dcfcrt, which confills of the i,.hid fruits, iweclmeats, Aic. During thi le lealU it is veiv common fur pliver-: I > introdui I' thcmfelves, who, bowui;. luer.il tiini.s to ilic till! laviii 111 li lefents it to the manilarin, with fweetm;ats I: UcliolJ th.' liquor wliiih gives joy;" another > < " Hehohl the fmrars of lilr ;" and ihui oiheis of the Company tcprat the fame Wli mntiKS. nd.itin, who has r.-i.Jered liimlVlf particulailv ncnt by |.;s iniblie fi t h.uh dill gieatiH hoiuiiir veiy gioiiiul, prelcnl the piiiiii|: tainment with a book. 111 whi.li lu-ll at.- I the tiUcr wiill.-n, III goldi-n li-ltirs, the titles of fev.ial plus ; h.it the lual gued r'liTs ilie clioiec to a f.-. ..|iil, ilii limnu to a thii.', Ihe ihiid to a toiitth, and fo uii ; but .ill i. liiliii'', he at lei:i;lh ihoofes a pl.iy that In the companv. iirs Villi III ll pleale 1 he ladies are frati d in anoilirt ap.rnmn, wliirp, rough .1 lilk lit It in.', thry He iht pi il.iiniaii.r viili nut being lluinii 1m s lent. Ilelwctii the a.'l« the roin th pain are eiiit tiaiiied wiili iniilic Ihewn hull Uuctois, and utlit is of ihr titrraii, caulir a 11 diiiment.il : of the lattri kind ii b ^.irrr.ent of V'lmn colours to be ni.ide lor hii heth l .ll and of III pet, iliiims whiih ihtv heat Willi flat lliik«, 'id IliitK cn nil bmh-dav carry it to lii> pal.ur, arconipiiued 1 ol dirtireiit foils. .About the inuldle of the plav our >*ilh iti'iii^. XVl.cii they enter ihc h,ill el hj palme, j|of »lic ai'Uns qn.is ilie duje, yt ti-lhcr huvr, fovcte.l i) w.'h "»4» 'I '4 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIIV. wiiH ;•. cnpct, and collc£ls mtiiicy ut' (Ik- hoiilc make a collccti.m likcwilc tor the iiialliTN uCe, to reinili.irfc him in part tor the c\peMccs ot' the enttiiain- luent. 'I'hefe ciitcrtniii:iicnts fomctimos coiiti:nie till mid- iiii:ht, wlieji the relpL'iS^ive u'ULth ilepail with great ceremoMv, ami their lervaiUs walk brtoie their leiiaii?, carrviiig iartc lanterns ol' nilej paper. I'he I'ollouiiig morning cards are tent I'rom fvery giicll, akninvlcdginu, in the pulitell terms, the t'avoiirs they reeeiveil the pre- ceding e\cniiig. The power of fathers over their children in this cmnitry is ahlolute, no age nor otiiec exemptiny them from this jurildiciion ; nor is the power of the motiier iefs. Hence the relpceT fliewii bv children to their parents. Tiiev fpcak little, and generally Hand in tlicir pretence : on their hinh-dav and other occalions they I'ahite them on their knees, and with their forelieads touch the verv ground. This dutv of hlial rel'pect is held in luili hi^^'li honour, that an emperor once h.iving ba- i;ilhed his own mother lor fmnc inipr>iper gali.ijuries. vas conipe lied hv In- liibieL^s to recall h.r lioni e^ile, id to iiiicre her to the r.mk ct emprctV, Ironi wiiieli he h.id degr.idi'd her. If .1 i.ither cites his foil to appear before a mandarin, hi-, own teltinionv Is allowed fviHicicnt for the coinic- tion of the actuled, without any corroborating circum- Itances. If a ton attempts the life of iiis lather or mother, his bodv i- cut t') pieces and burnt : if he leav>.s anv houle or (Iwelliiv'-plaee behind liii , it is razed to the ground, and a ii>onuinent crcetcd In the place to perpetu.ite hi:- iiifaniv : even the liout'e or houles adjoining to it are alio levelled with the earth. Ne.\t to the dutv of tili.d obedience, there is nothim; liclJ mi-tc facred iii China than that of the fubjecl to Ins |iriiice : in tli'irt, theie two important duties being con- itdered a-- haviui; to near a rtlatioii with e.aeh other as to admit hanllv of any diitinclion, rebellion Is piini(lii-d with the lame degree of feverity, and m the lame man- ner as patricide. It is eutlomary for the C'hiiicle to give their magi- llralis the title of father, and it is the pride of the tiii- pernr to be tilled the great father, or euardiaii of h.s people. I'liis noble and laiid.ible prejudice is grafted in the hearts of the Chinele, and is become one of the grand pillars ol th'-ir cinllitution. No people on earth arc prouder of their pretended (.•raiii'eur than the Chiiiefe ; even the meanelt amongtl ihem ha\e a conten'pt lor other countm.^, and belorc they were vil'ited by the Kuropeaii millionaries, thev looked upon themt'elveii fo fuperior to the rell ot'manl'iiid, that ihev treated all otiiir nations .as barbarians. Tlu-v had coiKiived the molt cxti.avai:ant Ideas of their own countrv, as to Its extent -, for fiippoling the globe to be in the torm of a fipiare, they imagined they pollilled all the centre, .iiid uthir n. tions only the lour curners. it was with alJonilhmeiU they louiid that beyond the teas, there were nations Ikilled In all the Iciences, and even ill many att-i to which they weie themlclvc4 tmire llran^M-. \\ hi n 1*. t,'hava;iiiac Ihcwcd them .■» map of the globe, they diliied him to cxpl.iiii it to them, for thcv were tota i.-nor.uit 1 .1 the ini ilioti (it It. •111! tiys tlie father, is K.urnpe, this Afiiea, and here is Atia . Alia voii fee I'eilia, the liidn lart where . Chii laid th( 1 ary r III Hut lleie il IS," replied the ,uiell, '* don't von (tc It ? lis in thi- bille corner of the map." L'l o'l whlth, u\erwhelnud with .im.i^emeni, BiiJ looking at earholhir, liny l.iid, " It Was litlli- lildi ed. ' Hut thcv were Hill more 1 irptiteil when lunie I nrtiiis (lit inDriiiiieiit- "l" litem clocks, walche-, and miilunuii ihev thin av knowlid 'ed thai llie 1 '') rope.iiK wi re not that barbarous pcoplu lliey had alv thou.'ht them. Hut ih'Migh ihe Chind.- lia\c been uiidecnud in tin ii niott llaiTaiit error., ihtyliave, c\eM ill this lime, iheir llr >iig and violent peeiiidices , then.' i» not aiiv nation more Villi) and Inlnxicated vMth thu coneritcii pielutmc due to ihei • own coiintiy, or their lii|K'rioritv , and even their children and wives: and there is one moll lliocklni' cudom here ; when a man has more chil- ilreii than he thinks he c;in well provide for, the mid- wife receives orders to drown ti.e next iiitaiit, or thiow it into the llreets. When the millionaries were in China, \ ifitiiig fomc of the p.'ipulous cities, they lent their catccliifl.^ out every morning, to baptize the infants as they lay expiring la the Ihcets. In the lame manner as intriguing is carried on in other countries, courtlilp is condui;ted in China : there arc certain women lixed upon for the biifinefs of pro- curing hiifbands lor maidens ; for as the latter arc kept conliiied in tlieir apartment^, and the yotmg men who are to le their hu'.bands are not idlowed to tee them till the d.iy of marriage, thev are under a necefTitv of reiv- ing entirely upon tnofe women, or cnnlidants. 'I'he youii^ [leoplc ;i;e never fullered to treat upon the fubleet of their iiupti.ds ; the parents fettle every thing them- ttUes ; and though in other countries it is the cuftoiii lor women to bring poitions to their hulbands, l-.ere hulbands pay ,i t'liiii of money to tlie parents of the bride, whicii is generally laid out in clo.iths, ^'c. for her •. then follow '.'"rtain eereniotiies, the chief of whieh eonlill in the relations on b. ■.ke. Al le.ill liiis is the cullom with wealthy p ill.' biidi gi- as loon as ilic pioKilioii leailus bis houte, who Waits al his own door, dielii iter ti ri-ieive d IS this IS the hill inlirvicw 1 the door of the hil m. Siitni, d'lljti'lifd With their lot, immi'ihitelv lliut the dour aga I lend thi pixir gill li.uk with hit i, or indeed tor any con- tagious dilofder : hut though the law on tliel'e (.icilions authorile a divorce, it is feljoni put in lorce amongft perl'oiis of condition ; tliere are indeed cxamplLS of it am( n^ the lower ordeis of the people. Some ol the men Rre lo criiellv jealous, that they will fearce I'ulfer their wives to fpeak 111 private, even to any ol their near re- lations of the male kind. Av to the funeral ci remoniis of thcfe people, .1 great pcrlonage is alwavs Iniiied with a pcjruliar foleninity ..nd pomp: they hill walh the corpfc, and alter embalming it, drefs it in the richell robes, and then expnfe it to view in a railed alcove, befoie whiih the wi^c^, chil- dren, lelilions and I'rieiids, prolhate themfelves ; ii>ar the coffin itaiul, an image of the deei.'fed, or tile fonie carved work, with his name in luge charac- »ci-, and (iirroundcd with flowers, pei fumes, and flam- beaux. 1 he coffin is made of precious wood, varniflied and pi't ; and here it is ncc llarv to n niaik, that the C'hinele liki to h.ue their colliiis made in their life-time : oven the , lorcll among them will find means to be at this ex- pend Hdoe the cnrpfe is put into a coffin, a of ciiies or towns. The grotto confifts generally of three rooms, each with a door, and a roof raifcd (loping back at the four cor- ners. Thele grottos or fcpulciires are built, if podible, upon eminences or clfe on terraces railed on purpofe, and are furrounded with little groves of pines or cy- prefs. Upon the arrival of the proccHion at the fepiilchro, the coffin is placed in a vault, and perfumes arc burnt ; the Pgures of palteboard are alfo b;irr.t, and libations and mcit-oftcrings made to the deceafed ; for thefe peo- ple have an idea, tliat the fpirits in the other world receive the otJerings thus niade, and that the ditferent re- prcfenti.tions of the p.iltcboard tigiirer. become realized for lluir life and emolument. The tnouri'.ing of the Chinefe is white, which is worn three years for a parent ; wives mourn three years for •heir huibands, but hulbanJs only one icar for their wives. Children, mourning for their parents, wear coarle while cloth the tiill year, a better fort the lecond year, and the third year white filk if they picafe. Ihe tirft hundred days are fpcnt in iolitude, lamentation, and ahlliiienec : and during the wlude period of thc'r niournii'.;, th' y arc forced to rellrain from rcalHi,.; or holding any ,.ublic cmplovmeiit : even a mandarin, on lucli oiealions, (puts ;il| public bulimfs. Thefe people aie fo bigoited to a fupi rllitious vrncrn- tion fur the dead, that ttuy defpifc foieigiicrs for aban- doning the lepulehres of tluir anccltois, and cxpoling j themfelves to the ha/aid of d\ing in a remote country, j without liavin;' illations with them to pay tiiem the lalt • tribute of airection. ! Av lo public fellivals or rejoieiiig' in t'hina, the two Ipriuup.il are celebrated, once in tlie begimiing and il;e < other about the middle of January. Tlic lormer is kept • in \ihting, Cealling, m.ikiiig prefe'nts, fie. That of the 1 mi.ldle of the inonih is c.illed the fend of the lanterns, I when i\erv familv, both of city and couniry, on the I lia-coalt, or on the rivers, lirlit np lari.,e painted lan- terns Ihiek full of wax candli s or Imajl lamps, repre- itntng c.uakades, (hips under fail, aiinics cn;;a,;iiig, hioil.'s iMl'opiiig, Ipedies, niimicj, and other objeOls ( I the' repielentationsor pivliires are let in motion by pei - I ll'ns conceded, by means of (liings gr pnllics that at a I dilliiKe laniiot be pereiived. Aciotding lo I', I- Compte, thefe lanterns coylirt irj ('ener.'l of li\ pams 01 lijes, larh making an obloii ._ I'lpiarc four feet huh, and one and a half'bro.id; they are mule of wood very liratlv varniftinl and glided; oil eadi hpiaie is fprcrid a line traiifpareiit filk, painted with floweis, (hrub-, n.vks, and other obieets, whiih aie mailer of his fon'i ell ite, but alio i^t his tooi ubiiies ij rxeciiled with lo much iudgmrnt, and in fudi a diver and children, who, whenever ihiy ofTend him, be may' fity of coloui.. that thev txhihii a moll cuMous ani It Ilk 111- Wf 1 1 16 A NEW COMPLLlli bVSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY • 1; 4 linking appearance. Sculptured figures form the crown of tlie Wdilc, from whence fufpenJ filkcn ill earners of Viiriwis C(iIo\irs, contrueJ to t^ill on the fiJes ot the hmtern f<> as ncv« tn intercept any of the light, nor to hiile the jviiniingi for the candles or lamps within fide nic very numerous, and diftiilc a moll agreeable fpl>.n» dor. Sonie of llieic l.interns nuafurc twenty-live or thirtv ffct in diameter, and contain illuniinated dragons from fixteen to twenty or more feet long. Some Chincte doctors have all'erted, that this feaft of the l.mterns originated from the hanging up lanterns iii the niins of the palace of K\ emperor of China. This prince had extraimlinarv talents ; he \\as coura^ieous, learned, polite, and aftahle, and had withal fiuh ex- traordinary llrength, that he could feparatc hars of iron with his luiiJs v he, however, grew (hanielully dillipated and ctTeminate, and fpent prodigious fums ot money iji lidiculoufly creeling a tower, aiic.-ncd with gem':, to the memory of one of his concubine?. 1 hele and otiier i-xcellcs aiarming his courtiers, they moll lunnMy re- n'.or.lha;eil to him on his mifconduol ; for which lie c.uk'd them to be put to death. C_)ne day, ho«c\er, reriecling on the Ihortncfs of the period ot man's life, and adihxfling himl'eif to his queen, of vvhoni he was paflionately fond, he laid to her, "• I'iicre is nothing in this life tliat couM in higlilv, lo completely delij;ht me, as the capability of rendering tliee eternally happy ; but, alas, in a fliort, far loo fliort a time, our pk'anires mult end, and we be for ever tp.irated. The drc. ilul thougl\t, that mv wlioltf impel lal power cannot give dice a Uinger life than even my meanelt v.iflals hupe to enjov, lliikts daggers to my foul, and makes me wretched aniidll ail the fplend.irs of my rtign. Whv have not I iiiwer to make thee live tor ever r \S'hv can- not 1 innnortali/e mv i^ueeii ? W file there aie liars in heai en which m'\er ceafe to Ihiiie, mull tl.ou be fuaiclied away bv death .' mull all thy beauty and delicacy be laid low in the eartli ';' " Live then, my licgc," replied the queen, — " live as if thou wert never to die. Korget that life is flioit ; lofe all tliouglit of it. What are the i\in, the moon, and otlier planets to rhee, or to me ? We have no need of them to me.iCuie the duration of life. t.re.:t and cnli^'hten .in heaven of thine own ! r.iile a ll.ilcli palace, and lliut it for ever fiam the fun ' Let not a finglc be.un ever dart into it ' not a glimmering of natuic's light kt there be ever fecn in it ' No ; hang up magnificent lanterns that fliall outfliine the lun, and every ilar in heaven' — We will revel in this new creation of our own ! — we wiil forget the fuctcfllon of day and night ' —we (lidl iia\c ore eternal day' — He tliou ever paf- fio:;ate and rond.int to thv ipietn ' — her happnlef^ will then be unc!ungi.ab'.e, and will appear to thine cyc» as l.'.liing to ctrriut'. ." The emperor built the palace, and adoriiIn!i it as the qiicn ad\il-.i!, both o| tlitni li\ed the ihamelul lite thev had prop'led ; when the populaie, ciira;'iil at theii f< igri, c»nfpi, -d a^air.il turn, bjr inviting a iu.i{;li- hoiiring prmcc to dejiofe Inni. 'Ilie tmperir, however, awair of the confpiracy, tan'e Hrth from hi% illinninatid palate, ainl headed an urmv, to oppoie llie deligns ol his adyeilaryj but foon t. tiding hinili-lf ahandimed by lus people, he took to Hi.:hl, and wandered from pnniiuc lo province, linder vontimid appulu iiIkhk of being dilcoveicd an. I taken iiiio capiivitv. In the mean tunc the nia|^nil1- fent pnl are was pulUd lo tin groinul, and laiiiirns we;e hung up in cvirv put o) lh« ciiv 10 perpetuate the event. f Ithei', however, have given it out Uiat this grand an- niveilary feilnal has its origin from the following cir- cumllanee. a crr'ain mandarin, in former Imus, who was greadv rarelli'il bv his l>iopli-, having an only flaiigliter drowned bv falling into a river, he looked loi her .1 whole 111, -hi by (he light of lantenu, all the in- habitants of the dillrict kdlov\ ing him WitU laiucdis and torrhes til afliit in fciuhln^ for ihe lady. The particular slte^tion wimh the p<'ople liad for their mandatin, or elle the liiiiulirilv ot ilie .idvcniure, fet ihein to woik with their lanleins the lame night ol till- vear lollowini; ; and tint ciilbim giavlu.dlv Ipieading, nraiioned in time a public fcltival ihrun^huui the ciii- ptit. SEC T. IV. Chinefe J^r'uulture, Hujhimdiy, &c. IN Cliina there is a fedival for the encoiiragcnicnt of agriculture, at which the emperor himfcif prelides. Every fpring, after tlie exa.nii'e of his ailcellor.-, this prince goes in great pomp and tolemnity into a field, and ploughs up a liw iid^es of land, by the way of encou- raging and aniir.ai;ng his peafar.ts in the bufinels ofanri- eultuie ; and the m.indarins go through this lame cerc- inoiiv in their refpeclive provinces. As foon as the emperoi is in the field, he makes an ollering 10 the god Chang li, and imph'res him tu profper t!ie fruits of the earth. When liiis is done, his Impel ial Highnefs, with the princes and great men of his court, proceed towards the plough ; lome of the gran- dees carrving a lith chell containing tlie grain to be town, while profoinul fileiice is I'blerved. The em- peror laving hi'ld of the plough, and ujlng it fni Ionic little tune, reliijns it to one of the prince-, who alio ploieihs, as do others after them. As loon as level al places iiave been pli/ugheil, the emperor lines the grain, coniilling of rice, wheat, null.t, beans, &:c. and tlur next day the pn-per hulbandmen tinith the liLld, vvhoiij the emperor hopoius w lih a iiieli nt of four pieces ol dvcj cott in lor i.ppaiel. And, is a further encouragement to agriculture, the farmer who nioll dilUnguilhcs hini- Iclf in cultivation, is conllituted a mandarin of ilw eighth Older, and accordingly wears the habit of a nian- earin ; he has alio the privilege of paving a vilit 10 the in.iiiilaiin of a citv, and to lit down in his prelence ; and when he dies, great honour is paid to his oblequies. I here is another tellival, the chief cerenionv of which coniills in carrying about the country a monrtroii-* cow with gilded horns . this cow is formed of clay ; anil bel'.ind it walks a little child, with one foot bare, belting; the cow with a rod, as if to make her gn on. This icllival i< celebrated by country people and labourers, uho carry 01 diag after them their feveral implements ot luifbandry. A company of comedians aitend them, plaving all kinds of antics. Thus ihev pvoveed to the pahue of the niai;daritl or governor of the dillrict, wheit; they break the cow in pieces, and take out of her belly a gieat nunil.cr of little cows formed alfo of dav, whicll ihey diflribu'e to the multiiude ; and the ceremony con- cludes Willi a fpeech in piaife of agiicultiire, pronounced by a iiLiiiilatiii himlelf. .Some of thefe covv», which jLji: ijitilidcred as emblems of labour and itidulliv, arc ill large and heavy, that forty men can fcarce fuppoit them. As to the proficiency of the Chinefe In agricidlure, I'e V bellow great pains in inatiuring their latith Kiuopeaiis ami others ptuvide iheinleKes with it at a very iheap rate If there IS a laiMine, the people run bv thoulands to (.'anion, where they can get tlieir livilihood bitter, aii.t m»v live upon rice grits for one ixnr.y a dav. /\ Swidilli gentleman, who lately viliied this (oun- irv, ohierves i " l)f llie einpiie of China we may jiiltly lay that it can exill by itl'ell ; its ('.iiuiion is \.i happy that Its norlliiiii parts are no more iim.nnnoded by the mid, lluii the loulherii ones are by llie liial^ boll) arc teiii|)i rale, and produce all kinds ot plants. The (outluta parts bordering upon the lea, ate l.iw, wei, and fiunblc tor rice, which i< the prnn ipal (ooil I'l the iiihabitatilN. I have been toM, thai the l.nthir von [;(J north, thj more you tind the culture ol nee «U - ucil'.s, and that . e, batlry, wli-at, beans, iVe. are iii'iivated i •"■ ■•! of 11 Every twellili hour the tide i» upon 1'. .aiiii ucui LoiUuii, and leaver behind 11 n I nunc 1 i III til ka ASIA.] Empire or CHINA. '7 iicnt of i>, llii* l:K1, and CllCOll- of agri- nc ccic- n;!kcs an \-.\n\ \o loiiC, Ins :ii of hi* li-j i^raii- iii to be riic cm- fm Uiinc vvlm alii* IS I'ovi'ial [\k grain, :\iiJ tlitt 1,', v.hoiu (■■, ot JycJ iiagcmcnt Ihtj liim- ,11 ol ilic ul' a man- ilit lo llio prclcnce ; ■ toiJllifS. ciuony of nioiiitroM'* day ; AiiJ ■c, biitini; oil. I'Wi'* labourir<, plcincm-- ot fiul tiiciii, ctil t" tbc iiict, wbfii: t her hdly wliicil many con- |.1HlllOUlH.lll iJiilliy, arc 'irnu'ilMri", i;>liils anJ htr Ik mil »>f ;he (;iihiihI. wliiih tlu y Ivoa i'{ the iiKliririmi- ht I'l abcnit inlu. lint I'll iiuchiiK'» •UiiK'lV, a:.iJ ('iH.iiis anil I'aiMp r.iti luMiLiiuU I" 1 hiiur, ai..> tills cmin- 1.1 wf may luiiiiiiii !•* ''» liiiKJiiiinotlfil tUc liiat ; t,t |)lailt>. la, aK' hiw, Iriimiial l<")il It thi; 1.11 thir ■ I>l lilC «U- in!, iVo. aT<* r ihc ti.lc 1* bchmJ " !» ilmio 1 1 I ninii which m:jlfc~ the foil fiuilfiil. The rlil^ing tide- jl retifdi, at firlt ilo^lv, eonfcmiciith- t.;. lahiw flmio , fitth-s itfolf, anil become- maiiiue u> the fields as loon j as the w.itcr has left it. In crJcr to get manuie, thi- i| poor g.-ithr the cxerementi of men and hearts in the !l llrcets, and .iboi.l the hoiifes ; this they fell to deakrs I who a^ai;i fell it to the hufbaiidmen ; and, for the fame I, ufe, they collict urine m proper vcfTels- iMilliuns of Chineic live by ceeoiiomy and ind'irtry, reducing the hills i;ito plain's, or at Icall makin;; life of thetn as plains l.v terrace>, whole height and breadth arc adapted to the 'declivity. The terraces, which arc lomctimes four or five feet .ibovc each other, they pl.iiit with feveral trees, whofe roots, twilling together, keep up the bor- der;, and the trees thcmfelvcs Ihelter the plant.- tioni windi." , , , '1 he Swedilh gentleman, from whom the above quo- tation is taken, brought a tca-ftirub to Sweden, on the jd of Uclober 1763, which was the firft that ever came fate to Kiirrpc. S 1: C T. V. Of Pon^-I.tin mJ Siu ; Xilnnd li:jl;ry of tj- Sii'i- iviim ; Piipcr and M AlMiiJ'iUloiia ; A/.thJ cf Printing, &C. Porcelain, or china ware, is made of the Pc-tun-tic and Kao-liii, the former of which is a line wliite earth, and the latter an earthy kind of ftonc with bright particles lil;<- thofe of filvcr. After they have waihed and purge.l the Ibnic tVont its fandy and foul matter, they bn.ak it into piece- with hair.nicr'- in mortars, and wiih lUine pellies reduce it to a fine powder. 1 hele pelUes, which arc capped with iron, .we woikcd perpe- tually, either be man's labour, or by means of w.iter, in the famf manner as the hammers of p.ipcr-mills. The powder is put into a veliU, and brilkly llirrtd about; when, after it his rcftcd a few minutes, a thick trcani riles on the furf.ice, which they t.ilic cff .-.nd pour it into a fecoiid Ncllel of water ; this cream i-. luit lels than four cu- live inclie> thick. The i^rofs part of the \ powder that remain^ in the lull vellll they take out and | pound ainlh. With retMid to what is put into the fe- | coiid vill'el, thev wjit till it h.is formed a kind of palte ot the bottom ; and «lu n lite water is clear, thev pour it cently oil, and calt the paile into large moulds, in v.lmh it is dii'd. It i> remarkable, that neither the l'e-tuii-tf<- nor Kao-hii are to be ;rot in the neighbour- hood of Kiiij-te-ttliingi they are oM;^>ed to fetch thein fnim the pro'vit'.ce of CJhan-l'i, twenty or thirty leagius €•11', wheie the iiihabit;'.nts know not how to ul'e them ; ol lliefe ale m.ide cup'- .Hid \afes of various kinds, li.es, and colour,; foiue red, fomc yellow, fo.ne grey, fonie Wiie, and others white, but none of a pctfeellv biiek rioimd : red and Iky blur arc the moll common colours. Thev ul'e .ill cofiiit- in painti,,,' their china ware , fniiic «piite led with fuiall fpots, other; itulrely blur, others lireaked or cheipied with lipiarrs, like molliic work, which is reckoned aimuigll the molt brautiiul. Some <>( thc.r china is mi-,cd wiih \atiou, colours, like jafper ; and fonu- IS adorned with flower", Ijud'-'K;;'-, dragons, and ficiiiieiitly liuiuan llgiue-. Thel'e 'l;ure, :iie often ri-- licvo, which IS thus cffec'led : tluv fiitl delineate the fv^iire with a |K-neil, and then pare down the contiguous j'ioiiud, lo that It .ipjicars railed ds they woilhip. ( )iie kind ol e.inh tliey ii'ake ule of in the compolition of ilieir china waie, is .1 lort of chalk, of a lomewhat gliiliiioiis and fo.ijv iiatine : it is waihed will, i.i oidiT t 1 take ort' a yellow earth llitking to its Imfjer. It is prepared 111 the lauie manner as the other; and the mod tahiabic and biaufilul ilili..'\ is nude by pro|Kily enibo dviiig eialit p.iits ot this ch.dky fubdancc with ttt'> ol the otlKf e.irth ; alter which the vellll '\^^ turnei on .1 wheel, pltced on a louiul lioiid, which is lit lit mo- tion by another wheel uii.lct it, luti'ed bv thr hot. J-ar^e piece-, fueh as urn-, 5cc. ate nuidr at twicr, one part beiiit; railed on the whirl by two 01 tlitee men, in •/dcr to rcceue its piopit lorni j and ihw gilier hall, and the figure when formed and nearly dry. Is incorporated witli it by the I'amij matter it is made of, nioillened with .,„;er. When thi: pieces united are dr)-, the places where they are joined arc fcrapcd and polifhed with a knife, both on ihe Inlidc and outfidc. Spout-, handle-, 5ic. are li\cd by the fame means. Cirotelipie figures, bulls, idols, &c. arc made in inoiiU's, and tl'eii joined toge- ther. Flowers, and fuch ornamenls, aic formed on tho china by llamps and mould-; and relievos, readv pre- pared, are lluck on. When thev liavc tiie model of a piece of porcelain that is bcfpoke, and which they cannot imitate by the wheel onli, thev ufe a ''irt of yellow fit clav, which they knead and appiv to the model ; and as foon as the impreirioii is taken oft', thev leparate tlic nunild trom the model in lever.il pieces, anj vcrv gently drv it. When thev intend to ufe the '-^ lei, they place it fomc time before the fiie ; then th . d it to a proper thicknefs, prcirmg it all over with tl .uid ; after wl'iih tl'.ev again place it a Ihoit time belore the lire, wlieicbv llie mould is looll :icd by the moilhnc bcin^ dried up that before cemented the one to 'he other. The feveral pieces, thus feparatcly made, are again united in the fame manner a the large c.'iina veffels becomiiv- hud, it is .tfterward- compleied. Tlic whole proccfi of paiiniug tlie poicelain is Ion?' and l.iborio.is, .ind empi >ys a j_',reat number of hand- : it ii hath appiicntly iii iilii 1 , life not inolion . Iiovvr vrr, altri t, inainin ■ in thi- I - 1' ., m ;8 A NI'.V/ COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY 'H v ftatc Come tliiir, it av.-.i!-.-,? ui a r.cw l'i'i:ig, aiiJ appears a ilift'crciu kiiul of IiiIclI. It rdcniWcs a lar;:c niotli or buttcilly; and ill this h'}. it.'.;;c, &.? Icnia!-' pic'paj;ati-s Jric ([-'.lies In' i.')iii^ a pauii^^ioiis mHiiKr ol' e;;gs, alter ■vi-hii.li l!»c ulcs. This vah:.;h!c v/nrm is ccmpolVJ ot" (■-■vcr.il clailic fpriihi'- 1 lri>m oin; i-xtM'UiiH' to ilu' nlii.r it li:H a kiiiJ ot lilili.- r.irve, which vvc will call the fpiiic ; thi-. liiiiii-, |>li'.cc(l in th^- centre ot its brJv, am! cmitimieil throii;;li it.-; wiiole krv'ith, Uill.iins two nther mivcs or l!ri;r;;-:; one of tlicl'c i.s ihe heart, whi^h is conipofcJ of many DVi'l vtii'v'i'i ; liie otiitr, which i^ the lini^s, is ilouMc, and app.ars to be an alleinhla...' of fewr; 1 rin :s extend- in;: lovvaiJs tlic two fiJes of the infie!, ami bcturcn wliich aro lertain orifici'» ih.it coruioonLl witli thofe liilirilnit.-d z\c:\: the c.\tcrlo.- (.Cc It is thro'.'ph thefe apertures that the air flows to the Inn '-•, ami hv it- fpiing and exp.'.nfion promotes t!'e cirenlatii-:; of the clivle or humour wl'.ich noiiiiilies tlie iiileet. It is necctiaiy t.> aJJ, that the worm is perfe.ilv black when it nvlt ccnies o'.it of tl'.e e^;',. In a few ila\' It begins to allUnic a whiiilh hue, or am trrev : after th;; its coat fullies, ami becomes raiiOTJ ; at wlu-.h time the inlccl calls it oA, ?.nil appears in a new habit. It in- treaks in bulk, and becomes more white, th(.u;',h a little inclining to a bl.iiili catt ; then diveltiiij: itlelf of its Skin, it appeals in it.N thiul habit ; when its colour, head, and whole Inrm aic I'o niel.niuirph.ofed, that it appears qtiite anothrr iifecV. In. a few da-.s it become ehaT!.;ed to a brij;ht yellow i fo that, from the time of it< leavinp the c^ij, it hath Ike a pi;»<-onV r.'^-, and is more pointed at on.- end t .an the other. A fenude fdk worm I'jnietimes l.tys live hundu.l I'he Chinrfe ha\e tv.o nv.ihi.ls of bri.'.-i:;" up theii ('.•k worms ; tiiey either fi:;i.r them to rarie on the miil- btrrv-lries, orkeeplheni in room- , but the latter inetlioil 1- productive of the linelt I.Ik. .■\cc')i din;i t . tlie Chinefe chronoloiier-', the intro- cii,.lioii I'f p.'per int'.) that empne was about the ficond lenturyof the Chriitian a-r,i, which prellv well .i;;rees \v;lh the time ot its ufe beinj tirll known in l-'urope. I'rior to t!il> ulidi! invention, (-r at lealt the introdu.lion c4' it, tile Chinefe ufed to e\prrfs their lintimeiiis bi the means of c,r\ed lett f-, or r.itlu-r hitvo.'lvpiiic, v.hich were cut ii.to Mocks of wood ; and thtle boards or woo.icn leave'-, beinrr falVrned toL'clher, formed book*. Some of liiefe uc arc intomird, witli the cha- racter'' IMI !■ ./ible, are to be found at tlii- time in Chin.i, but t.ic\ arc decii-.cd valu..blc riliipii's by ihv Ciiineie .:ati>,uaiie<, A r.u..!;' of wtitiiv^ of this kind could not however b It be liifyiullial fro:ii its tedioufnef-, on wh ch ae- I'lunt Ihe Chinife foon adop.ed another ir.'.thoj upui (i.eces t.f I'dk and linen, cut into dilf'ircnt fi-rm^, ar- lord:;!.; to the Ii7c ot }\w book or loiiriiic int.i, 'rd ; till at ku'th one rf.i-liin, an in;jenloiis ni.nidarin, invented .{ paper made of tlie b.uk ol trees. The trees princi- p-diy liiolcn were th'j mulberr bail boo, ilr I itton, but they uk only tin' I'eiond (kin of il.e b.iik, ivhiih is fcift and white; this is Hecped Ml the mud ol li.me ll.nidinj: water, then waftied dr.in, and f|.'iea.l in idiv ditch, where it is covered with Inne ; jud lalllv, to fti'ilh the I'leathiiiy p.irt, it is li-par.neil intu tlncads, and dried in the hin. It is then boiled in u c.ril.'ron, ;iiid alkrwaidi reduitd to a palb- bv a .luhin". I hen Ihev t.ike lomc water, in whiih liic btaiiclies ii) the ko. leii", a Oiriib, hath bcii l>>akcd, in order to niakc it l./j, *iid mix It With llic mallei th..- pipii i- ii ...de \\ \h. The whole then becoming a clanimv li(]uid, and being poured into large refervoirs, tlicv, with their proper nuiulds, take up the furfacc of the lio,uor, which in an inllant almoll becomes p;'per. The moulds are long and broad, and the bottom inado of threads of bamboo, fo ihat there ;re ihects ten, twelve, or pcihaps ihirtceii leet in leir^th. They afterwards dip cverv ib.eet of pa- per into alhim-watc.", when it has the denoiiiinatioii of fan-pr.pvr; for in tlie Chinefe language, the v.ord f..n li^';iiifies ai'um. 'I"hc ink is prevented from finkiii'.; in the pa]icr bv ;!-.e allum, wiiich befides gives it an I'U'ee- alle iultre. 'i'iie paper is in general lull as white, and is finer, and inach Icftcr th,-;n any we have in Kurope, but, it is more ;'pt to crack, as well as to become damp and worm-eaten; .-ind, if not very carefully prvfivieil, it-is lefs dur.;b:e. Tiiat n:ade bum the bamboo i- iuok; liibjeit to crack than a:iy ; tiiou^h perhaps the dipping it in alluni-water inay in j^cncral occadon this defi-i'f. Th: paper inn.ie from the cotton-tree is the mu',\ deli- cate, and molt i^enerally ufed, for it is as durable as any l-uropc;.n p.ipe: . Chinele, or wiiat is commonly called Indi.-.n Ink, is the comp.ifiiion of a (Treat number of ingredients, and there are fever.d methods of preparing it. .Some of llic ingredients which they make ufe of arc oil, fuet, hog's- grecfe, lamp-ll.ick, ^'c. (juaiilied with a mixture of amber, nuil!;, and other pi ri'umes. ".hen thele ir,i;re- dients arc all properly niixe ' to.ici' 1 formed iiuo a pallc, ihey are put into woe '-luids, m.ide lo :.s to form iiiafles of difi figures .e are in the ih.ipc of a book, and others relemble anini.ds ; thou;.h ;'enerally tluy arc fafliioncd Into Ilieks of dirt'eie'nt leiii-iiis, r.K'.rkr .1 with Chin'.-fe characb-rs, and o;'t\ ii enbelliili-d witlibliie, green, r.iid other colcund flowers. The lliiiiin;; bir.ck is the melt elleemeJ ink, and is ir.'.de from the belt oil. Ink-making is reckoned a very rcp'.itaMe cmp'oymcnt in China ; it is even ranked among the bberal arts, on .-.ccoiiiit, undoubtedlv, ole, hidlowcd at one I lid t.> h'lld water, wherein they dip their ftick of iiil<, .:.'.d t !;en gently rubbing it, imic is in a few monicnis ]iodi:ced a fii:id ink. Thcy do n«t hold their peiuils d> ^pi IK as we do onr pens, but perpendicular to ihe pa- pir; they write lioni top to bottom in colunin<, and bigiti their books wheie ours end; that is, ihev be-'in at tlie right h.;nil lide of the p.tper, and proceed to the- left, like the Ibbri ws : but theii pajx-r beiu;; verv t'lin. It will not bear willing on both tides of it. Tluir I'letliod of prlntin;>, is not at all like ours. Tl.iv lav claini lo tlie invention of this art, at leait four hundtid ye.irs b.fore it was practifed by the b inopeans. .■\s we have but twenty-four littirs, and tl.m- pofes a Ireih frm or Irami' ; (o that a very large book m.iv In- pr'nf.-d v.''h a nv.'derate iiumbt r tif c!'.ara.;t^r^:. Hut the Chinefe, wlii» do not pinCile this molt ul-.fui and admirt'.hlf method, are under a necifTit; of ulin^ ii prodi,'.i(nis number of chara.'Icrs, as they b.ive pro|Krlv no letter-', hut diiVerem marks for aM" tlie different words in their lan^-ii igc. Inltc.:d of typr-, thev tut iluir rharav:;ei« on wooden blocks. When an author is al'out tj piii.t his inaniii'iript, lie gets it h\i\f tranl'cribe.1 on line traiifparcnt p-ipi r ; then thn engraver glues raeh leaf upon a Ininolh block, with tin laic , iliul , lIU'V \W'\U\ r, \i/. (he reciprocal duties between parents an. I cliildren, and be- tween prince and people. I'etv.een polnv and moralitv thev make mi diUiiielion ; the art to gmern x' eil, and the art to \\\Q well, are with them one and the fame prlnci|ile. The fa::es of China have pmdiieed the niofl rx'eel- lent moral bookv, and have fiiitcd their tlile .ind tenet.s to the moll or.lmaiy c.ipacities ; llmUing nunc lo in-- flriie't the uninformed, tli.in to acquire applaule to tlieni- feKes. Learning is there the only path to predriiient, and none hut the literati arc go\«;mors of cities and provinces. The libraries vf China a;e ininierous clegantlv Emimue of chin a. t^ built, fuperbly ornamented, ar.d enrieliej wiiii grand collections, it is by the lludy of mondity, of hiilorv, and of the laws of their countrv, that the degree of doflor is obtained, which is leioii folloucd bv the ai- qiiintion of a ge.evrnment. Above three thoufand yeari pafl'ed from the Mofaieal accou:;t of tl;e creati'in befme the Cldiiefe bad anv com- merce with tlic polite or learned nations of the' "lobe, or at leafl fuch as choofc to give themfelves tliat appel- l.'.tion, for the Chinefe arc v.ry llitle behind ourfelvcs in the moll c..p!:..l degrees of n Ur.ement. But v.ithout our ailillance they were in polleinon of mod arts and feience^ ; great therefiie, conlecuanily, nu;(c ever ha\o been the genius cf theft; people. Since the period of the decline of the (irecian empire, the liberal aris have bern tranfmitted but f.ov.lv to the Italian?, Krcnch, l^nglill), and other polite countries; but the Chineft; were .-.cquainted with them lo earlv. ib.at the feienccs m.ty be deemed natives of their c;j'untrv, they being fi f :r from Handing indebted lo tjtecc for them, that t1iev arc entile flrangcrs to the learned languages, and li.iv'c not the fmallell hillorical traces of tht^GKcksand Hr- mans, However, on the other hand, we mull coiiOder what little piogrefs the Chinefe h.uc m.ule in thefe arts .\m\ fcienees, and to what a degree of perfeclion iho I'urop.ans have carried them durn'ig the kill ihiee cen- turies. 'I'he Chinefe have applied ihemfelves witil great dili- gence to allrononiy. I'helr Chu-king, a canonical 1 ook of great antiquity, lets foith, that in the reiun of the emperor 'l ii, v.hicli was more ihan ;v,-o thuul'ind ytats before Chrilf, there lived Hi and Ho, two noted allro- nomeis w!io, however, were in very great diTgiace for iii'-t pnignollicating an eclipfe of ihc fun which liap- peiied in their life-time. In ihe f;mc bcJ; mcr.t.on ii made of another eclij-fe of tl'.e fun that h.ippened t«o th.^ifand one l.iindied and fifiv-live vears before the Chriftian ;era ; the triiih of which (lanj^ conlirmed by the c.-dcul.ition of the jeliiit P. Sehaal. Gaiibil the jc- fuif has oblerved, that from above an hui'.dred and twenty years before the t.'iv.c irra, thev have given llio number and extent of their conildlatioiis, vvhat (lars anfwcrcd the f •Ullccs and equinox.^, the dvclin-.tlon of the Ifars, the dillanee of the l.'opics and tlie t-e.o polo. He adds 'Iiey were accjuaii'tej with the motion cf the fun and mo.m, and alfo vl' the planets and fixed ilars, though they did not determine the in^-iion of the laltcc '.ill four hundiad years afier Chrill. Coiiluciiis, wIk) v.Totc the hiftoiy of his countrv tv.o ihoufand y-.usago, takes notice of t!ilitv-i"i\ iclipfcs tf the t\m, all of wlilcb, aecoiding to the' calculations of the jeluils hav.- been found to anfwer to the period adi.Mied Ihcmby tliat learned hilioritin, exce|>t four, tw.> f.l v.^ldeli are fali'e, and the other two d.Hibtiid : and theChiiKli- are ai this veiy A.'\ portelied of leveral aflro- nomieal book.,, wl.ieh lluy alii it wcic ct-mpofed unde: ihe duialiy cf 11. n, wh.. ni^ncd befoic the binh of I null; by wbl.h it .ppe, :s ih.it thcfe people, for up- wards of m.> ihi.ufand y;-.irs pall, have be.n acqu.dntej wilii lie lol.ir year a« conlUlnr; of three liundrei! and fiXly.fivc d.iys 'and fom» hour- ; the .ijiparent diur"iul inoiions ol the fun and moon from call to \.ell ; the mc- ridioi-d altitude of the fun by the (hadow of gnomon;, the iiidit aUenlioii of the lfar<, and the time of th"i; pilling ihroueh the ni. I idian; as likeuife the revolutions it Saluin, jiiplier, Mars, \'cnii«, and IMercurv: and their oblcnatioiis, in thcfe part.ci.laic, have been pivitv ne.ir the lame with ours in point I'i cxaclr.efs , thou -ii liny h,.vc had no tables for th.- retrograde and liatioiian' ahecls of the planet.. Anciein, li,.wevcr, as is their aftrononiy, liny realim on this fubiccl, according lo I i> t."omte, ..s ;iblmdly as the m.,11 ig'noiani ; thev imagine tl'.;;t the l;ea\ens are an cnornun,, drai;on, who is"th>; piolellLd (iiemv la the fun and nioon,~aiid rcidy m all times to devour them : as foon theref.re as they j)eiccive an ccliple, ih.-y make a moll loud no;,;- with drums jiiJ brals keilles, till ihe mon!!er, a!!l;g;-,;.-,l. abandons h,.. prcv. b.ven the pimcipal m.mdarins fill on ilu-ir knees and bow to the fun, linking iW- g,^und v^ilh tlult lorehrads, bv way of cxptelliiig their conce.n for ili(. dillicllcs ol that poor planet ; and, at the l.,mt time, implore the dragon not to depiive ih,- woiid oi' i.< gloiious a !umi;;;»i). Cliiis J,..ih cuileiiu picvuil ovit the ra- tion.,* io A NEW COMPLETE SVt.TEM OF GEOGRAnn ) In «; '(: tional fticultirs ; ami tlid'c liilitiiious ccrciiioiiii'i arc pradifcJ ill all parts of the cininrr j thmi^h tlic IcariKcl know that the phajiumiiiioii ot cdipfcs is the effect of natural eaiil'cs. At Pe-king there is a tilbiiiial fet apart for aftronomi- t.'.l proeeeiiiiig<, confilhiig iv' numhcrs of mathctnati- ci.iMs, five of whom are apjiointcd to watch the motions ot the heavenly bodies nij;lit and d.w, and to report to the emperor any new ph.cnonienoii they obferve. A (hflrt time before an eelipfe, the body of allronomers ac- c[i:aiiit the emperor witii it, meniioninc; the particular hour ot its approach, as well as the decree and dura- lion of it, and an atcount of it is Ituck up in different parts of the city, by way of preparii\g the multitude ior the awful appearance. 'I'lie allroiiomers coinpofe annually a calendar, fcvcral thuiMands of which are printed, and an edict is ill'ucdfrom the emperor, prohibiting the printing and publifhing any other whatever. Their year commtnccs fre>m the conjuniElion of fun and moon, or from the nearelf new moon to the fifteenth day of Aquarius, the fii:n which the fun pafl'es through in January; and this is deemed by them the bcglnnini: of Iprnij; ; the fifteenth degree of Taurus is the point determining tlv commencement of their fummers ; the fitteenth of I.co their autumn ; and the fifteenth of Scorpio their winter. Their year is divided into twelve lunar months, fomc of them confifting of twenty-nine, others of thirty d.iys j and every five years ihiy h;uc an intcrcdary month to adjuft the lunations with the fun's courfc. They reckon by weeks as we do, and in like manner give the name of a planet to each of the fevcn davs, and according to the fame oidcr. Their aftrono- mical day bcgms at niidni.:ht, which is divided into twelve equal parts, each anfwering to two of our hours. The Chinefe have not the art of making clocks ; thev have fol.ir quadrants and other chronometers. Among other fimple inventions in private ufe, for the purjHife of me.iluring time, they have a little perfumed pafld of a conic figure, which they burn in the ni.iht : this palHl is marked, to fhcw the particular time it is made to burn, and hath generally five divifions, anfwer- ing to the five vtatchcs of the night ; fo that thole who wilh to be waked at a particular time, hang a fmall mct.d ball by a ftriui; to the paftil, which at the time burns the lirijig, and the weight falling into a copper bafon awakes the pe'rfon lleeping. I he firll pieces of clock-work that were ever fecn in Chin.i, were t.ikeii thither by 1'. Ricci, who prel'entcd the emperor with a repeating-watth, and a clock with chimes. The Chinefe arc but (lender proficients in geomctrv, being confined to a Iniall number ot axioms, and theie not reduced to any rejiular fyltem. When the iefuit nnllionaries vifited thefe people, they gave the emjuror Char.g-ki (that he might have an in- ii^ht into i>ptics) a femi-C) Under, with a convex-glafs in the middle of its axis ; which, direcUd to any par- ticular ohjciif, delineated the image within the tube to a very great nicety. 'I he empernr was delighted, and an object glafs of much greater diameter was after- wards pLiced in his gardens. (irnnaldi ni.idf, in the jifuits garden at Pc-king, four I'.iuiian figincs \:pon fcpur walls, e.ieh wall near lifiv feet high, and the fi;;ures as high as the walls. As he had niedv kept to the rules of optica, nothing wis feen but forotts, wood-, mountain'., and objedls of this kind ; but at a panlcul.ir point was feen the complete figure of a well-proportioned man. T he emperor be- held thefe figures with the gieatell ailmiratiun, and crowds of grandees came e\ that of a woman, and that it changes witli the fcafous of the year. AVhen they attend a fick perfon, they lay his arm upon a pillow, and then apply their fingers to the irtery ; at firft thev touch it gently, then a little elofer, and lallly prefs it very hard : they take time to examine the beating, and diftinguifti thj differences ac- cording as the motion is more or lefs quick, uniform or irregular ; which they obfeive with the moll attentive exaijlnefs ; according to the variations, they pronounce what part of the body is affected, how long th? diforder will hold, and whether the patient will get the better of it or not. This fagacitv of the Chinefe phyficiar.s is truly ex- traordinary, 'i'liey lay it down as a maxim, that a regular pulfe bears four, or at molt five times between every bveathing or expiration of the air from the luni;s ; that if a pidli; beats U\ in that time, it is irregular; it eight tlme^, the dKorder is dangerous; if more than eijiht, nuirtal. 'I'hrv take with them freipiently a chcH ol various drawers, tiparated into ;iboiit forty fmail com- partments well fiipplied with roots, fimples, &:c. but leldom prefcribe bleeding. Some phyficians take no chert with them, but only prefcribe, and leave the pa- tient to purchale of the druggills, who are in almoft eveiv citi' or town in the empire. There arc fairs for the fales of medicines only, and .iiic province buys of another what it does not Itlelf produce. The Chinele pretend to be the inventors of mufic, and boaft of their having once brought it to high ficrfection : their concerts have no dependance on a dlverfitv of tones, or a dirtereiice of paits. They have no mufical notes, nor any lign to denote the variations which conlliiute har- mony ; they le.irn the tunes by the ear, and whei' thefe are played on the inlhumeijf., or fung by a gt>od voice, they are not dllagreeahle e\en to an 1- uropean. Vihen the fathers CJrlmaldi and I'ereira played upon the harpfichord before the emperor in 1679, his im- perial highncfs was exceedini.'Iy delighted, and expreffcd his inclination to learn to pia) on the inilrument him- lelf; he was aecordinglv inlirutted; and as he was one day playing a Chinefe .iir, I'ereir.i took out l;!-. pocket- book, and pricking do«n the tune, played it immc- di-ildy after him : .it wliieh tlie en.peior, ama-/.ed, afked the father how he was i .'.jj.ihlc of learning a tune in io (liort a lime, when the ur) bed of his own nuificians could not become nialKrs of one without practilmir it fevei.d limes' 'I'he m;!)io):.;ry replied, that the Kii- lopeanv had learned the art of noting down Ibuiids upon pnpei, through the meun^ of certain charaLlcrs ufcd for that puri'ole. I'he emperor then, to be more fully convmced, fung fcv< ral 3ir«, whii.li l'erei.''i pricked down .ilfo ill Ills book, and t'len r;.,'i.ited them with thy greatclt accuracy. 'Ihl^ was io f.,t.staC'.ory and picafing 1 10 the cnipero:, tli.it he acknowledged the hurojican I mufic to be incomparable, ..nd accoidingly inllitiited ja mufical ataJcmy, making w.c of \ua own funs pie- Ifidctit. 8 -Ihtf. ASIA.] 'I'hcfe people E ?.i p I R E OF CHINA. 2i 'lluf- lavc iiivcntcil fcvcial kinds of mufic;i'. iiillnimcnts I'lnn- m;i(lc of metal, others of (lone ; one liatli fome rcfemblance to our trumpet : they have (onie covered with (kins, like our drums ; they have wind in- (truments of two or three kinds, as flutes, and a fort ot little organ, which yields an a;ireealde found. They have likewife many forts of llriiijed inllrumcnts, tlie iliings of which are, for the mod part, madei^t filk, few of tliem of gut; the generality of tliem conl'ill: only of three ftrincs. They have one inftrument with li\en firings, which is in 'great elk-cm amon:!lt tliem, and not ililai',reeable when played l>v a mallei ly hand. As to the dramatic' exhiiiitions in China, they have no public theatres ; however, they have co.-r.panies of come- dians In almoin all the principal towns, who travel about with a portable theatre and Icejies and attend the piddle entertainments given bv the grandees. Their performan- ces are commonly interlarded wllli lungs and lunphonies between the ails, with which the auditors arc highly pleafcd. 'I'hev generally prcfent a liil of thiity or forty plays, the (horteft of which will take up ihiee hours in performing. S F, c T. vir. 0/ the Cmals, Bril^fs, Ron.ii, 7\/npl.s, Tniiml'lr.! Aches, Pa-di, and ^n-tit II 'ail of China. TMK moft fuperb canal in China is the Yim-lean, nr Royal Can.d, which is a work far fiiperior to any thing to'be fecn in any part of Kurupe, and di\ides China into two parts, north and fouth. Thus doth this celebrated c.mal open an uninterrupted commun.ication between the two extremities of the empire ; and all forts of co'iimodiiics mav be conveyed with tlie utmoll fafety from re-kill.; to Canton, about fix hundred leagues dillant. Indeed, this and the other canals iriay juftiy be cf- teemej the nohkll works in China, confidernig their ex- tent, their clear and defp water, tb.eir being fenced on each fide bv banks liiu.l with brick or marble, and their comniunica'tions with diiferent parts of the country ; tor over them arc fine bridge, mott of which have fever.d arches, and that in the centre high enough for barks to pal's under with ilieir mails erecf. The bridges built over the rivers arc of (lone, and of very ftrong workniaiifhip ; ti-'ine of them are very li.uul-- fonie liruiture?, and of great length. Many arc of a level ground, or iiidead of being built archwife, confifl of larue (toius laid hori/oiitally en fnigle piUar.i ; of this kind is the bridge of Suen-teheou, in tlie province of I'o-Kien : it is built over an arm of the i.a, and i* (up- ported by above three hundred pillars : its length is about two thoufiind five hundred tect, its breadth twenty ; and the (k)nc-woik, from pier to pier, at the top, confilt^ of large fingle niafl'y iloncs. In the province of ICocitcheou there i; a bridge called tl-.e iron liridgc, which conlKls of chains of iron, reaching over a river extremely deep and rapid, though not very broad: on each bank .ire laifed two maflv piles of niafonry, to whith are faflened rh.iins that crofs (o the oppofite fide, and on thefe are laid broad planks. In one province they fix pole., of wood into thi- rocks and on thofc lay broad boards ; auk- vard, however, as tlul'e are, the country people pa(V over them without feaiing any danger. As to the high loads in China, the natives, by Indct'a- tigable toil and iuduilrv, have proieifed methods which the nioft (cheming or adventuious Kiiropeans could not have done; tliele roads aie broad, commedioiis, well- paved, h.indllime, and fecure. Tlie high roail in the province of Chen-fi may be deemed a prodigy, it reach- ing over mountains and hideous precipices. Upwards of one bundled thoufand men are reported to have been emploved ill the making this ro.ul, who levelled (iime of the mountains, formed communications by arches with oth. rs, and tiniflied it with (inpridng expedition. In fome of the provinces the highways are bordered on each fide with lofty trees, with rUtmg-places at a coinenieiit difbiice from each tither ; ihef'c reding-places are in the form of grottos, and adoid llielter as well as red. They arc built by Come old mandarins, who upon 'piitling their offices, and returning to their native piovinccs, recom- mend thcnifelvcs bv works of ; his fori:: and the conve- nience of the(i-- places is the gieater, on account if their bein:; but few inns upon th'. Iiigli roads, or ir.deed In tl'.e country; tho(e, however, that are u\,cm the high- ways, are in general hamlfime and commodioiis ; but ihoVe on the leller and nioie private roads are aukvv.irj and miferable pLicci. Amongd the mod famous buildlng.s of i!;;- Cliinef; are their triumphal arches, calle.l by llie natives Pav- leou. The mod celebrated of thefc monuments have been crcA-d in vener.'.tion of the memory of great piincis and warriors. Thefe arches have co'.-.-.niDn'y three gat'.s, formed by columns, the bafLs of which :'.rc without moulding or embeilKhment ; neither have they capitals or coniice-, ; the f'rize is high even to an .ablurdiry, to admit (pace for ini'criptions, .1 : well a.> borders of ornaments, confiding ofbird", flowers, human figures, Jcc. 'I'heir pagod^ or temples, erected to th,-ir fJ.iuious deilies, are very numerous: they comid in general of one tower, terminating in a dome: fome are built of brick, and others of h.;rd tempi-red earth. 'I'lie celebrated I'orcelain Tcwer daiu's at a fm::!I dlilanee from Nan-king, and is looked upon as the handlliniefl and grandcd building in :ill Alia. To convey to our readers a compete;;t iiiea of t!;c magiii(u.-ence of this dnicturc, we prefLnt t!:e:n with the following defcription of it, as given by i'. le Coir.tc. ' 'I'his famous temp!", wiiith ly the Clilnefe is di!eJ ' the Tei'.-.ple of (iratliude, i» built ujion a maily foun- ' dation of a rock, v. hiih fV-.rn-.s a grand perron eiiccni- ' (lad'ed by a Anillullrade of roujii mr.rble, which is al- ' ceiuied by ;i fii';ht*()f ten or twelve fteps cii eve ry f;.'e. ' The hall, which (ervcs ("or tl-.c I-.odyof the temple, is an ' hundred feet in height, rir;ng I'prn .t bafis of marble ' one foot thick, which extending beyond tlie wall, ' forms a bcuder or raiud w.-y two feet in breadth all ' round the tower. The fniiitifpiece is ornamented witli ' a gallery and pillars, with a r..:ted pediireet, covered ' with grci.n tiles of a very brigl.t variiiih. The c.ibl- ' net within the temple, and which lies ojK-n to the ' (ii'.lit, is painted; it conf":ds of a prodigious r.i:mb>.i- ' of pieces of timber, dilVerer.tly boxed, and let onj ■ into another, which i.; looked \V{:^\\ as no iiic;:nf;der- ' able eiiibeliilhinerit in Chint'fe architeetiire. It muft ' be acknowiedrcd, that thi.-. l.ibyiinib of beams, coup!e^■, ' girder', &.c. has ('omcthing in it flriking and ama/iii'.', ' ihoiigh in truth it is no b tier than a regular kind i f ' cnibarr.iirir.em and confiifion, proceeding from the ill ' talte of this nation for architoc!u:v, who are entiriT ' llrangers to that noble limplicity fo jultiy admired in ' our W[\ buildings. 'I'lir ball receivis all its li'jht •• throuch the doors, cf whieh there are thi.c tow.iid. ' the eail : through thele vou enter into the tower, which ' in.cke> part of tlie tim;''v:. Tiii', tower is an octagiii, ' ("orty feet wide, incl'f d by an outward w;ill ot tiie '■ fiime tigure, at (i.x fi '.-t and a half didance, bcarin > ;i ' roof ;;t a moderate height, vvh:-.:i (■.cms at a didaneo ' to proieol from the bodv of the tower, a;:d serves f;;;- ' the (1-1,. r of a bandfiime g:ulery. The tower contlfts ' C'f nine (lages cr dories, each of wlich is adorr.cd ' with a cornice three det b.igh, and didinguidieil by a ' corbel projeoling jull beneath the windows, like the ' gallery bcluv.', thcuigli not fo far, as it li:ith no (bcond ' wall like that to f'upport It; and they Icfii n in propor- ' tinn to the iiicrciifng hci:;ht, and narrouing of the ' tower. I'he wall o\ the tower ii at lead twelve feet ' thick at the lowed dory, and above eight and a half ' at the top. It is iiicrulled wiib fipiares of porcelain ' inl.iid, but the wet and dud have \erv much impaired » the beauty of the caling ; however, by what remains, ' one may judge what it has been. The (lair-cafe ' within is iiairow, and difficult of afccnt, on account ' of the height of the (lep.^ ; e..ch (Ion is firmed of ' large beams, eroding e:ich other liorizontalle, bearing > the floor of a chamber, the ceiling of which is cmbeU ' lilhcd with did'ereiit kind.s of painting ; and the walls ' of the upper dories are filled with niches adoincd with ' idols in hallo relievo. I'he irafcmy is all gilt, and has • the ap|ie,irancc of iiiaible or wrought done, though f ' believe it to he nothing iiioie than bricks cad i'l ' mould-,, .iiid neatly laid ; tor the Chinel'e aie very ex- I' * fClt i A Ni:W COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGUArJlV, ' ^i 'f^ ' \vvt at (lanipiii<: a" kiiuls of ornanicnfi on tVitir lirick<, ' wliicli Iviiur mailc nt a fiiii- canli, au.l well hUrJ, rc- * ci'ivc thi; imprclli(Mi vt the nioiiKi imicli Iv.ucr than * ours. 'I'he lull ficur is by imicli the hi;.',hcli ; the reff ' arc all of the fame ilevatu.n. I counted the Heps of ' the Itair-ejfe, and found them tJ be an hundred and ' ninrty j and upi'ry ; it lifes more than ' J'lXty t'eet above the ciown, and I'eenis to iland in the ' middle of a volute or fpiral twill of iron, at the dillance ' of fevcral feet from the mall, ending in a point ; Co ' that it refembles a holliiw cone hanging in the air, ' pierced through in ditFt rent places ; and upon the apex ' of the cone is placed a :,ilded ball of a prodi^iious iV/e. * This is that famous ll.uelure which the Chinefe call ' the Porcelain Tower; though at piiL-nt it ii-av more ' properly be called the Ihiek 1 owtr, as there is no ' hunger any appeal anee of porcelain on the tower, ' and as the ijicrudalion on the outveard wall be ■ ' low has much l!ie refemblance of brick poiilhed and ' varniflicd.' The grar.d piece of arehitLclurc, called the (iriat \\'all, was began about 2700 years ago. The Chlnele creeled it, by way of d-.t"endi;ig thtnifdves againlf the Tar- tars : it is a mailer-piece of indullry, iienius, and ptr- Icurancc, excelling every fortif:catii.in attempted by the ancients. It was in the time of the cnperars of the fourth -Iv- nrlty, according to hirtorian^, that the tirll and latt Hones of this lamoui w.dl were laid. In older to fccuie the toundation ot it on the fea-ioai}, where it begins, they fenced and fortified it bv linking Ihips laden with itones and iron, and othirv.ile ItrengtheneJ it by forts and buKvarks. .\s China is feparated from Tartjry by a chain of mountains, this wall, which begins in the province of C'hen-ll, on the li.le of 'I'artarv, is continued over mountains and vallies to the 'orty-i^cond degree ot north latitude, and then reaches I'outhward as far back as to the ihirty-ninth : it is principally built of brick, and bound with the Orongell mortar, inriniii(h tliat though it lath ftood many centuries, it llill c have greutlv contradicted each other with j regard to the height and thickiiels of this celebrated wall ; | we can, however, venture to alFirm, frt)ni the belt au- 1 thority, that its nrcntelt*U".ation exceeds not tiiirtv feet, | and ils bread-.h is about fulHcieiit f(.r eight or ten men to Hand a-b'eall upon it. The reafon why fome wi iters make this wall fo much higher than others, arifts frnm their taking the dimeii- fions of fueh part or parts of it as ate njion fome hiirh mountain ; for it riles and finks with the luiface of Ux: LiuunJ upon wl'.ich ids built. S K C T. VIII. OyChincfe AiJ.'ltifliirr, Cities^ T'c-.vii., I'liinlliir,, ^c. WITH rilj.eil to Chincfe arclii'eclurc, inoH of the cities and town"- .ire built on a fijuare model ; ta'o hajiiiloiuc i(reeCl^, liom call to ^^eH, and frviii noilli to fouth, crofs each other in the ter.::e, ami div.i.!,; the tc wii into quarters. Where thetl: Hreet. iiiteilea each ot.ier, there is a large opening; fiom whence aie fe.n the four great gates. 'I'licfe cities and capital towns are enclofed by '.cry high walls ; and thole towns to v iiieh the Chiiufe give the appellation ot war-towns, li.ne iii'ing ramparts lined v\i:h thick walls, and fl.uiked v.iiii n.w^rs ; the whole encompaHed with broad foliLs. in lon;e of tl-.e fticets are the triumphal arches and pa;M>d>. Their hoiilis aie ereeleil upon Hope pedeltal-, fmie I luiik in tlie ground, and fome on the fiirfaca ; en theli; pedellals, at regular diihinccs, are erected wooden pil- lars, whereon is l.iid the timber fiom vilneh they 'pring the root, which is almolt flat, thoimh nearly coierej with tiles ; as foen as the roof is laid, the wails are begun to be built, which arc cither of brick, wood, i.r tempered earth. The body of the building conlilts principally ot a porch at the entrance, a hail faciiii^ the fouth, and thice or four chamlier-', all ' n the ground-floor ; the mercliai'.ts indeed have freipaenllv a Httr) above, in v.hich their goods are depolited, though for the molt part they have only the fame floor. The Chincfe find great fault with our Hories riling one above another; they exptefs th^ir fiirpiile at i ur hazarding our necks in climbin:'; up our llaii e.'"e'. W hen the emperor Cang-hi was iliev.ii fome models of Kurope.iii houl'.~, he f.iivl that I'eiope inuil t er::iinl/ he a (iiiall and pitiful country, fmce, for w...-t oi" room to builil, the natives were foicid to meant i-;) into the air. I'hey never make any windows towards the )!;•.■.(';, becaufe they do not eluil'e to h< fern by p.^iers-bv : at a finall diftance fiom the door ot the houfe within is liullt a little w.ill brealt-high, on wiiich a Ikreen is placed, to prevent thofe ulio enter 1. 0111 peiceiving v.'hat is tranlacled tiie.e ; beliind the w;ill ale kMiai little wiiiiling pafl'ages, teiminating in ditlercni conns; and it is looked upon as very ungenteel not to have two or three of thefe. They never ii'ceivc villtors in the inner ro'inis, hut in a fort of anti-chamber, opi-inn:' on all hilev, and have no other kind vi decoration than a row of varndhed pillars fapportir.j; the carpentry oj' the roof, which lies open to the vieiv, without any ceiling intervening. They have in their houfes neither tapeflrv, mirrors, o.- wrouj-ht chairs ; nor is gilding ia Vogue any wtiere er.cept in he ampcror's apartn^cnts, or in thole of the piinces of lae blood. 1 iiey have indeed fome pictures, varnillied cabinets, tables, ii.c. and pieces of wiiiti' f.ittin, upon which are inli.:ribed fen- tences of nxira.'ity. Porcelain veiieis are the common emhelliflnncnts :.s well as niove.iMes of every hiule, for each a|i.irtn'.ei t is full ol them ; t.ltir pictures have nothing curiiiiis in them, except the biiiihi.n-fs oi t.'.cir colo'.iring ; f;r tilt natives have no idia o( light and lliade. 1 hev lictjuei-.tly hang up thi" pielu.es of ih' if ancellnrs, and fomeiimcs deeorete their apartniens v. .til I'llken lanterns, painted ii< dilKicnt colour-., and luf- pended like onr luHies. I'lieir beds aie tiitir principal oriia:uent, making ul'e of '.he richell HullV, not fliewn to Hrangers, it being looked upon as rejmgiuat to tlie rules of good manners to lead people i.ito a bed- chamber. The CKinefe know nothing of the art of gla/inj, but life the Hiells of oyllers and other tedactou- tilh, ground thin even to a degree of tranlpareiicy, or ellij fquare pieces of paper. It is iiectllai v to rem.iik, tliat the torms of their windows and doors are truly whiin- lical ; fome arc round, fome oval, and others Kpine ; fome are in the lonn of Ji biid, 4 vale, a flower, a fan, or other figures. The habitations of the mandirlns and other perfris of faHiion, have a prtjpoition.ible dej^ree ol iimplieiry witii th: other houles, and in fubitance the architcelure is the fame, the principal difference conlilling only m tiieir greater number 01 courts and garlens : and indied, with legard to tliele habitations, 'tis entirely by cuHom and prejudice they are prevented from building them in a more elegant taHe. We I'rc tii'd by Le Comte, that wiiile he was at Pe-kinj, a mandarin having built hinilelt a lioulu loftier than dtw otl.er in the city, he was com- plaincJ of to tlltt iinjjcror ; ujjoii w!u«.h, dreaUirg tin: I *i X ASIA.] Empire of CHINA. ^; iii.l .liv.lA; the* ICUVC .lA- !. ■ fl ii-fcii I'.y '. iry Ch'iulr j:uc .imji;iitv ii'if.l , 1 tlic wl,.,lo ;)f tv.c l>:i;i.ts xIcRhK, rome ICC i CM thcl'c wxKleii pl!- lIi till)' 'pviiig LMrly coM.ii;il ihc walls :ire brick, vvciiiJ, ildiiig coniilts a h;'.il I'jciiiL^ all ' n ihe frciijiiilly J. jfltfll, tlioiirli Uiiu: i'.H'r. lliMivS niinj5 linilc ;;t i ur i;r ibii c.-'l-'. Conic nu;.I»'!s iiiuil < ir mi/ lor \\ ..'I u( to ni(.',;:il rj) Is th^ i':v.!-, ly p..^ltr^-;>y : lioi;)'.; uiUiiii .'li a Ikrtc'ii is 111 pc.'Ciivui!^ \ll aic liv. i.;i I'crtni coi:r,f ; Lit ti> lia\f uvi> \ilitors ill tl'.e i'.ii.r, o|'iM'.:n;; LCoratidii tli:iii ; cjrp.r.try >-'t wirliout any houl'fs iicithir ■ is g;l.!in.; la ip.irtr.'i'i:r>, ur liiue imltxJ ., C^^'. uiid iiill-rilvil L:\' tlie iiMiiniou I'ViTV IkuIc, piiuures hjve s ol' tl'.eir ol liglit i'.iid iu,ts ol' ill' if i.irtiiii;:is \..tii ur-, and luf- liiilr piir.iipal , noi fiu'wn utuiu lo tiie i.uo a Ix li- the coiifciliicnoc of the offence, he immediately ordered it to be levelled with the ground. t ,f ;il,;.-iii~, dactini' hlh, tii.y, or lUb iicii.iik, tl'.at tnilv uhiin- jiKer^ Ivjtr.iie ; lluwer, u Un, !uT perf.'f.'; of iiijiliciry witii iiiiiiicLUire is I (July 111 liieif indeed, uilh y euihiin and ii;^ them in a <: he w;'S at il.'h ;i liimli: was com- 11,..", drea'.'.ing tiiu ■f Dtfcrlpum cf the SECT. IX. City of Pe-king Cardt-n'., &c. the Royal Pidace, ami anv THE city of Pe-kinj, the capital nf the Chinefc em- niie, like London, is eonipolcd of two cities ; rne is filled the city of the Tartars, und tl'.e other the Chi- liele citv; the circuit (.f both, without tlic fidinrhs, iiieafures about fix lea;j.iie^. The imperial p.dace is litu- ated in the city of the Tartars; lor it was here the honfes were abondoncd and delivered up to the victorious 'J'artars when the prefent family came to the throne; tlicfe refiil'iii^ to fulier the L'hinele to iiihuhit them loirjer, the latter were under a necelhty of liviiiir without' the walls, wliere they loon built them aimdier tit\', whleli is mueh more exteiilive in leiii.-th than in bre.ulth. .... I'e-kinij is in the fortieth dcjrec of north latitude, in the fine province of Pe-tehe-li, twenty leagues from llie great wa 1. ... The walls of re-kin;; are an hundred and lifty feet ill height, and broad eiion^ih for feveral hoikmeii to lidc a-lMcall upon the top ot' them i .".: proper diihiiiee? are lar;:e fquare towers ; the ditch is dry, though very deep aiid wide ; the gates are of an e.xlraordimry ele\a- tion, and the architcClu'-c of them in tolerable iioial tattc : at e.ich [;ate are two great fnvers, one without and the other within ; they ccnhlt of nine (loric.-, each with port-holes, and at ihe bottom is a fpaeioiis hall, where the oiiieers and foUhers retire wiio come oii' guard ; before each p.ite on the town tide is an (.pen fpaee of about three hundred and li>ty feet, wliich ferves for a parade, t.iconipalled by a knii-circular wall, equal in breadth and height to that which iiielof-s the city ; and here live hundred f( Idlers mav be drawn up in rank and 'I"hc Tartar city has nine gates, two lacing the eaft, two the wdf, two the north, and three ti.e foutli. The Cliinefe city has only feven, to each of which an- fwers a iuburb. The latter city is much the moll po- puUius. Mod of the flrccts in Pe-king arc laid in a line; the grand ftrect is an hundred and twenty feet wide, and a lia;ue in leii:>tli. 'I'he llions, on each hde of tlie (bcLt, furiiillied with a beautiful variety of porechin., varnillied ware, and the richeli lilks exhibit a iiioll plealing pic- tiiic. Kverv tiadcfman pl.iccs before the door of his (liop a board handfomcly i:,:iiitod, and gilt at the corners ai.d edges, cont.iining in l.".ge chaiaMeis an account ot the diH'erent articles of trade that he has to difpofe of. 'iheic bo.irds or tablets btin^ placed upon pedellals, each feven or tight feet high, and nearly eipiidiltani in one continued range, ha\e a iiiolb flrikiiig and agreeable appearance ; the lioufes, however, arc low, moil of them haviiiir only a ground Moor. Nor arc the courts of iuftice hiiilhcd in any higher talle tlian the genei.^lity of the houles ; their temples are the moll iiiagh.tiaiit lliue'lures, being embellilhcd with ftatues, and their loiils, confiding of green or yellow tiles, cleg.iiitly vai-- iiilhed, and decorated with projecting dr.i ,ons. The (heets of I'e-king, though to lon^ and fpaciou', arc crowded with people pairing ; but not a firgle woman IS ever fecn among the multitude. Th.re are fucli throni ;, !hat thoi'c perfons who ride in chair, are oltcii under tiie neeeintv of having a pcilon on hoilebaek to I'o before them to clear the way. Sneial caules combine to pio- duce thefe crowds ; as for example, belides the vail num- ber of peafants who repair hither from the neighbouring country places, with their camels, horles, mules, and other beads of burden, the grc.atell part of the mcehanies, iiidead of keeping to iheii ihops, go about the town in cpied of buhiief:-, carrying with them the feveral linple- ineiits of their refpeetivc pn^fellions. Harbers, for iii- llancc, go about ringing little bells, to get cuftomers ; they carry with them a (lool, bal'on, towel, pot and tiic ; and wheji .iiy peifon calls to thi m, thrv run up {>< him, and placing their llool in a convenient plai c in the llreet, thev fliavc the head, clean the ear-^, put the e\r. brows in order, and brulh tlic IhoulJers all lur a lialf- ] penny. 'I'hcn they ring tl'eir bell .ngal.n, and nro rcath' I for another ciillonier. The taylor>, who ply in tlic I dreets, go home to the lioufes of their ciidoiners, and do their work there : tliey do not ufe tliimM.s as ours CO, but tie a rag Ui-oii their thumbs ; nor do thev lit I down to their work, but lew ftanding, exiept when ! they grow tired ; the \york ii upon a tabic, and tin v' ; Hand clofe to it. I Amongit the crowd in tlie dreets are l'.,IIad-fin rers foitiine-tellers, tiuaek-d.'Ctors, &c. the latte'- lUlhibutinj; thur r.oftrums, and cxti'lling their AVotiucrlal elli caev. With various lialle here fev'ral ways they run, .Sume to undo, and folic to be undone ; \\ bile lu.xury and wealth, and war and peace, .Are each the oth.rs ruin ai.d increafe. As livers lod in leas ; Ionic fecret vein Thence re-conveys, there to be lod a"aiii ; While did 'lent avocations each purfuc, All have their fecret aims, and piivale liews. Wh.tlier they fpread forth plcafure'.s lilken lai's, \'. itch folly's winds, and catch h.-r tie.tiiin ;.-.ile,, ; Oi full of bus'nefs fly from drcet to lln-ei," \\ ith looks imjiortanr, and unwcarieil feet ; (h to the more ingenious arts ir.clin'd, iM.ike china-ware, or fans to catch the wind. 'In felf, of eaili piinuit the current flows, 'I licre all their u ilhes ali iheir labours clofj ; ^'et private i-nds alhll tlie empire's aim, 1 or true lilf-love, and lin'al arc the fame. Wiie'nevcr ^i pcrfon of didinflion goes out, be is at ten.kd by :; gieat number v'i his domelHcs ; if he be a in.iiidarin ot" the tirll rank, he is not only attended by thele nut alio by bis fuboriiiiiate Riai.daiir.s, wlm alki, to iiiereale the pomp i.l Id, retinue, are al! in parti, ular drel'.is, aitcndcil by th; ii \ .dels ; fo that the train of one 01 thefe inandaiins is of itii If fuiucieiu fj eiii'.i.iirais adiMt. 'I he drccts are alvvays fo ineomnvuled either with niiij in the winter, or ivA in the fuiMner, that thev are in both feal'ons very difigreeable. 'I'here is I'o miich diifl oecahoned by the cattle, that the city i^ in a manner covered with it, which gets into the fliops of th"* trajef- men, and greatly damages their gco.!<. Iirlced thev fprinklc tlic llreet', but this has no gnat e'l'ct. It has been aheady chferved, that no v.-civ.'. n arc ever f en in the drejts : baice it may be eafdy judged how populous I'e-king niiiil be, wlien it.* Ilrects can hardly contain one half of the peopl-.-, who, accruing to the adeitions of I'ome authors, amount to fix or kieii mil- lions. I)u ll.;Idr, boweier, fays there are only three, and !.c C'omtc reckons them at two only. Pe-king is divided into a great number cf w-irdi, cverv one ol which is again divided among feveral ofiiecvs, who are I'o i.v.my ovcrleer-, having e.-,c!i the infpe^ilion often h'lulcs, and are obliged to give an acccunt to the man- darin of every thii.g that tranfpires i i tlvjir rel'peclive divirums. Mailers of f,.inil;cs .ire cnus I / apf.vcrable for I » .ire cqii the liehavio'ar of their children and ft ri ants; tlie fami- lii-s in each didriet aic nor only cond aliud to alfiii an i piotert each other as netel'ltv ni.iv lequirc, but if anv lobbery or outiai;e le Committed, ail are ciually rel'iion- I'lblc for it. ' . i I.ewd women are not fuflercd to live within the y.-alls ; tluir liOufcs aic of a particular kind, and many of them kidge together, genernlly under the inlpeelioii ol a man, who is refponllble for an\' dilrurbanee thev occafion. In fonic pro-, i.;ce.= , prollitutcs are not toler.it^ J .It all. Pe-king is guarded by fi.ldicrs both day and nijlit, wl'.o patiolc the ftrecls not only with thin fwords, but with whips in their haiuh, with which thev lafli in- dirt'eremly all peifoiis concerned in any riot or breach ot" the public peace. Indeed, there is idways in this city a garrilon of forty ihoufar.d mm to prekivo giod order and peace. 'I'here are no clubs, balls, or other noelur- na! meetings here ; and the I'oldiers take into cuftody all perfons whom they fee in the dreets in the niglit'- time, if thev do not ^ive a good account of thenil'elves. In the principal fireets they found the watdies o/ the night fl a I.'rge bell, or elfe on a dnnn of cxtraordi- n»ry 44 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OE C.V.OC, K AV il Y \ I t'i f| ii:ir\' fi/e ; a watch cMi'.litis of two hours; the tint ciiinmcnccs .it the apnnuch of evening, when thi-v give one tlruke on t' • I'cU or ilriiiii, iiiiJ iit interv,il>> repeat it during; tlie iiigtit. When the feeoiul w.Ueh bei^iiis, they give a coii|-.le of ihokcs, .m.l repc.it the r.iine as hetoie, till tlie third hegiiis, and fo on. Ihelc hell>, whieh are of tlie i'.inie metal as oiu!-, are i'riitk bv l.irj;e wooduji haiiuiiers, whieli coiifeiiiienilv in point of iiiimd render them f.ir inferior to the I'.uroptaii. \* hat they call the ^reat bell of I'e-kin^^, is, hevoiul all Joidit, the largetl in the univerfc, one CNcepted j it was call near funr hundred years a;.', and \vei:;hs an hnndred and twenty t!in;iland pomui-.. That whii.li we e.\cept, is the great 1h!1 of .Mof-.ow, weiehing thue hiindud and twenty ihotiia'ul pounds. We iliall now I'peak of that niagniiieent edit'iec, the Emperor's p.i'aie. 'i'lns nol'le llrueinre is in an ciblon;.; fipiare, about two Knj^lilli miles in length, and a mile hru.id. \V'ith- jn its walls are contained not only the lioiife and gar- dens of the cnipi'ror, but likewife a great number of offices and lo,Les for his minillers and lervanls \ iti tine, there are dvver.in.;-plaees for all the artificers tnipUned ill his ferviee ; tlufe, howtser, are Knv ili-coi.irived buildings, T'hc palace is above three miles in circinifercnce ; the front of it lliinis vvitli gildiu;.; and varnilh ; it h.i> nine fiiperb courts, comniuiiie:;iinu; with each other throu_;h grand arched gates, <_;ich with lul'ty gilded turrets; the win_jS of tlie ceuits are lined with ranges of g.iilcrief. The apartments of the emperor are at the head o( the ealV court, with poiticos on e.'.ch fide of the er.trance, f;:pportcd hv grand colunuib. Round the royal apart- nieius is a uliite niaible terrace, witli a biillultrade that h.i-- tliiLC openings anlwering to (o manv afcents, one on t, c!; fide, confilling of a lliglit of iUps, ai.d a gentle flope in tlic center of the front. •Among the .'.partmeius of the palate is the liall of au- dience, where tlie emperor receives foreign ambatiadors ; he IS I'cated in a fort of alcoie, wltii his legs acrofs in the manner of the Tartars, furrounded by his niiniliers ; and his throne is covcied with the richeit tapellry ; he wears round his neck a chain of coral, and on his head a cap bordered with fable, from wiiieh h.iiig peacocks (cithers and i'.lken L.tTel-. The ceiling of the ai'i'M-iiieniionrd li.dl is of carved ■work, painted green, and cm'ullilheil with gilded dra- gons : the cohniins th.it fupport the buildings within are llx or feveii feet in diameter at the bafe, ornamented Avitii a tine red varnilh on a ground of exijuilUe plailter ; the walls are of a Ibnning white, though without any tapdlrv, pietures, or mirrors. The other rpirtmen;-. are far graii.ler, in point of ornament, than this lull of audience; a-, excliifive :re lurnilhcd and cleL'am Ceilings, they rich cabinet'. the higlieft cdima- r.i:dce;l anion;; the of tlie carved and gildei witli paintings t.'pel'.ry, carj ct=. In China, gardeiKis are held in ti'Mi, and the art of gardening is liberal arts, 'Ihc culture of the earth is deemed worthy of the ut- rioft le.iilbitive attention, and conllciueiiily gardening hath been carried to a much hi:lier degree of perteetion ill that coiintrv, tlian i.i any other pait of liie univerfe, 'I'he royal gardens of Pe-king ha\e jiilViy ciiallengcd the admiration of the curious, and may h; numbered among tlie wonders of the world. They are a kind o! Ilupi lulous drama, in which the bea.uti-.s luid defeats of nature and the works of art arc admirably reprefented, in fuch a manner as to afleel all the padions of the luirnan ioul. To fuch A nionauh as the emperor nf Chiiu, fuch a garden lecms ablolutely ncceliary, for he is too much the flavc of greatnel's to emerge from his palace but upon fume extraordinary occafn'ii, or to be feen in public but when flate necellUy requires it. His life therefore nou'd be difagree.dilv infipid without the amufeinents which his g.irdeiis afford him, and his dignity would r' v.'ijr him the inedl confined, and Icalt air.ul'c.i pcriun in his extenhvc dominions, 'I'hrfe gardens contain innunu r.able bui'dinvs, fome regularly elegant, others rui.illy dmple ; loinc ol a grotcfipic nature, and others in iniit.itioii of ruins. Thifs all liie varieties of aivhitci^turc are blende d v.ith the pro- duclion> of ivitiire. .Ami the aiii'iial, ve:H'tah!e, and mi- ner.il creation, are iiappily united to con.piete a nioCt ai- tonilhing feene. J'very tdvantage hath been t.'ken of every f ceeding h.rther, is foon agreeably liirpii/cil liy the ga\eil leeiies of luxuri.-iit nature. lii thele varioi;. parts a gre.it min.her oi bulls, llatiies, &c. are difpofed, and aUv.iys fiiited to their lituaticn v.illi the moll fcrupuloiis propriety, Thel'e are del;_'ned id comnieinorate part trani 'etion-> of a remarkahle n.uuii-, to per|>ctuate the name of I'ume I'mgiiiar character, tcj excite the \arious p.iOions, diicrt the i.tieiuion, or c!:e they allude to fome popular Hory. On theli; Itatue.s, as well as on Hones, ruins, e\c. there are a variety of inlciiptions, and lerf.-, tending nut onlv to aiiiiile the niiiiJ, hut to promote the caufe of viriue and moralitv. riiiH a Cliiiiele gardener is a poet by iiatuic, and Ills works are dram.itic compul'itioiis, in wiiieh the iiMlt matirial objects of rieation are felecied and improved by art to emh..!lilh his labours. In ihele gardens, the ditlerent iirencs arc adapted to the difJcreiit times of the day, and likewile to the various leal'oiis of tile year ; and as China produces all the vege- taldes and phniis of Kurope, as well as many others pe- culiar to tnat country only, there ii, a p.ipeiual verdure in I'ome part or oilier of tlic garden : fo that tiic diiterent feafons amufe the imagination in one hour ; and \ aricil nature appears to be here compacted for ti.e enten..in' nil lit oi liie empi ror and his court. Here is Ifkewile a nuttopolis in miniature, in wliieh, at certain times of the year, all tf.a.t is triinlaeted in I'c-king is repeated by th:; eunuchs ot the leraglio, who perfoliate various characters, biiops are opened in all biiliiielle'-, and perfuiis ol all occupation, are ixpn fentej in a lively and natural manner, in:i\ at tiuir varicu; eni- pli'vmeiits. Sham robberies are committed, all kinds of mimic frauds perpetrated, and pretended courts of iullice held on the leveial delinijuey.ts who are f.iiiiiii;' hendcil. A fine canal or river flows through tliis town, fliips and haiUs arrive at the i;ua\s, gc oils arc landed, brokers are employed, merchants purchafe the c, i:imcdi:ies, which art placed in vvarehoul'es and i!u ps, and letailed to others. In liiw, all the amufemi nls of a poiiie, and and tlie liuirv ef a commercial citv, ar.-; h.re ixhihlted in f ich a manner as to excite the curiohtv, and ibal upi-n the imagination as rcditi'S. On the pl.iins are (hum lights, and all manner of militaiy excrcifes ; e>n liie river mock engagements of a luv .il n.iture, and rowing matches. 1 here arc nicnagcrieb ref. r.ihling woods of ferocious ani- mals, and tame ire ^uaidcd by nionllrous (Tiants, app.'c- •I - ;.'.li!c, ar.il :;•.:- ctv' a nil lit iii- L'\us all the vivc i:iy (itiuTS pc- iViiial viuliirc It llic diitiitnt r ; anil varii il tl/j ciiiL'ri..ir.- ;rc, in vvliit li, triinraLti-'ii in (irai;li<;, who ip:'i:fJ in ail c itpri IItiIcJ vanti:' tn;- ul« of mimic t" iu'.Hoe held n:i:,;ly appre- •5 n\v;i, Anns :: iniTuclitii-";, a:-,;! :.-tailt.a a pi'ii;!", a'ld c I shiiiiicil in ill a! ui»:n the -• ii-.am tijhts, ic livtT i!:cn.k i:lj; ni-.tiiit"-. Lrixii,!!-- ani- ts ot l!ic {^ar • xcitf <;,' ini7 amiJil iii'cary ilicaiU'ul pr':- iiit;s cataracts, i.-iii!^lc vjlra- mc-kiin>. In -ad other ■ri!i'' attitude?. )r..i'.f-, wnii'h u' ariinLil a hv lUe re- • wai!;i, ASIA.] E M r I R F. OF CHINA. 25 n giants, terrible di\;*, and iVightfiil dwarfs. Upon the whole, this wonderful p.irdcn contains .m adcnililai!;!- ot the liioll plcafing, luxuriant, melancholy, romantic^ and furpri/.iug fcems, and i> calculated to excite all the hu- man palliuiis in their ^rcatelt varieties. SECT. X. Sou-tchcoii, nnil Drfcrlpthn cf tht City of Nan-kmp, Canton ; Aauiit of I he Chinefe Marine and their Buiku W\L ihall now prefent our readers with a del'cription of the cities of Nan-kiiiL'., Soii-ltheou, and Can- ton, .a'ter which we fii:;ll proceed to an account ot the Chmct'c marine and barks. The exU'nfive and once fplrndid city cf Nan-kin;, (.1 name fignifyiiig the court of the foutii, as I'e-kiiig docs the court of the north) is tlie capital of the pro- vince of ICiang-naii, and was for many ajes the capital of liie Cliinel'c einpiic, ..s well as the relidencc ol the cmpi-rors ; whence it took its name. It is the largelt city in China, and was orifrjnally uirrou.idcd with a triple Wall, meafuring about lixteea leagues in circum- ference ; but the p.dace, once famous tor its iplcndor and magnitieeiicc, halh been deftroycd, as well as many grand moruimcnts. The ftrects of this city are narrow, but well paved j the houils low, but liand- fomc ; the (hops fp.iiiou5, and moll richly furniilicd with lioods. N.'.'i-king is celebiattd for its great num- ber of librariet ; it excels likewife in printing, and in artilicers of moil kinds: here too rclide the mod emi- nent doiStors of ..le empire, as well as the greater p.rt of t'uch n . ndarins as have been difcharged from tlieir govern'.nints. The t> in'bcr of people refident in this ancient ci.^ IS cllimai.d at about four millions, including thofe who live i: ''aiks upon I'v watei ; and indeed, whenever a city 1: luuated on . ..■ banks likewile to fail be- tween the illands ; they are jiainted at head and iUrn, have three inafts, and in calms go with oar:;. The barks, which carry the mandarins to their lefpeclive pro- vinccs are not only large, but elegant, being highly var- niftied, and decorated with dragons, Tlity generally coiifift of two decks, feveral chamber?, little cabins, a dining-room, apartments for fcrvants, and other con- vcniencies. When a large bark faces a high wind, or fierce current, it is drawn along by ropes ; at other times large poles are ufcd, and Ibmetimes oars. The de.ilers in fait and wood convey thole articles in booths built on rafts. They bring the trunks of large trees to the river fide, where they law them into beams and planks; then boring a hole at each end of every piece, they f.iften them together with ofier bands ^ind li> form their floats five feet high, and about ten broad ; they have no fixed meafiire for their length j fome ex- tend half a league. At convenient diftances they eredl huts or booths ; and as every length of timber is only faftcned to the next by band;<, the whole united rate moves cafdy anyway, like the link of a chain, and'is very conveniently managed in the windings of any river. In the huts, or booths, the people cat, drink, and fleep, and often fell them with their lalt .and wood. Thele rafts are fomctimes thus conveyed five or fix hundred leagues, and lecn at a diftance like fo many little floating towns. Though the Chinefe know not how to 'cigate the feas like the mariners of Europe, yet upon rivers .ind canals they aie |ieculiarly tkilful. In the canals there are fluices for the retention of water, and tliefe they af- cend and defcend with a matchlefs judgment. In rapid and rocky rivers, flowing with the utnioll violence lor perhaps 60 or 70 leagues, the failors are for feveral days together in continu:d peril ; and no European whatever could navigate a vefl'cl here. SECT. xr. Cimpendiou!, accur.t/, and i/ilere/llng IJi/lory of China. IN the year lyzg, Mr. Fouqiict, titular bifliop of Elcuthcropolis, publifhed a chronological table of the empire of China ; this t.iblc, which ww reviled and corrtikd by a Tartar nobleman, named Nyen, fixes the ^' conmieiicc- %6 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GKOCRAPIIY, h *i: ■.* « •y> y comniencciiicnt of tlic real Chincfc chronology in tlie icign of Lvc-vnnu, the dntc ot' wliicli ;iiil\vcrs to tlii; Mar 4X4 K't'oic Chnll. l-'artlicr t'l.m lh\> tlic writers of the Kl\m^-mui, or grand chrcmclc of China, go not, but VLTv ingcniioully acknowlcJgc, that tlnir chronologi^■^ before that pcrioJ is not to be lii-pciiJcJ upon. Kopc of the literati fccni to ilifputc the antiiinity of the L'hincfe ; but it is diflicult to afecrtain the lirll period cf their true ci.ronoKigy. Mr. J''on<]uet allow-- the Chlncfe nation to be near as rid as the delUjjc ; nor docs .Maigret, in hi> rem.ulis on the obl'eurity of the reii;n of l-'o-hi, deny the re.ility of it; .Mr. Kourmont, and others of the learned, ci\e it a-, their opir.ion, that the Chinefe have been a nation near four thoiifand ye.'.rs. F.ven fneh as have treated with ri- dicule the pretenliuns of thele people to aiuii|iiity, ail nv their monarchy t.i be at Icall as ancient as that oi the l.^vptians, All\rian^, or any other country recorded in hiKorv. L'pon the \\hole, the antiijuity of the Chinefe is great beyond all difpute ; but as to the iN.ict petii-d of their origin, that is a point the moft fagaciouo cannot de- termine. Aciorduig to V. Du Haldc, the fill inh.ibitants cf China k'ttled in the province of Clien-fi, front whence they fpreail thvnifelves over the adjacent countries, I Li- lian, re-tehc-1:, and Chan.T-tonj, which four provirKc. together formed a C'lnfiderable kiir-dom, cont.;ining tl-.at large tract of country lying north of the n\er Yang-tt'e- kiang. The fame of the fird princes of this infant inon.''.rchv hrought toL'aher great numbers of furcigncis; wiieie- I'ore, to evtend the bounds of their kiiu-doin, thev drained a large tr.iot of low country that l.iy under water, fen- cing the l.md againll the incroachments of the fea willi high banks, and by the lame mean', contining liie courfe of the rivers withm deep and narrow cl'.aniiels : I. .us iwo fine provinces, 'I'che-kiang, and Kiang-n.m, were added to tlic kiiiLidom. " Under the reign of the rmprror 't'u," favs 1'. Du Halde, " which thev place .ibovc two ihoiifand vcars iKinie Chrill, they diremcreJ a l;irge tract of t rrityrv to the liiuth, partly dellitute ot iiuiabitants : tins large fxteiu of country, "lu and bis fiiciclliirs peopled \yi:li ii'liinics at diiierent periods, under the controul of printer «jf the blood, to whom they portioned out this new countrv, lelervin^ to thenilelvis oiiK' fome aclcouw- ledgment. I'hus were itirntid fueral little tributary liin.'doms, which biing afterwards united t i the empire, rendiied it veiv conliderable. During the rcig^i of Vu, the mornarchv wasdr.ided into nine proviiice-, a par- ticular delineation of which tf.is ii.iperor caufiJ to be tligraved on nine bra/en veliLb In the \ear 3 ;;, bclore Chilli, lever. il niiions lent anib.ilTiid<>rs to China, ;ind fuhniitted vohintarily to ,1 yearly lii'iate. To- wards the end of the le:ond dynallv, about fwtUe liuiidr.d years b' fore Chtill, certain Chincle Colonies tvtended theinlclvcs to the ealb-in coad, and .alio IcMk jiodirllion of le\eial idands. Under the liltli dviiailv, which coininenced about the year i^T before Chrilf, tiie Chinefe not only cnl.ugcd their borders to the noiih, alter nuiiv liiinal victories obtain-il over the Taiio-, tint pulheu their conipiclU even to the conrine-. of Ind.a, vi/.. to i'eiju, Siam, Cainboya, and Hengal. Aboiu fix hundred yiars after Chilli, Kao-tfou-venti, founder i)f the twellth dviiafty, added to iheempiie feveral of the iioillicrn pieivinces, lituated beyond the river N aiig-tle- J(iang, .Hid whiili at that time compofcd a particular Juni'.doiii fiibjicl to the I artars ; this went by the name tif the Nnrihrrn Kinpite for Ceitril .ij^e:s. 1 Illy, tin- rivoliition, whiih liapiwiad in Ifi.^, when China was Aoiupierril by the Tartars, only l-:vcd to incrcafc the ^owei and isiciitof this 'jr'Vt eripiie, byioininj; to its f..ini( r pi lielTions a lonjilirable part ol (ireat Varlary. 'I'liiis this \a(l tronarchy attained to the liiminit of its prutiiil', b\ a •ladiial pro^rcl'-, ivjl fti omih in the wav of ioiii|iielt like I'lher I inpie , u> by the Hidoin of its laws, the reputjtiuii ul its (^uveriinieiit, and at lalt by jti dilgrace." The Chiiu-fc rnipire han been fucreflivily iiovctncj liy fwcnlvlwo linpeiiil tiindies; llie order of l)ie dy. Millies Kiinin'iiced with llie Unilly i>l Hij, tltv liilt ol «'iit, 'viel t J and debauched life : bis penjile there*. le ajiplied to \ nu- vang, .1 prince i-f .1 Ihiall neighbouring; '.(ate, and pKicci hiin on the throne. Vou-v.ing, liowevtr, in t.".e be- ginning of his reign, committed a very c ip tal I'.iult, which in time was proslueiive of great rcvoiuiions. ;:i order to gratify certain families, and the piinee- if the biood royal in particular, he creeled for tiiem I'e- ver.d petty kingdoms, which were at i'.rtt fcudatuiv to the empire, but f'-on alter declared for inde]--endence. L'ndir the thirleeiiih cm;ieror of thi^ d\nalh, .dl ihi fc petty priiicci were engaged in intcltine wars, and d.f- iractcd the wli'le empire. Cliini became a l':c.-.e of rapine for many agi ■■ ; its .luthority vs-as held in cen- tempt, and the tributary piinccs controuled the cm- peroi-^, cntiironlng and dejioliii!; thein as thiir iticli- naiion is cio\ -n ; this reli-1, howr\er, bap|KMied to die fuddeiib-, and hi» liei, who facceeded him, all) died foon after; {<> t'l :t hij gr.iiidloii was the firll who cnio;.\d llie advant.i is ,,( this iifurp.iiion. 'I'his grandii 1 wrs nair.cil Tcl-.u . ;. liang-vaiig, and was the louiuler oi the li>ii:th dyna((>, ivhiili g.ivc lour cmperot!. to Ciiina, and killed lurti- ihree \ears only. I he liith d.iiafty began with the reicn of I.iron-pr.u, who was tirl^ a common fohlier, I'ral at the hr.id of a g.-ng of rubbers ; he iiljt,iii>,d the Imperial throne by dint ot violence, and yet proved binifelf capable r\ :• j. wniiiig; with a bccoiiun-; di-Miity, jud giiieiit, |ii-iicir.i- limi, aid iuliicc. 'Ihi- dynalty la(b d four hiiiidrej .lad twcntyllx years, and pn-|i:eed a guat inany\eiy reljwelable ch.iraelers ; but the hill monarch^ of ih.s ran; faliiriii;^ themli.-Ues to be ruled by the court iinineii-, hll into cbfgr.ire, nnd became a- oillous as the eiu.uclm thcniu-ly.«. The people took up arms, and \v -rs enfii'M, wblcll li-riiiin.it. d in ■> divilK.ii of the empiie i;.li> fiiav pails, iind. r four dillinit fmercignsi ilieli-, bowc\er, v.er.' re-iiiiited by Ti hao-lie-v inir, founder of the ("txih dtniflv. i his monarch, alter ihe (hort reien of three \e.its, died, and left I leoii-ti, bis fun, wtlo tilled the thtoni-* |.iil\-one years, and then in ill Ih.'mefiillv abdieiird it ill tiwnir of the ulurpei Clii-tfou-\outi, foiindcT of tbu leventh dynalty. rile feveiith race or dvnafty fiibfiftej one hundred .-n;l lifty-tivc years, giving hlteen e-tiperois to Chiri.i, moil of whom, tliriiiigh their want of capacity to go\ern, dii- credited the elcvaleil tlation fif life in which Lite haJ placi-il them. The lail of tliefe tii marchs was put tr> ileath in the ficoiid year ot his leign by one l.iin-vnii, who ipiitting the traile of a Oine-inaker, rommcncrd fil dii r, role to the rank of genet. d, and allerw aids alijciuUd tile throne of ihe empire. This eiglilli dviialU, with the iiiiilh, tenth, and twii liitlnwiiig, only comprehend one hundred and triK-'y-ei-^rht years; in wliirh fpaee of time there w-ire 10 leln ihoi tweiily-loiir 11 igil>. The Chinefe ann.ds if this pt-rlod pirleiii us with fearer any ihitig but riiuhoiin, lapine, andilelliiKliiiii ; weak, Ipuitlel., and fiijiertlilious piliire-, contt'uled by their iiiuiilliTs, and liinu < f tbeiii b iraxed aiiil even niurdeieJ by the very imii in whom they had ronhded. Uiid r the lirrt emp.-ror of the thirtrenth ilynallv, tbi* peo;.!i- eii|o\ed the lileirnig.s ol p-ai e, the b.'ppv elVeol* of the prudent and conllitiitmii il adiiiiiiillr.itiiMi of timfo emperor 1. The tranipiilliiy, winch w.-s in i« iimre p.ir- liciilar minn'r enjoj-ed duiiiii; the rcntn of rai-llon;', the (ecoiid I'upcror of thii lamil^, 1, recoidej to the itninvii.d huiiuui ut tint l'.:i ;ii fif , l;iij I.i li:'.\v) (iiMaiii! o( his ■il u'iili \v;iU'. cvi'!: it l.:> cliin-t.iii.-, a ifi\, rcr.J.virJ Ot' llli 'Vili cj iiic'J to \ im- c, aiiJ pl.icci r, in t.-.c !-c- cip tal I'.ui't, o)uli(iii<'. l:i c- plill.f if lor liicni iV- rtt I'cu.l.itviiy mli-pcr.i'inci.-. ill), ..il til' fc ais, ar.J liil- ir ;i fixnc of Ik 111 ill ('■-•1- ilcJ the cm- tlu-ir iiicll- , the ihirty- ouinl » 'I'v the Li'ii, fif p hi^ iiov-n J vT.l'', nii.l i'.i« iff.i ; ('" t'l 't ;uKiiiil.i 1 s i«f cil Tchu,-;- :- lurtlt ilynalt', l.ilKvl' lorly- i)f r.irni|.p:ii, th^- h'M.I <( li.il il'toiic liy ^^^hk■ of ;• i- nit, pftirli ■- lour hiiihlivj ,it many mi V < ot t'l.^ rn*c urt c'limiili-, IS thr cuiuich* 'r< ivil'ii'-H, iiiu- i.to ton' 11', !'.o«T\lT, r ot' ihr ("ixth 1 of thric i-.l t)ic thtriif :lV lie Itri! it iiiailir of thv r tiumlrcd rn.I Ci'.i'i.i, mml J'ONrTM, llit- hiili l.ti- luJ s W.ls put to l.llll-VOU, iiiimciH'Pil fill .11 Js .ifci'nJiJ r.ih, iiml twii I ii'iic'j'.i'ii'ht I'll lcl<4 tlioi if iliit i^crioJ II. i 111, ijpii.., lilioii* piiiicr , thiin li-ir.iM'il ■viuiiii tlit-y h.iJ ill .lyilllOv, l)li« 1. .ppy cWkcU r. 111. 11 of thiifo II II IllOIf p.ll - of r^.i-tlon;'. Mii.U'J to tilt iT Hiven, the i°k\t!i ASIA.] KMriRT fixth emperor, the irinqull (l.ilo of the nation \va!i dif- turbcJ with m.-w commotions .laJ lli!itiim.s whitli !.-.!fcil in contiiui.ll fucccilion from hi.< rci-ii Jowi to that ot 'J'chao-Oicn, the twciitictli iiiiJ la(l cnipuor of this race. Thcfc ilillijibanccs were occaHoncd by tlic aruitrary ami oppnllivc co;ii!iict of the eunm'lis, to «hoiii the- ino- narih> of this (hiially committeJ .m unlimited txcrcilc C)fri-..;nl jiiiildii'tioii. ■fchou-veM. the captain of a ;;air.; of b'.iutiili, talcing advanta^^e of tlieir unhappy bioii^, licpoful I Lhao-fiRii, niuidtrcd iiiiii, .md luuiiilcJ, him- fclf, the loiiiui-iith dviial'.y. 'lliiN dyiiaftv, \uth the four followi/i;:>, fiibfiftcd ;'bout fifty years i in' which Ibort intenal no M^ thin tliirUvn monarch:. I'wayed the Imperi il Iciptre, molt uf wlioiii fiili'. red a lio'.ent death. i:)iiriii;> theii' l.ilf dynanii~ it v.m;, thaf the Tartars, who inl'.al'ited Leao-ton^, one of the molt northern pro- vinces of China, be;;aii t-i render thin eUes powcrlul. This province w.is ceded Ni thrm !iv the latt emperors of the thirteenth rare ; and l\.;ii tfoM, lie ul of the lixteeiilh, who was indebt.-d to tlieiii for hi-, advanecnient to tlic throne, ^ave up to them li\tecii more town, in the pro- \incc of I'e-tche-li, c.xchiiive of a tiibiite of liirec hiin- titeJ thoul'and piec.s of (i'i<. Tliele IliaMietiil compU- aiiccs iiierealed tluir j ,.Mr and pride, ar.d were pro- ductive of w,ir% for four hundred years, whieli neatly delo- I.ite.l the empire. Under the nineteenth dynafty, the Chinefe cilleil to their allillaiioc the Niu-tche, or callern Tartars, in con- junction with whom they drove t.'^e r.orthern 'I art.-.rs fioiii a coiintrv wliiili tUvli.ul poliilled upward* of two centiiriis: the (Jhincfe, however, were oliliLcd to pay deatlv for the aid of tiuir allies, who not only cii- llrained tlicin o cede I,i...o-tong bv w.iy of coiiipenfa- ti'ui, but . Il.i took polVeliion of I'e-tehe-li, L'hen-li, and Ilonaa; and they fonie years allerw.u.ls Invade.l the Mry heart of the empire, took Nan-kin;; the c.'.j'it.d, Inline the royal palace to the jii.iin.l, and forced ihe Chinefe to accept of the moll difliuneinable t.mis of p ui- iie.ition. Under this dynafty, another r.iee of T.irtari, called the Tan-yii Tart-irs, lettled w.llward of China, en- tered into an alliance with the Chinele .ij'ainll their con- querors the Niu-lehc Tartars, and alui leveral (ii;;.r e- inciits the Niii-tihe victors were thenilehes tonqutied and diivcii fiom their pjlii'dions in l.eao. toii^ and the <.th(r provinces, alter an ulurpition of an hundred and llvinteeii vears. The lan-vii heroes, however, in ic- •piii.il of their I'erviccs, deiiiaiiiled a I. tllemint in tl.ol'e priiuiices from whence they had e.sterminated tiic Niii- trhe IJaibariiiis-, thefe were accoidiii^;ly ceiled to them ( but not cnniented wiih I'lili tiili..n, they t.mk | . I- ftflioii of \ iin-nan, .Se-tchucn, an.l H )U-;'iMii|', ; ami in lefs than half a cciitury were mailers ul the \v!a !e empire. 'I'his (iMiaftv, the twcntiitb took the n-mc tf S. n, (nJ h.id tor Its founder Cni-'ion, foinih fun ol I ..i- tlnu, in whom conimeiued the thiid lartariaii ulur- pition. 'I he ^'veii family ja^e to China nine empe- rors, the former of \Oioiii, by tluir piii.lentia) aiiini- lullr.ition, won the hearts of thiir liibiictii but the (uiceediii;.; nionaichs, iiululiiin;; in a lile of mdoleir.e, luxury, an.l dillipation, p malKr of the Chii.ele toie^iie, and per- fi^lly acipiainted with the difpulition ..nd genius of iho people. The empire was r.t this period very critical! e filuatrd : the war with the Niu-u:'.e 'T.'rtars corit.mied, ;.nd as An a.ldiiion to this national calamity, there was a jrr. at fiminc in tlic land. 'Tl.e then reis:i;i:ig mon.ii. h, too, lloai-tloii;;, was a man of mean abilllies, fulllr- iii;; hinililf to be dirciScd in everv thin^; bv hi- inia. iters ami eunuchs, who gieatly oppiided tac people. A re- volt was the confetjuence, and in a flmrt (pace of tinic: there were eight different tactions under the fame iiiiai- bcr of duels ; the;',' were, ho'.vevcr, rc.lucid afierw.iiiU- to two, and at leii!;t!i to :i,!tlcn l.f li tinuii- e.f nwiz his Su.'.-.-.Hs; Lis Revenue cud mii.ta'- ui.iimitcri Pni-cr. T,»'.pk rf Tien } ii.g th( P,ti'.i:rs of ; Fine ; his 5. lur'al 23 A NEW COMPLETE SYi;TEM OF GEOGRAPHY. i'iithful Cii-f:inp-guey : the latter, however, ("ooii h.nl ] t.uic to ri-jxiit hif h.uinj; Icagiinl hiinli'.l with (iv rrct 1 Biio powerful :i priiic. , ior 'I'lcMig-tc w.is ik^ I'cr-'.iT ar- rived at I'c-kir.j;, th;iii he beg-ui to think of improvi:ig thi- fucct'l- I'i his arin«, .md the t.uourable difpolition ol the peuplc, (with whom, ;i>. luith been o' Iirvcd, he had li'.en brought up and eoiieatij) into the means of! his acv.,iiceiTient to the thrt.i:e of C'liina ; hut br'ng | feizcj Aith nn illr.efs that fpeulilv I'l ought oti his dilTo- lulii'.i, all that hu could , p.ace, and abncd it 's re- Ipc.icd: it hath eniovcJ a pcif.cl t. Muiuillity for lip- Wards of fcveiitv years, ami is unrivalled bv all other nations for it- public wo;l;s of ait, having thiify-two rival pal.iccs, two hiindicd and fcventy-two grand li- biarie-, ffveii hundrc 1 and nine hails, eleven hundred and titty-iiine triiiniph.il Ihiitv-one beautiful biidjrc curious tombs. i\h", three hundred vnd aiij lix himdjcd and eighty A chronological Tabic of ilic Twenty-two Dvnaliics of fhiiia. \c,;r, !•. K..e Uuraiii n Dvr.anic:. and atur tit" f..i .t I'nipcror!. (-hfiil. IJvi.iliy. i il.i 2207 •ts« 1 " 11 fh.u.;: I7^'i 64 + .'K Ill I.IK, U III! X-4 35 IV Ifin i4S 4» \- Ha.i r'6 Allii^^hiift. 4j6 a$ VI fleuu-han zao 4S MI Ifin ah5 '55 i^ \ 1 1 1 .Song 440 ST IX 1 fi 4-1 •fj X 1 -ang .5"' 54 I.V lihm 5S7 M c \U ."-UHV 5'/ 5 iit .Mil l.i'ig (>iK 28<) »J Xl\ Hcou-lcan;; ^1 16 \\ llciiii-tang cr;? '1 "s \ 1 1 Uoii-tiin (jj'j II .\ . II Hicm-haii 94 7 4 2 Will lleou-ttheou WW 9 Xl.\' ."•nllg i)(>-) IJO iK XX V ell l/Ki «q f) XXI Mini; Ijt.S »77 lb a' XII niiiK ''•4? ''7_, , 3 'I'hus it appears, by the above table, that the Chinrfe empire hath been elUhlilh.d near 'uui ihuulaiil yc.u- ; ihiiiii • whivh fpiiii lit lime, there have rr ^'iiid two In.n- dnd and thiitv I inpi ior«,- - 1 he third lolumii fliiwk the tluratiuii of each iJyiiatty, uriacc ul cin|Krgrti THE cr:t;Kror of China is rtilcd by his fill■j^^^s the fon of hcavui, the holy eir.pcror, tile foK ,ij grand governor ol the world : they actually adore him; not even h;s tirjl miniller, or his hear uiatioii^, mult prefume to approac'i him wiclitii't falling on their L... ^s. His other fulm-cts always prollrale theuikives whti: 1-e- foic his thrc:;.', even if he he not llf.iiv; there; and if they fee either his girdle or his robes, they mull a!fo tall prolhate on the ground. No perfon, even ol th.e hilt r.ink in life, p;'.lies bv his pahicc on horli.luek, <.r in a chair, but ipiits his leal before he arrives .;t it, and walks till he has got hevonil it. 'I'he Chiiiefe emperors, however, take no unconfti- tulional advanta 'e of this exceilivc homage paid ll.ein by their lubjccH, hut in i,eiier.il govern with lenity. When they go to tlie temple of Tien with their ofTer- in'^s or fcrihces of gr.aitude, they apjicar in all the m.ig- iiihcence ot e nlirii poiii() : the pr'.cetlion (imiriiicvi with drums an. I i:anipel>i a number of peifuns t. en follow with Hayes painted ted ; il.efe are folii wed '■/ foldiers with red maces adorned with (iowers: tour I nn- dred magiiiruent lantmn-^, and as n-any flambeau., ii.cil appear, diti'.Min.' a moll grand illuirunation ; then loiiie a L;ieat number of |icrfons witi< fpeais, in.l twfi;iv-fi.ur h.inners, with the fi ns of the Zodiac painted on them, which the Ciuhefe divide into twelve part-; the hftv-lix other banners follow lhe(e, repiefeuting the f.:'i l;x conllell.itions, to v.h'ch th; ChiiiOle reduie all the It.. - ; .ibout two hundred fan-, and lever;'! iinihrella', ; le the next objects J on the fans aie paint. d hiid-, dr.^ .ns, eVc. the fans are held hgh in the air by nte.ins of the poles, ai.d the umhic!'as arc niagmficcntly or.uiiirnt, J : u grand heautet, furi.illied with golileii cup.s ?■ I other v.duahle .irtich s, is ii< xt ..en; and then comes tlie em- percr hiinlelf, who is on horfrbaci:, in rich appai.lj he is atter.vled by his p.iges, and an huiidied nveii v ith fpears ; and near hmi ate fix miik- white Heed-, vvluifo trappiii;- lire adurii'd with jewels. The priiid- of the hlooil, iiiamlaiiiis, ie. then'lollnvv, in their proper h; - hit--, wit'l l.ve hiii.i'red v,>iilh- helon;jin-'. to the j .iltice, lollowed b\ a thoiilaiid footmen. Tw.i grand chairn are ii.\t 1. . n ; one is borne bv ab.iut forty tiicii ; v.n.l tlie oiln r, which is i nrliderablv lari;er, by iipwarvX of an hiinilrrd \ then come chariots il.awn bv i!e[haiit«, and lome hy hoifi , t iih atie"ih t.ike a loiii .liiablo IhaiC 111 ihe tiouble ujion thmil In -. A miiiiitir hai. the privil.^c ol frlliM^' the rii>|«Ti>r of hi« faults, provitled he does it with gn it humihiv anil tJele- rencc ; 11 lie Jifcoieis any thin;' in the eondue't <>f hii I6iiti;.'n in' ..iipjtiLjle uith the wellarc of th- tnipjrr, he di.ivvs up 1 wiiimg, m vvh'c!', alt-M uliir- ev .'iv lie- crfl'ary exprellnm of relpect l.ir h.s niaidle, I-, nnploret him to ac'here ItedfalUy to the m.ciL.it (aw, ciltimis, and ixampl's ol his pieilectflor-, mid tlici p"iiits out tu hiin 111 what inllanee, he ha> erred. this v. ritiiij lies upon a table with petitions ilaily pref ,.te I : Im thit empeiui is obhg/ d to receive p'tiliuii-, or leinoiiHtanC' s; the iieepl- have a ritdil, (ouiid.d tin cuHoitl t>- uneicnt at the conltitutiiiii, id |,e allowed accilit 1 < Inin in |iri(oii wiih any |Miiiion or leinfinftramr, when ilicy have intorm.iiioM to hidm .ij'.ainft hi-- I'rtitcr* l"t anv cgttupt piaiUct , I'hc emperor ii ubl>(cU to re ul anj •uJwer i ASIA.] Empire of CHINA. 29 r rf Tlcn 5 Pctlu:,'^ of I his '■"■'"l My-ri'. the t'lU' lol' .iJ ai'.ijic liiiii i atld!!', nuilt thcii L . ^s, lis wIhi; I'c- thcro ; ;iikI if mult alio l;.ll 1 ot tl'.e hilt ack, <>i' ill :i it, anil ual!c$ no unoiilH- [),iiil il.nn by iiity. Ii tlicir oflcr- all till- 111.11;- '. ( < rniri:u\i pc lluiis \, (11 tblii wni !■/ ■s; tour I "n- imlitMii ; u.en I ; thi'ii i(M.:c ;! twci t\.ri.iii' ti(l on I "■•■T!, ; the lllh th'.- t:-. •all t'u 11. nllas ; u- !>!«, ill.. iiv.',m« III fix ux ihc the oni.nni'iit. J : ani r- ! ntlKT :lll1(■^ liio <-ni- liili appau-l} I'l nv.ii vi!h llciii', wlmfo (iniM IS of ilic ir pri'piT h; - In ihr I ir.uf, ^raii>l chain itv tncii; ■•.111 iipvva'i'' dt" hv I 'ill., lilt-, ir.'.i. The N rf Icitci', , all in llii'ir inv, Iv.ucvrr, ii>t ill j'fnrral oiliiT rallcin .inf-iit tli''.n- iiu«J.ratf af- ;d a w'lU . IVy mt . :t, lint ■ 1(1 ; nuVnl^ HI , 111 t ik" 1 •nl 1.1 .. A n'|«Miii "'t hit lilv anil tJfd'- iiuiui't ol hi« f 111 • iniparc, iiii ' i-M'iy 111'- >M' iniiilnrfi aw>, I'll'oni', 1 I'lKits nul i \\:s V ritin< r .lU' I : l. I'M .iliV 111 tu ir id »iij •iiUwi'l anfwcr th^fo pititioiis or n-nimiftrances : fhoulil he be weak or iibllinatc ciioui;h t.) rcfufc to naJ them, or caufe to be ill-treated the perlims wlio prcfeiit them, he would become odious and deielleil ihroughout the whole empire. 'Ihe ik' •((lily of jiiHice in him tends to make him wife and intelligent; he i', wli.;t one would wifli all princes to he, the idol of his peopk' ; he does not pol- fel> his authority as a conqueror, or a le^iflator, but as a r.ithcii as a parent he reigns, as a parent he governs, rcwi.rds, and puniflies. He his two loverei^n councils; one, wliich is lliled the rxfa council, is coinpofed only of princes ol the blood royal ; the oilier, which is lliled the I :niil in orJinarv, has, exclufive of tlu-fe princes, feveral niiiiiiUrs called Colai.-, who iin.'iligate Ibtc ir. liters, and iii.ike their report to the emperor. A certain cu.lom of fome of the licerati and men of genius of the empire, hath no fnnll tendency towards rendering an emjH'ior lUidious to obli;ic his fuhjects ; thele literati, diltinguilhcd as mum fur their iullice as their learnini;, aic tixcd upi>n to obferve, with the moll fcrii- pulous nicety, the i;cncral public coiiiUict of the em- piror; each makes his own remarks, and, without coni- iiiunicaliiig them to either of the others, commits them to paper, which paper he puts into an olliec appropriated folely for the rcceival of it : but that in ither a view ot iiitcrelt on one hand, nor a die.id of diijileature on the .other, may bi.is them in tlieir oblervations, what they wrilc is' never made public during the piince's reiuii, '•^ lior indeed while anv of the fniiilv lit on the throne. !''2 r.ut when the crown p.in'es into another Hyiially. tlie e manui'cripts Jic made public, and form the tiillory of the lull dvnafty. The emperor, from motives of poliry. If n"t from principle, appears iKvays to have a p.iti .ai an '. lender icyard for his people ; and whenever anv of his provinces are V iiited witii a particular calamity, he for lonie time ': abllains Ironi all pu'ilic ainufeinciit-, keeps hiiiii'elt clok ill his palace, and perhaps retrenehes fimc of the ordi- nary taxes. His levciiue is imnienlV, amoiintin;; to nuire than twenty-one millions a \ear ; and his arnu is feven liu.ijicd a:id leventv ihouland tliong. He has an iiniiniiteJ power to declare war, prmlaim peace, or Coiieludc treaties. He takes cognizance of all impiutam mailers tranfackd in the fix loMreigii coints of I'e-kin^; tut tlij manaj^einriit of the tiii.inces is uiid..r the diiechon of ilie mficers ot the tleond liverci.'ii court : all the re- veilles ol ihe Ihite pais tliroiii;h thiir l.an.! , they bein;; the a; pointed gaaiili.ins ol the inipci.il Ireil'iire. 'lie public revenues arc not farmed, nor do thev pals throuj'i the liaads of feveial under-iei eiver^, but the chief ma gilliales of eich city rc^'ul iie and collect the levie-, and remit them to .the iiealiircr-.uKi.il ol the pro- viiue, who tiaiifnilts tlicin tu the lilbunal of tiiianccs at i'c-Liiig. ' 4k s !•: C T. XIIF. Of ill.- XJitil), and //•<• .M.nuUrim, AS to the nobility of China, people are promoted and ennobliil luie in piopoition ti their mtrii . Ilioujjh, flrictly, noi'e but the imperial fviiilv have .iin rtal tille of dilliiitli.iii, in whole favour live honor.in degrees of nobility a:c cllahhlhid. the title of prince is not only (jiveii to the Ions of the emperor, but allii to his lons-in-law •, and to ihele litter are granted aiinu.il flipends adiipiale Id llicir digiuty, but no amhoiily in cuiitcipieiiie ol iiiairiajiej a piince o| ihe liivvill rank, howcici, is lupenor to the tiitl main' ini 111 the enipiie, linJ iii)iiiii;ui(hes himftlf bv a U'llow .iiiie. I he toil o( a niundaiin tanks no higher on account of ','. his biiih than the tin of 4 pealaiit the emperor* inilie,! t r.inlii ciitjjn tilUk anlwciiii(i; to tlii le . it Juke, tail, ai.d viti:ouiii with us: but thcle do not liiictnd. The) li.iM- a fingiij.ir nirtliod in Cliin.i of diniifjini;, ^y cnnolliiiji the aiicillots ol miy p-iiun bai k to the ninth .iiid tenth generation j but this conlcr. no honuin ;-■' on his illiK ; 111 ilijt, piii|KiIv l|H.jkiiw, lluii- arc oiilv two noble t.iiiiihes in China, that 1, whei.in nobilitv is deiivalivr, \\r. that < it the 1. "iinij; ini|Klor, and that of Coiiliu iu«, ti| whom we ll.jll ^.\c fomc account ill I pii.pcr plncr. The ikfc. iiiUn-s of Conliuiiis have ►cs-n hoMouretl with diftinijuiDnJ puvilt^cs lor two thoufand years j and it :i from his illuftrious family that the emperor aKvavs chufcs a perloii of learning for {rovcr- nor of Ivi-feoii in Chan-tong, the pLice of nativity of that great philofopher. The princes of the blood refide at court, and have palaces there, thougli no authority over the people. Bc- i'ldes the ladies to whom thcle princes marry, they have i;enerally three nominal wives, on whom the emperor bellows tit!vs, and v\hofc children take place next to thofe of the lawful wife, and are much more relpccted than the children of their concubines. The mandarins arc the governors of provinces and cities; thev are chofcn by the emperor. 1 hole are called iiiand.iriiis of letters who have applied thcrilclves to literature, and pallc-d through the de.'jeis prior to that of the doctorate. Thife men have the direction of the political government of the empire ; their nuiiibcr is from thirteen to fourteen thoulaiul, and ar" divided into nine cLities, out of the three tirft of which the emperor makes choice of his minifters and officers of the tirlt rank, as the col.10;, or niinillers of It.it'j; thejudacs of the I'upreme courts ; the governors of tiie capital cities ; the treal'urers ijencr.il of the piovinci.s, the \icerov-, &c. Hut the chiliircn of -hofe who enjoy e\ en the very liigheft oflices, aP^ tluiieiimes obli;.'ed to follow mechanical pro- felfions ; indeed the Ion of a mandarin may fui cced to his lather's wealth, but not to his tiij;nity ; he muft rile, as his father did, merely by dint of merit, to enjoy ho- iiouiable reputation. 'Ihe int'irior mandarins, or thofe M.o are called to the inferior offices in the courts of judicature and t!ie f.i'.anccs, arc appointed to the '.govern- ment of the li iler cities, and prelerve the good order and tranquillitv of the Itate. 'I he ditlereiice of I'ubor- dination in tiiel'e li:veral clalRs is fueli, that the manda- rins of the three frit chitles can order the balliiiado to be -liven to the inferior ones. As the mandarins are the rcprcfentatives of the fove- rcij.'ii, a proportionate homage is paid to thun, .iiid the people addrcts ihein on their knees when thev aie leatcd on their tribunal. I hofe of hiirher clalVes have always a pon.pous attendance when they iipp^ar in public : lour 11. en I any them in a magnihcent cliair, the otlicer. of lli.ir court walking before them, tome t airying an um- brella, .iiid others beaiiiu; on .1 cupper l';ilon, to ^ive no- lice ot the ni.nidaiin's approach; ri_;ht eiilign-bear. rs i \hibit on their eiifiiois the tales ot honour, in lar^i; . har.iilei.-, ot tlii, j;reat man; ihel'e are fuccicded by I'uitcen Ifindard-bc.irers, bc;'.iii.j; th • lunbols of his I'dice, vi'/. a dragon, plurnix, and olliei ..r.unal- ; fix people then are teen with little taiili I,, on which are in- liiibed tile virtues of this maiulaiin ; two archeii. on horlel ack are alio in the pioccllion, riding 111 freMit of the principal j.uaul:, who ciiry large hooks o'lunKiiteJ wiih I'llkcn fiiiiiie: lome carrv halbcit'-, tome maces, I loine axes, t'nnii wiiips, (iinic llaves, .iiid lonie hinders and cutlalles : others c airy chains of iron, and at length come two men lo.uled with a cr.iiid ihtll, contaiiiinij the lial ot hisolVue, \^hiletwo other perloiis beat upon ketile-drunis. The maiiJanii then appeals, preceded by two llandaid-bearers and the captain ot the i;uard> : he IS lurrounded by p.i.j;es and lootnien, wliilt an otficer holds neai hini a lar^e hamitbme tan. Ihe proceflion is ilolid by piiaids and domellits. It is not the lulloin lor people to manifcfl their re- Ipeit, as the niaiulaiin p.illis along, by aiclamalions, II bowing their Ivnlics, but by llanJiiiL', in a fixed pot'- liiie, and bv a reierential lilence. W hen he goes out III the night tune, inllead ot flambeaux there arc feveral l.irge lanivins, on which are Inlcrlbcd hit title and tjua- lilies, Ihe mandarins being confulcred as the protcclois of ihe people, il is requireil of tlinn that thev be ealy ot ac- id., not only at their Itated times of audience, but 1 lery hour ol the day and night i the palace, iherefoie, ol a niandaiin i« alwjis open; and at one ol ihe palace- tati s there is a ki tlle-druin, which the people beat tor iidiiiitlaiice when they have wcalion to appiv to Inm j howevir, if the c lule of application be not it r.al cuii- Icijiiinie, the applic int reveins the ballina''o. The nuiuUiins aie dehaircd the mduluiiice of lh« common lalhionable divetfiuns, bv llie ' >,s ol the em- pill'. Inch as pmnip, lieqnriiling public walks, alleni- blics (if., and it the leal) ihlluibaiist h.ppcns in a pio- H since, 3® A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF C.i:0(;RAPilV * :iliiiolt liiri- of ln.iiiir Je- prived ot his governmint. It a rolilicrv or iniirilir he coniinittcil, he L» ohliyil to liiul out ami bring to julliii.- the ortciivler. It the crime be p.irrieiile, all the man- darij.> of the dillri-'f are nirrieil out of their ofiiee?, be- caufe it is fiippofeil tliat fn heinous a erinic eoiiUl not have been eomniitteil, had the ni;indar;ns been more j;e- nerally careful of the people's morals. It a general inlinrection happeiiN in a province, the viceroy of Inch province is deemed acccnmtable and even ndpa'ilo tor it j it beini: in this c.ife a m.ivini of i;o\i.rn- mcnt, tiiat he has citlier opprellid the iiifuri;eiit<, or connived at the opprellion ol them bv his otficcrs ; for that a people (ioverned by npriitht nuiiilhates, can have no occal-.on to be difcoiuenteil and riotous. riu' Chiiiel'e law ordain', that no perfoii (I1.1II cnjov the coppice and ili^nitv ot mandarin in anv city or pro- i vincc where he was born, or wberc, with recjard to : relations and friends, he n\av have anv particular con- nexioiLs J in (hort, two perfons of the fame family mull not be mandaiiiis in the fame dillrkl, in order that thev may .ici with the i;reater impartiality andjultice. If a mandarin has the char.i''U-r of a covetous cr a mercilefs man, he not on'v cxpoli himlelf to the hi'Ired (/f t!ic public, but hkewilo meurs the difpleafiire of the court : snJ if he hopes I,, be lontinucd in his oflicc, he mull acquit himl'clf witli mtuleralion ai\d dillnterellednefs in the (i.fchafjic of his d.ilie., the government watchiiii; with incrcd.Lile vi<»ila:ice into the conduct of their ma- gilUatCj. The emperor lends infp-ctors into the pro- vif.ccs, who go di gulfed into the ref|K'ctivc tribunals while ti.e nund.'.rins arc fittiiiL' there, and eiiqune le- cretly of the people how the\' behave in their oilices ; and if he hear-, of anv iiul-praclice, he difcovers the rn- fi^ns of his diunitv, and declares himlelf the cmproi'., rin-ny. lie then tranfmits to Court the inlorm.nion he has i(cciveii of an order nf mandarins 1 „l|ed the mandarins il war, ofwho.ii there ate li e dalii-., \ns t to him bi lun^t the fufiromc cominaiid ol the army t hut, (hoiild there be a war, the CliinJc law pieliiibes, there fli.ilt 111 Imh cafe be ymmJi with biia lu c;«mmliliuii a liiandatiii ul , letters bearinj the title of fupciinieiiilant of .inn"; and there mull be likevMie apiiob.red out il the l.ime ordei', two inl'iieclors of his coinliic!. 'i'he ;;en^i\;Ii:l;nio uii.lci. takes no e!iter;'ii/.e without the coiiunt of theie tb.rec otiueis, who fend a pariiciilar account ef ills opt rations to the fniirth fiiprcine couit at I'c-km;, tli it aufiil tii- biinal, to wliivh even the g',;neial hi '.ilelf is a.-cciint- ' able. '1 iiel. mandarins, or oiiicers at war, are cuai- ' puted at no Icfs than cijjbteeii thoufand. • s i; C l'. XI\'. Of //•,■ Af.l.' sf T,is,!U:>; in Ci-ii.T, of the pnuti I. /ins, and it'^'.xni M.tl'iii of p'inijhhig Ojf'niiiii , ; ihi J'li' fjii:, uii.l ,/uiJ Dil'-mtJ) :J Trills. TH K mode of tax.ition in China is v.-ell regulated: every citi/.en, from the au,e of twentv to li":ty, pavs a tribute proportionate to his income; If any per- fons net'lckf to pav, they receive the ballinado, m aro thrown intopiifon; and fometimes a certain luimbertit' Inch aged poor are quartered upon them, as government would otherwile have to maintain; and theie live iip.'U them at free colt till the cmpeior's demands are lati 1 ' il. The taxes are lent to government p.i'lv in c;iin, pa;ily in lilks and other mert'han'lize, and p.iiily in l.dt, wnoj, coal, and other lU'celliries. One pan ol the rov.il p;o- viluuis itnt in, is dilliibuted to tne enipei r'. olHcetJ, who receive weekly or inoiulilv n certain qn.uiiitv ol rice, lilh, meat, fait, coal, '.'c. T he remainder of the ini- penal (lores is delivered out in liKe manner to the princes, the niinilKrs of (late, the man.lariiis o( I'e-kiiii; and of the provinces, to the liilJ.cr--, ji. I n> others. i\> to tlie pen.al Knvs of thi^ countrv, ihel't is :u'vcr P'lnidled with death the fnlt orfeiond time; ihe eiiir.i- iial is only burnt in the arm with an hot iron ; fi the tliiid ott'ence, however, he finely die-. The three c.l- nii il piniiniments are, lti.in;',lln_', cnltlng oti the head, .ind cutliiH"; a perlon in pieces; the lirft of thcl; is looked UiHin as the nioU favourable, as the latter i< the molt dreadful iuid (liocking ; lor the crmimal, whofe fate it is to be cut in pieces, biin; lied fall to A y<\ is (Irlppv 1 over his eyes, :.:l..t(jr 1 f his own lor- ake, the fl.iii of liis h.'.id that he m.iy not be the i\ lUlf-. Adultery is puniOud with the bafllnado; aiul the lentem e tor murdi r i^ citlur beheading or (lringlini>j the litter of tlul'e is accoint .1 the lea!l ignominious ; for the Chinele annex the i ka of great inlaniv on ih-; punillimri.i of behe.nling ; and the leafon tlu'V afli^Mi lor it is, i!>.!t iioihiii;' mnie diffract till ran p'tfibly liap- |H-ti toa|Ki|oii dyin ', titan ni>t to pieUrve ihe liiiniaii loiin as pro| iiiio'ied li th'- liatine ot lu- ollcncei and as this ba'tinido aiiJ whip lire ir'lijl'.l lor In. i.il crimes, an.l lui h ..s even the mand.iiin» liirnifelves are li.ible to, they arc not con tidered as inlaiiiou,, Tlic emperor hinildt tunutinic^ Mi'nmands this puniftimeiit to be inllictel upon jre.it ptii..iif, an I aflLiw irds lulmits ih'-m tn hix pr-titui as ulu.'l. Siuirllous |angu.i,e, rr lighting wiilt thi fil!i III thelhcil, will Incur lliii challlleiluiit ; li iv, ivenif acoinni'ii f/!ww on horliback does not dilmoiiit when 11 niaiidaiiii appear^, 01 irolles the tln-ct in Ins piehntc, I,, ri reives eight or ten lliokes ; which is p'-iioiiiie I wilb i (uih expedition, that il 1- tlti'ii done ''elore thcl' whi» ■MX preleiit know anv ihlll,^ of the m;...ir. M:ilb" iilif I the l.ime coiu.bon ti t!ieir (cholar^, l.itlii rs 10 iliviik I vlilldieii, anl ('i.iiulri-- i'> iheir tluincllics. The chat- ; liliiij^ iullru'uciit Ik a Iphl baiubuu. Anuthi!/ 4 i'l .inn5 ; and Ik- (,uia- "tilci", ;li:!'.iiio im.li-1- ot thcll- tl'.ivC 'Ills OjU IMlil'MS llir .iul;ll tll- It' is a.x.UiU- Y.ir, ;uc LUIU-- •lUii i the Pi i- vi.'i! regulated ; v;iitv to il--:!)', (• ; ii' any |wr- (liii.i.lo, i iron i l"i tlie The three c.l- ; iirt' tlie head, iirff «t thil; Is ;is the 1 itter ii the criiniiul, ^ tied l.itl to a over liis eye'', his own tor- l.ul'1 i .tiid the cir llr.iii^liiiijj i_^>,iu)llliiu- rvc the hmiuii i.itiire. I hiile liul leremcn e* marked in ritn in^; an huntircd H ((iiimiiin pii- ith I IS t.'cc to XIV, I r an liiiii- li ■ wh'ppmu i» rt lit \\\- jiid.T, lueitmn. I lie pri'l iil^'ined I.I baMiii.iilit iiiid (ill h ..V even CV -TT lU't lOII- iili II luinrliiiiri teJ iipiin (re at hi> \'i' li till i* %m;:i t'.i fi;U ; n iv, I »in if 111!. M. It \i'ii-ii a II 1,1.. (i.iimc, p'liiii me I with |..re till I ■ wha I. M'llh-- life l.iilii rs It) iliiik i». The that'- A'l.Alwf ?5 1 ASIA.] Annil.cr inlhumeiit f<;r puiiiniiiig ulUiKlers is the raiuue i it is a wud.len collar nr pnrtable pillory, made ot tvvii llat pieces iif wnoil, almut twi> leet hina.l, and five (ir fix iiiclits thick, In h.illowtd a-, to encircle the i-.cilc, and relt upon the Ihoulilcrs. When tliis inlliu- ment is laltened round the ivek, the culpiit can neiilitr , fee bis feet, nor put his band to his muiitli, hut is under i the lucellitv nl' bcini; led by funic ol'ur p.rl.in. This unealy c.mlinenieiit he is lorccu to bear both day and ! iiij,ht J it is h'.-avier or lij^hter in proportion to the oli'ence committed ; fome of iliem wel'b two hiiii- | dre.l p iiinJs ; the cominoii fo;t wcijih bl'ty or lixty pijiiniis. I I'o prevent the hitVerer biin;^ fet at liberty by any per- ; foil, the ma, iluaie caiilis a paper to be palled en where the two halve... join, feiiUd with the public fcal. For liime oriences the drliiupient is fenlenccd to wear the ' caiinue for fiveral nionilis, and tu apiH-ar with it in the' public niaiket, which is confideied as a inaik ol the greatelV infimv. I Sharp, r^, .lamifleis, and difturbers c! the peace, are I often puiiilhed with the can;'iic ; but they contrive vaii- ] ous wavs til relieve ihcmlilvis, as by their liieiids walk- ; inj; on each fule, an.l beariiv; the weijiht on their (hiiiildeis, by enaiiis hi fiained as to iupport the caiiL'ue ; fomo by kiicelins ivll ihe collar on llie (rrouml, and llliis live thcmliUes a leiiiporarv nlief j and when they go to lelt ■ ;it iii'ih', th.ir Inends iiave fome contrivance for them, fo as thev may be at full length. i 111 ti. jfon.ible cal'es, in or.ler to extort a ronfeflion from the paitv, tbev iile a kind ol r.ick lor the leet and hands ; and time is Itilla much feveier tortutc fometiiiies ufed on tiiife oiialioiis, wliich is opimiii; the ikin with fcilliirs, and laitiiig tlw flelh. ' W'c mull not omit to i bit rve here, tint the olTiceof| exceiitionir in China is fo I'.ir from being aiteiidid vutli ] anv dilgi.ice, th, t it i> ellecmed .\\\ honourable eniplov- 1 rKiit: lie at I'e-kin^ wears a ;_'irt ev.'ii of yellow lilk, which is the badge ol the cnnnroi's lervicc j iiav, one of the diHin 'inlhiiig orii.iiiicnts of the princes of (be blood ; and his inllriiinent tif puniftinient is wrapjicd in lilk of the lame colour. ; rile priioiis ill China are fpacious, commotlious, and clean ; the iiUial number of perlons ronlincd in 'he u.iols n the drum at the pate, he iiniiudiatclv receives admittance. lie tluii ptif.nls his d.cUration to in ofKnr oi jullice, who tikis it In tl e nundariii, and the luKerle partv is Empire op CHIN A. V (. ttluviih fiat for ; who, atelv balliiiidoul : but if nh.il he al!i ilocJ liiinlUl. It I the '.'uillv, iitift' he I, I -, he lofcs his tauli, and s immeili- wrum in IS haltina- S I. C I. XV. Of lit F...''''.:/lii.i! f';l.i':i/Uhnli i'l China, a, y^f.-ffal h (Iv ilijf'r.nl .V..'.'. :/' ConluciiK, l.ao-k.iuiii, <;i./ l-ici rf /'■.■ Sf.'t »,'"I,.imai jf li'f St.iu e/' Judailin uhI .\talio luianifiM i ,in.l >/' /'•< J-ijIiliitiir, J'l - fiji, P(ijt\ulii», iiisl Siiffirj/!}/! i/ tin UiijIntH Alt- TIIF. Chiiitfc Ids, which n.aiiy dll)'erciit irii;' (//;. iii^Mfjfiin ij tin UiijImh a.- are iln iSetl ptimipally into three prim ipally .'V he C'lilidi led as prulelliiij', lo ions, fiiiH'iilition, howeiei, whuh j III other countiies hath ellahhlheil ticlpotihn, and luh- %ctled leeal j^tmimncnt, ha» no ii'lliieiue in China. Oiieol the ahti\o three lei'ls aiknowled.is Coiiluiiui for theit founder : the fee olid, I .lu kiuiii, and ihu thud , \en, A>e the province of Chan-tcJ.^g ; he was coiilcmporary witli I'ytiiagoras. In lii< morning of lite he cave proof of a liberal genius, and, ;;s he a Ivaiiced in jeai', ap| bid himlelf wholly to tlie llmiy of pluloibphy, partieul.irl/ to tlie ethical part. V. lien he was nineteen years ot age he entered into the mairuge itate, and after having one foil by his wife, paitcd from her, in order to i_-\ott; himlelf with the greater application to Ilia lludics. W licii he svas fufiieieiitly Ikiiled in the fciences, he undertook to teach others, tiavelliiig fr.mi pvo>ince to province, and cndcavmiiing to inlpire people with the love of virtue, a contempt of wealth, and ,in aicilion to plca- lurcs. 1 bus, by degiees, his reputation fpiead thnmgli the empire, and he v.,i5 loon at the head of three tiiou- fand dilciples, out of whom he made choice ol levcnty- two to propaj,ate bis dociiine in diiferent places. Hl' even prutleiitly avoided giving olfenie to the pujudices of his couiitr;', by a too /lalous ami violent attack upon its erroi-.i his inodcraiion and candour were etpial with his genius ami learning. In all his actions, as in ;.ll his dileourles, he fupport.d piccept by e.vampje. His fyllein of religion was a Ivllen. of n.ituial law, whiih ought to be the ground-work of all religions, the rule of lociety, anil llandaid ot goveriunent ; he taught, that reafoii was an emanation of the Almighty, and that the fupieme law conlilled in the harmon\ bitwciii n.ituie and re.ilon ; that the religion rLjHignant to realon, coald not come from heaven. t'onfueius, at the age of hfly-iue, was elevated to the tli 'lutv of liirt m.iiillcr ol ihe kingdom of I, on, his native country, whiih he gov. rued w.th f) much wiidoiu aiiil nlpeit.ibic '.uthoniv, tiiat ill a little tunc the face o: thiiig.s uiiilirweiit a total change ; hut thefe h.ippv efl'eiis cf Ills |,(.o,l .i.iiiiinillration .iiur/.eal were of no long duia- tion ; III- tiie king oi i on, feduced bv the alluienieiit> ol .1 woman, loon lorgot the excellent advice and in- llriu lions ot his minuter. Coiilucus, thereloiv, alier vainly eii.leavuuring lo reclaim hi.ii, ijuitted hini, and left his iLi'ivj toiintiy. in fe. ah ot wiler princes 111 other kingdoms', n.ir bid he occal'ion to travel a great way, lor all wcie air.br.ioui to h.uc hini lor their guell. This gic.it an.l good philolopher di.d at the a.;e of fevcn'.y-tliree, and had a niaJiulicent monument cieil- ed to him near the city of Kio-fcii •, the Chinefe entertain a profound veneration for his nieninry, ami have a cl.ajKl ded.. .ted to him In aimed eveiv citv, wherein the tiiand.iiin«, and other literati alleniblc on particular davs, pirleiuing oiilatloiis to him, alier the manner of a l..cnliee j li.mour-, howivcr, very lon- trarv to the principles ol Conlucius. who never al- lowed of luch hom.ige and worlliip being paid to t I real lire. The doilrinc of Confucius is I'le religion of the em- peror, the princes of the blood, and of all people of learning and tlilliiicbon in China. The emperor, who is lole poiitllF, is iudge lilicwifc in nutters if uligion j but as the national woillnp wat made for the goveiiimeot, nut the govcinmeiit loi it; and as both weie dcligiied lo be Uiblctvieiu i.i the ends of the communitv, it is not the puiiic's nueiell to employ the tvvo-lold pieiojjalivc lodged in lii» hands, lur the pui - pofes ol IV I. limy. The Chiiitle in general, acco.ding to I'. Ou ll.ilde, have clear apprehenliHis ol a Supienic neing : they do not. In then invocations to Ticn m C ban,;-!!, ad. dicfs themlUvcs to the iiia*'. r.al heavens, but t.i me Knij; of i leaven. Ihe empeior Ch.iiig hi, in 171's, puhlillied an c.l.jl, in wliiihhe deil.iled, " it is not to the vilibh an.i ma- tt rial heavm th.it we uller our faciilicet, hut to ihe I. Old ol Htaveii." An.l Dii liable obferves, that the infcription, Picii 01 Vh.iiigli, on the liguie biloie whiih llitv olf^-uj then laciilices, wis not to be un.letllood a» leprelcn- Inlive ol the ni.itcrial heaven i it bun ', lolelv and purely from a rchgious i.vireiKc l.i the .Sipunu l.oi.j of all things, that th. v iboie to addrels himiiiidii .o'V t.ther naiiitf than that .^l bupreiiic Heaven, L'nlvetlai llci- Vu or I'oji. Coiifui HIS was horn five hiindrrd an.l fifiv yearn However it niav have been aflerted to the contrary, ll is well known that the Chincle lilti.iii lietpient the kclv^ic Chilli, m Uiv kiiif^duiu wl Luu, wlush u uww |^ icui|iUi, luid 4iund vit itm UwtilKct m buaiiaon wnb their 8* A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIlV. ffi )!' their eountrymcn ; m\A 'hey ilciUirc thty addrefs their adorations to oni; Supreme Cioil. Lao-kium was born alumt lix Inimlred years before Chrift, in the pro\im'e ot' Hoii-qii.mg ; his marvellous birth, according to the account given of it by li^me of his dil'ciples, was as fnllows : his father was a common fwaf^nt, and lived to the age of feveiity, without ever having been able to obtain the att'eClions of any woman ; at length, however, obtaining the love ol a cood ho- licH dame, about forty years of age, he wedded her ; and fhe moll miraculoullv, without having the leal! connexions with her hulliand, proved with chil.l, but was not delivered for upwards of torty years, tor her pregnancv proceeded purely from the prolilic virtue o( the heavens and the e..rth. At li nglh, however, (he was delivered under a plum-tice of l.ao-lcmm, who had hair and eye- brows white as fnow ; wherefore the people, furprifcd at hi> whitem-f-, called him I.an-tfe, or the old infant j but afterwards he went by the lunne ol Lao-kiuin. As loon as he attained to the r\ereife of his na- tural reafoiv, he applied hinifi l( with unwearied ddi- gcnce to the Ihidy of th-' feieneev, and made hnnfeli maltcr nt the hillorv, laws ar.d cultom^ ot his country . he wrote a book entitled I auil'e, cont.uning tne thou- lind fentences, repUte with excellent morality. At U ?igth, atter having I'pcnt a lite of (..litnde and lanclitv, he ilied at a place called V, where a tomb was creeled to his memory. This philofopher coi.llantlv pre.uhed up loiitude as an infallible mean'- of devaing the human loul above earthly things, and of k, and tailing it with a iiligious reverenee to Ins pahice, he there |l:iced it in a gold box. It was at ihis period thai l!ie adorniion ot demon', and the idolatrous winlhip n this cmious errand, Hipping atapl.ne where the idol I'ov w.,s leveienced, IhcN look .{W.i\ the inugr, and broiighi il to China, «i tompanied by a conlidcrabic iiiiinlx-r ot l«on/es, wtm, fup {lotted by the laiiiiliun of the rin|icior, pr^'pngilcd their doctrine throughout the empire, and it is now the moft highly favoured fed in all China. I'oe taught the doClrine of tranfmigration long before Pythagoras, and was the founder of the fidoration tu hiiiilelf as a (lod. His difciples, after his deecaie, pre- tended he had Ik-cii born eight thoufand timi •*, ;!ii 1 that his foul had fuccclTively tranfmigiated thioiigh ditVirent animals. The bon/.es. In purfuanrp of their great mailer's doctrines, maintain that fouls pals into ot ler bodies after death ; and thty give out, that I'oe left belilnj him live grand comiiMndincnts, viz. Never to depiiic any cieatuie whatever of iN life j never to rob any man of his property j never to be guilty of unthaliity j nc\ er to tell a Ive, and .lever to dunk wine. The bon/es hold, that there are places of rew.irds anJ piinilhments i and lliev puach up acts of beiuvoleiiLe to nionalleries, as pceul.arlv proliiable to the foul in the next life; maintaining that lueh pious deeds will ablolvc from lins, but th.it if they are omitted, the coi;rei]iicnce will be the nioK dre.ulful tortures, and the liml will pal» through the motl difgracelul metamorpliolcs, tin h as nog', dogs, rats, alle*, iVc. The bony-, bud their diHTlrine of great utility in railing contributions, unj eidaiging the revenues : to all omw.ird app ..ranee, 'liey lead a lile of great aulleritv ; liime dr.ig large hravy chains afierthem, iwentv or thirty feet long, v.'hilc others beat their heads and brealU wiih fluit itonis. 1'. I.e Comic ti IN the following Ib'ry of a ynunij bon/.c. " One day," lays he, " 1 met in fl;e llieet ,i young bon/i', whole apparent modcfly and dii n fs v.Muld have CM lied the coinniileralion of any body : he w.is ia a chain lluek full of naiN, with Ihe points towaids liiin, iiilumuch that he v.as obliged to kn p hiirifell" \erv lleadv in his liat, to I'revent ihiii p: rcing his (lelh : in this chain two men lariied him w.iii c anious care liom hiHile to hoiil'', lioppiiig at ev.r. d'.ir, where he imploied the conipalhoii of the pupie: profiling ;.loud that I'.e had placed himfelf in tins p.iiniul iiiu.tii'ii tle of ihein. .Ah' (iniliiiued the impullors, but (>erh.ips t'.u hulband may dilpoli; of iheiii ' an' ih' ii wh.it will become of our poor lathers (nuls f The woman, alleeled with their prelended dillril*, pave them the ducks, that they mirht exrrcile tl.eir tdiil cj"": mir them . hinveier, in the evening they loalLd aiiii eat them. Notw.thllanding the apparent pieiv and .iii'trr'.ty of thefe priell>, ihey a.e not refpetiid, Init defpilid, iiifo- iiiucli that ihiy arc under a necertity of udicmiiig llaves, to train them up to their order, whom lliey oblige jto pals througli a very rigorous probation bel in- they arc 'iiiiiialed, the no\ ICC, lor inllaiue, iiiuU ro ibout IVoiii I door to door in a loaili; rag.'.ed garment, begging alius, ^aiid (hantiiig the praifes of Nido', to whuli he is a vo- ii.irv; he mud ablbiin likewilc fiom animal food, and obferve an almoll incellai.t walchlulinis, his fupnioi* .uv.iking liim with greit rigour wlieiever they Imd him lleepiiii;. \Vh>n he has gone throigli his prob.ilionary llate, he is admitted to prul'l^, when all the bon/.es of the adjacent monalleries alleinble, and, proftratiiig theni- feUes betore the idol, pray .doiiJ, and chant hymns to the f mil lot little bells; ilie novice all this time lying piolli.ite at Ihe gale of the t.-ijiplc. Wle. n this part of the iricmony is ended, the boiitcs raile him from the ground, and lead him to thr ail.ir, where they invell him ivilh a grry lobe, gird liim with cord, and put a cap that hath no brim upiii his head ^ then they cordially embrace cieli other, and depart, TiM I V. • s now the moll ail long bctore c ruluutiun tu is dcccaic, prc- inK<, :inil lli;it iLPii!;l\ ditTLi'i'iit LTcnt m.ifti-r'n () ot icr linilici •oe Idt bfhiiij :vcr til iK'piive I) roil any man thallity i niMT of rewards an J if K'iK-vo!fni.e the foul ill tlic ciis will ablulvc l;c cor.fcqiicntc I' loul will paK (lofcs, fill h as /<•> fwid their tril'iitioiis, aiii] ■;'■ ..raiici', 'luy .iL. Liri^c h.'«\y i;:, while others ■y of a yriir.;; Ill the lliict .1 J I'll t'.fs v/ouli nly : he w.'s in points towaiJs 1 kti [) hliiifilt nin.!: his Ih.'lli : 1 c aiiious tare !■ or, where he irol.llinj; aloud III iicu.'tii'ti lor luKriiily Iworu hoii^hi up all h.ul its (IcIiieJ ' thcfe priefts, ;!V tixiii.; their I profiu!c bc- i.'filv laiiniit- { them, allccJ ihv y, Ml thole .'1,1 V . ^te kill them. i i.in, but lime lis, I will not iinpollors, but .m I ail I th- II fouls? The ilillrcl*, gave ti.eir filiil cj'". :y toalLiI aiul id niirtcrity of def|)i!i.l, info- of II JieiiiiilK loin the y obligo bei in- they are y) iboiit Inmi be^t;ing alms > h he is .1 \u- iniat food, and , his rupi'iioi* tiny lind him lis prob.iiionarv I I he boii/.M of •oftratiiii; them- .luiit hyilin« !<• this time lyiiij? li, II thu part of him from the ihcy invcll hun and put a i»[) 1 they curdiilly The ASIA.] !•: .MPiur. OK CHIN A. n •Vv a?; I -T'-: M i Ihe C'hincfo ivordiip Foe under different forms, molt of them extrcmelv hideous ; he is repieli.iited principally bv three iizures : one is a j:ii;anlic m.iii, wlili a iiionKroiis IhHv, liitln.; erof»-le^i:ed, in the l..illein t.ille : this iliey Ihle the idiil of iiunioit.dity : the feeon.l is about twenty Icct hiL'h, and is called the idol ol' pleafure ; and the third, about thirte feel hiph, with a crown on his head, is I'enoiliia.ited tlu' ;;ie.it ^iii^ Han. I'.xclulive ot thefe, tliev iU'ie a great nuiiiber of little idols, not in their p.'L^od.is tmlv, but ill tluir houles : all of thciii h.ae their his or houlhold j;od ; thefe petit jiod-, however, are not treated with th.-.t reljieef which is ihewii to their ereat gods ; on tile coi^trary, if thefe do not f inulimes t rant ihein their requell^, tlky i;ive them the balliiiado. i!u: the meat [rods in the temples have the m.;il proUi'.iiul vener.ition paid them. People I'rom didant pi ices p> in in'iiri na^e to fo:nc of the temples on the iiK'Untaiiif, pr.iltratiiiy themfelves repeatedly a; they alcciul. Such i as caiiiio; iio on pil;;rim.iye, piirchale ol liio bcm/.c; larjie ; jheets of printed paper, in ilie middle of v\'luch ij the lijure of tlie god Foe. The devote':'; tie round the'r luek-s and arms thing-, of be.ids. W'iicii they lorn thefe beads thev prav to the l'<'e, and prollr.ilin^ themfUes, th, V make a little red ciide upon the piper. I'hey liken icipiell the bonzes to repair to the temple, to leal and faiKtifv th;: number of circle;, v.-lrch have Ivi n di.iwn bv them. Thefe they carry in gri-it parade to burLiN, ill a little fealed box, lliliin' it .i palVport liom t!iis life to the ne\t. On f-ne lokmn o, cai.inis, ihei (ieror.'.te their houfcs with idois arr;'.!v;cd in order hv the bor.ies, and leptel'ent with p.iintings liie tortures ot the iiikrnal re, 'ions. I'liefe ceieinoni^s co'.tiiiue leveii day;;, duiiiv; vehikh time they prepare and c -.fecrate trealure' f.;r the other W'>rld ; to which end, they i led an ap.irt- ineiit with pajKr giM'.d and p 'inted ; this thev lill with |Ml!ebn,;rd boxes painted and vaniiilud, in which are iiiiilati.Mis 1'! i;o!d an I fdver Iniots. ()! li.- ;'. tl'.erc are t.'!iie liuivlre l..r t!ie p; u'e of f... .11 : fii.h perfo;f. fioni peril til 1 as had not Hiieiewith lo ;i.Kiiie tiie ne- led iry pallpiit. The bon"s teach, th?t as everv t'lln; \v i'- procure. fiom iiothin:', fo to iiiihiir', imitl <\eiy lliing return; l'...: in i.;der to live a life ot h-ppind's, we tT'.ii'.l en.h.i- VI i:r, throii.;h praver and nu.lii.ni.in, to ;il li.e'.uilir til our pallions ; that after this tiet'iry, we llunild .Acalio::! ourlcKes to wilh for not!. in ', think of nuthini', and m do :'olhia_: ; I'.ir, that as all beings, both anin-...u' ai .! in- animate, ddfer from each r;her only in 'heir fii.ii .uvl tpi.iiities, (he I'ooner a man appr.Mclics tc the i.atuiv ot a li.ine, or .1 !o^ of woi J, tiie more perfei.1 iv- i<. In ill Mt, according; to tlie do.tiine of tlul'e pilill-, 'tis i.i tiie fupprellion or celi'ation of all dcfiri-, and a total an- f.ihiiatioii of the rational faculties, liiat mtriiifie li;ip- iiefs and virtue conlilt. \\ hen a man lu.th at;.;ine.l this (late of peit'ee'.ion, he has nothing' to fear, tinv lav, be- < Mile, ill laOt, he is nothing, or, if aiiv Ihii.g, he is ir.fenlible to all tribulation. The literati, h"',vi\er, have fpiiiledlv attjeked this dn'uine, ilenionUratin ■ that fueh lu(iinity and indolence mult fiibvert aM n.>r..litv ; that man is eleialid above other beings only by his ralionai taculties, and by his praCliie of virtue ; ll;..t to iiidul ■!, tlverihiie, in lii llupid an ap..:hv, is oiiiiliiii; to ibleha^a theiomnum dmiis lor whu !i v.e were cui.ld, ..iid iinni i'u\itabiy leiliice every ni'.ndier uf foilsry to a Uii! villi the brute creation. rii.iieli ilie mandaritis an I other* rf the litirat; abo- iiiicte the idol ol Ilie, yet m cale ol a tiroii'. lit or other lalainitv, l!iev invoke this deity, merely to plc.le uiid fa- tisly tile pt.'ple. The C'liiiiele, when any epidemical dil'eufe, or other puMic niislortuiie bcfals a province, liipphe.ite their puis with irieit lolemiiitv to leave ihcir counii\ j and, lill tluir j;i>dlhips fliould be dillrcllcd on t!ie road, thev lend witli them proiifions of rice and other victuals; ;iid as theic !;ods inav fii..,rtimes chufe to gn bv lea, thev lit up lor them a iittle udded vellel, drcoi.itcd with llrcaiiicrs, and lurnillied with lilkeii cables ;,.id fails ol (ill matlinj;; in llie Item ol this vell'cl Is a i.dde, ele- j'uitlv covered with a vanctv of diflus at wliuh are piand luc Irightlul tiguiv, not unlike our tepn leiita li.'lis ol latyrs , the boii/es lanv the idol- thus (.pilppid ihroiK'h the Ituets in j:reat pump, and lluii laiinehini; (he liiip i.ito the lea, cyiiimu it tu liie iiutcv uf the winds and waves, ulfliing tlieir gnj, a vii\a;'e. There are fomc religioii^ of ki^'r note i When the Tartars becair.e inaliers ot Cimm:, tr.idiiced their ovs'ii religion into the imjiiu tlioiirh for fubltanee of doelrine, is the fame 1, prol':cioin 1 Chirn. l',-V III- wliivh, vith that ■f t'le worihippers of bo,-, yet in poii.t of nuide i.f wnr- Ihip is diliereiit. The Tartars h..ve no priell of llu: order of boi;/.e-, but pi ii lis of their own, named l,ani,.s ; and inllead of v.'orlliipping the god Toe, thev par :.do. a- liiin to the great I.;;:iia, or high -priell, who'ii t.'iev denn- ininate the Immortal Tathvr, believin; that he never dies ; and the priefls omit iiothin^; that may L;ive ere.iit to tl'.c deceit ; tor when one iiniiK-rt.il lather l',.ipnr;;s to d'e, tliey immediately appoint anotlier th.ii rif..nib'.:< him as nearly .v., pollible. The ;;reat f.ama lefides .?* Ilarantnj.ij in 'i'ibet, where he is 11. \erleen but by his favoaiite,-, i\Cvpt \dien he ;i. das his appc.-.rancc in t!,e 'c.i.ph, lo riCcA\ tfe olVer- ing. and ndoralions of the ■,:. .i^le. if; then hts upon .1 find of throne, arrayed in line r,/,v-i ; the thror.e if !i;;!ited only by a few lamps, wliica j:uc fo feeble :i ligut, that there is no poilibility of difccii.ing plainly the ie.Uiiiesof the arcli imr.ollor. 'Tl-.e faiee is fo ;-.dni,.ab!y condu;'!cd, that no fafpicions are formed of it-, the people believe abfohitely tiiat the gicat l.ama is inimortal. A.i to th.e flate of jed.iil'm in Cliinn, ilie (ews wlio ii;;iny ages a^ro ir.!'abited Cliina, haxe ;.t ih.^ p^riid a fwiaitogue at K;.i-fonj!-fou, the c, pital if Ho-nan. i'hey were vifit.d in the veer i - -.j. by T. tlo/ir.i, ait lla';i.,n jefuii, who had t'le i.re of a Chrilii.in ciir're- g.ition 111 tl-.e f.iiv.e ci'.y; tl-.is m..;"ein.;ry held levtial con- ttrences w.;h ihem. Th-ey pcriniti, i him to il-e the iiineimoil p.irt of tluir fyna^r'v ne, m f.i-.eiuin I'aiieti'rnni, rel'irud o;ilv fit t'le high-p: u!'., v..-.j mver cniirs it but w.ih the ir.oll pruti,un.l re-.sruue. 'Thev ihewv.l him tuelie little tabeiiiades or pieii.-, i!i wliiih v erc dep( i"iti,l th. ir l.iircd books j •.Mid putt.r.g bv >ir- of the eii:;.iiii , they tool; cut a bi.ik wMien in l.-'auiitul iha- ra.-Krs on long ill; ets of paichnunt, tolled round ILvcral wooden ndleis ; tins v.-as their ]■ -nte.teiich, wh.eh ilicV laid w. IS moll miraculou:! .' p-ei ned in tii- u ue of a great inimd.iiinn that h.-p-xiisd in 10,?, v.h.ti tlic whole cif,- of K.ii-lon:: full we-. I.;:d u: .er v.. le i.( . and chara>.li i'> had fiiilaiiv I f mi - v.it,the chief dtlLiis of iheir fina:.i. do/ n copies of it to be taken, and pi., nacles be; u'-inentiuned. l.xelulive of the ab.ive maniifei'! ts. I ; b;:t as tl:-j '■ eiy fio->i tii- h,,d caufed a A the taber- ' hui ivim- I ot g e-.i-ra..* laetcvl ..!..; their -.. .i:-.-d 1,, .-n- iii'.-t di - tiiiih ed w.iii the Ciller., 'i.i^- i.l!''\veJ tra.'ition anions^ tT.ina iindr-r t.ie .' .r i!;/ be; . ol linail lolunus in rid ihul;, co;,*. from the I'eiualeiicli, and I'r. -iiiti.ts < i' boo!;* ; howcier, they l,;id the-,- had 1-^:1 i cn.i-.oiuc.dbo.'ks at tiie time fi t-ie aho-. e-:i; d;tiiin( nor did 1', tio/ani in the le.ill » ot tliis aliertion, for th«.y wiie aeijuai: names of Moles, |i .hua, Da^.J, t> ki.-l, \c li.iyani relates l:i.;t, fiom -an theip, their aiiei-iiiMi i nic of H,.ii, w-hiih co::.ini,ii-td two b.undr.d and Us bclore i^'hrill, an.l lontiiiued unth.e Ch'-:..i • tl-T' ee f 'ir h'l •..hr.l and tweiily-(i\ >iars ; fo that i'l li.is \..,le ic^e 'd li lie, we mild place the iiiK\.r:..i,i ipoe.ha of tlie hril letll. mei't of th.- j.v.-; in tl.is ci-imtrv. l hele people adiierc liedl; iilv to mull of ihe ancient lert monies enjoined by the l.iw of M(i'.-., m cit. -.ii.'.ci- lion. ^ llriet obf-ti in'cr of their fibbalh, and of i ••,er j-v.iih Icalls, I* ttieulaily that of iinlcaiei.cd b:;adt 'il'.eveat the T.,lch.d I.an'.b : they i:r-.er drefs sn-.' pij- vilioii on a Satiitd.iv, but p-i pan- ii (!;• pnc, ,.inif iMiiiiig. When thev lead the Tent iteu Ji in tlie l na- gogni', thrv nmr ihiir faces wiih a ir.inip.iront ti-d, iii nil nun V of .Molis, \i-ho defceiiiied fioin iir m'.nii'taiii «it;i his faercoMied; Ihey alii abllan liiiin blood, cutting the veins of the animals thev kill, th..t it may llow cult. P. (Jo/aiii difcoutliiu wilii liieni on the ad- vent u( llu ')ld TilTimrnt. and m the mari.llous piognfs uliicli C'liiifli,inltv had in.idi , they .ippL.ned allonillied, ha.in <- i.rver hiaid of .iiiy utlier Jifus than the Ion ul bir.icht Tli-s n.akcs it piobable, tli.ii ilio tirll fettrilii; of the Jew* in Clii:u wa> iwlually under ihu dyiully uf II m, I bti'oie 1 I 34. A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM O E CEOGRAPHV. Ir lore the inr.ii nation of our S.iviour. 'I'licre were onrc nianv f.miiliis ot tliem, but tliev .in now greatly r-.-iluce'l j ihcy keep dole toijitlier, :uul niiuiy only among tlieni- lllves. Tluy e:iU the books of the IVnt.neuch by the following names : lierilliith, \celellnialh, V'ayiern, Vajcvlabher, and HabJabarini. Tliefe live books they uiviile into tift\-llirce fe^lions, viz. CienLlis into twelve, !■ xoilus into eleven, anil the other three into ten eaeh. (io'/ani, npon eoniparin;^ their rentateiuli with a bible lie had earned with him, found an exact agreement be- tween them with regard to ehronologv, as well as the age and genealogv of the p.itriarelis ; in other refpeel-', however, tlie te.\t in their I'eiitJteiith wa-. much eor- rnpted. .M.'.hometans have inhabited here upwards of hx liini- dieJ years; they have eonfuler.iMe fetllcmeius in many ot the provinees, panieulailv in Kipiig-nan ; and as they do not Ihidv to make prolllyte?, nor give anv eaiiie ;ing on China, thev found no remains of chiillaniiv ill the countrv. 1'. .Nlicli.U'l Kogtr, Neapolil.in ivliiit, flift oi>ened the million 1:1 China, and led ti'.e wav in whii'h thole of his ouKr that followed him have acipiiied fo much reputation, by t!;e teliitr.onies they h.r. e givi n of their zeal. 1'. Michael Roger w.'.s fueceeiled hy i'. Ricci, of the fame fieirty, who continued the v>oik witli fuch fuecefs, th.it lie is confulered by the jefuils as the principal ibunder of this minion. He was a man ol very extraordinary talents; he had the ait of lendciing hiinlelf agreeable t.'i every body, and by that means ac- cpnred tile public elU'cm ; hi in ibnie n.-.-anire leeonclltd the aiitieiit leligion of tlie country to the full piiiuip'is of thuilogy, ;.liuring t'lc jieoplc th.it his moial l\!\ni was the fame witli tliat of their celibraled philoiopin-i Confucius or, as the iia'.ives term hmi, Ciim-fu-cu, or Cong-lou-tle. This I'eeured hull manv loHouer':. At len.;lh, 1:1 I'.j?, the IJommicans and I'raiieiieans look the fnld, though but as gleaners of the harvelt after thejefints; and now it was that ciintentious broke out : tl.eir full dil'putes, in waic'', peilijp-, jcaloufy lia.l too great a iharc, were 0:1 th.- fubject of certain ceremonies conierning the worlliip of Confucius, and fume honours paid to the de.id; for as in t!v.ir luiural obuquies tliey burnt inceiil'e, and praetiled bhation^, faeiiticcs, anj fi-vcral other utes favouring of idolatrv, tlicle were con- demned by one part ot the mi(Iioi-.arie>, as incompatible wiili the inirity of the Cliritlan fait!'. Othi rs »f the i niii;ion..riei of a ir.oie moderate temper, and who had ; little hope of raifing up tlii> intant plantation to matu- j rity without fuch mdulgeiicies, wcie for toteiatnr; thele 1 rites, lookin.; «i\ them as things of an iielilterrnt nature, I and mere pirilival lerenioiiies. 'riiele ili.j.utes were a ! great hindr.iiice to the piofrefs if chrlfti.min', which 1 lloiiriflied bef.ue the auiv.il ot the Uoi.iiiiiraii and I'ran- ' \:ih.{:\ monks. .Several ye.irs were fpent in uUercalioii j ; und the literati, 'vho p!.|lellci| all the einploynn nl-. under ; ^oi rnmuit, vviic fi olilliiunlv ati.u-hed to Confucius' and the ellabl llied liles if th.if couiitu, lli.it 11.1 lei- fonablc condeli 11. lions could Her pievuil w.th iliem to abate any thing o( their fuperilition, tluuigh even their nionm.h, Cali.'hi, gr.mted ,\n idi.l in il;o}, al- br.ving chntliaiiity to be prrachid throu,,hont tlie i rnjitc. SiHiuious apprals Wire 111,1 le to Komc by both paitici «ifthc toiitcn.liiig tnnli jiiaries : at length, in 17C4, the huly Ice dccrccJi that liie woid> i iiiu iiltd Clian)i-U (hould not any longer be applied to the Heitv; that the tablets, whereon w.-.s inlcrilied the word Kien.'-tien, or " honour of lieaven," (hould be taken away Irom the chrilHan churches; that chrillians (hould not .nllili at ollerings made in Ipiirg and autumn to Ci.iilucius and their lorefatliers ; that they (hould omit to enter tl'.u temples treeied to Coiiiucius, and thenceforward pay iu> tiittlier ai'.oration to their ancelfors; and lallly, that thole tablets of their forefathers, bearing the inliriplion of " the feat of the tiiul," (hould be renuncd from every clnittian''s habitation. 'I'his rigid dec.-ee was, however, fot'tened by a few privileges ; the converts had the liberty of appearing in the halls of their aiuel- tors, and to be fe.ecl..lors iif the rites there perforn.id, but nevir by any means to paitieip.ite : they hul tiic I'urther iiidulgeme of hanging up the tablets 01 their anecllors in their lioulc-s, witn this provilo, that theic flii.uld be no other iiikription on fiid tablets than fimpl/ the n.-.mc of the decealed. Hut noNv.thllan.lin:' theii: indiilgeiieies, this decree of 1704, and a liibieipient bull of Clement XI. in 171J, created liie utnioll con- liillon. I lie miniilets of llate, and the other manda- rins, ever jealous of the growing reputation of the je- fuits, were continually deelaiming againll iheni, an.l at length, by nnionllrances, obtained a revocation of the edict tliat had been palled in fivour of tae Chrillian u- ligion 1 by which means it fell under perlecution in the leign of t!'c very monarch who toler.itcd it. Caug- ht, and was al'terwaids entirely liipprelied by his lue- cellor ^'ong-tehin, when all the mitiionarits were la- nitiivd to Canton, and upwards of three hinu'red churciies were eiiher pulled to the ground or converted to prol.,ne ufes. l-'iom the period of this fatal c.-.t.i'.lr-.phe, wliich h.ippened in 1725, ihrillianitv hath been fo tar from g:uniiig ground in China, tiiat 11 i.. i,ow more perl'eeuuj tnere tlian evir; ..r.d the lew who have coui age eii'Migh to appe.ir in its def^iiec, aie cxpol'ed to the moll feveie cruelties. s 1: C '1-. X\ I. Of iL- (lnrit.<\,- if i'.( O'wtf,; '/,■'..•> il/.'.v;', H'.i^hls, T H I: comnirrre carried on in the fiiieen provlnccj ol China, is veiy little (hnrt of that can.ed on by the moll comuiereial Kuropran ll.ile^. A will regulated eirciihtion of commoilities cd.ibliflied ihoHi .li a country of no Ui\ than eighteen hundred K Juues 111 em iimi'eieie.e, lan.iot tail to give us a comp-ieiu idea of a 111. ll cMenfue commerce. I'heir leveial kinds of nuuhandi/e find an eal\ con- vevaiice Irom province to proi'ncc throuLrji tiie means of their numerous riwrs and canals. In China .dl .ire liiilV, boili ill toy. n and country; as tlio high ruads are as much thioiiged as tile llrcets of a city. riie traiFie which tliey carry on from home, is incnn- lijirable, compared to tiieir inland lommtree ; C.uiton, Knioiiy, and Ningpo, beirg tl;,i; only niaiitime ti.wii.s ol any note for their exports and imports : betid ', their navigation is very cniilined ; fT thry never fail bejonil the (freight', of .'^imda, and lliiir roiiimoii vov.igcs are to Japan, biam, .Manilla, and liatav la. I'o japan they eiimmonlv fail in Jmie or July, and carry thiilier giiig-feng, ihina-root, and rhiih iib, as well as lilks, lugars, fvveei-lecntcd wood, leather, and Lu- ropeaii ch'th ; bringing b.:ck pcails, red copper in bar* and manul.ietured, (iibre-blades, porcel.iin, \ar'iini ware, tauib.ii, and gold. The tambae is a fjiii^s ot copper, with liiiiie mivtiiie of i!old and ftUer. I he Cliim le esjiort to Man. lU and Si.im, t.a, drtig«, filks, &e. and icciive piatlres . a y.] ithe 1. alio 1; the value ol a Clown. I'lmr lidiii;» for llatavi.i eoiilitls iliieflv in •irrcn t"-:!, porcelain, leal-jold, nudiiinal drugs, and utenldi iii..dc of yellow copper . tii-.ir leliirns are in pialtics, Ijiic,', torioiti -I'lill-, Inulf-boxcs, agates, amber, Braid wnod, and (■ iir.'pean iloth, rills is the chief lorcigti Irsflie ol the Chincfc : foin*- timc. they lad lu Aiheii, Maiaeci, I'otai:-.', Ctichin- China, vv'> . As to their commeire with the Kurrpeans, it is at pi«- fclU much Ivlit cviUWi;!:ibiv ih.ill it hai l'i;cii, fur u> ) 'tac i^uaiiutiU i-f Empire of CHINA. Hcity, thnt t!ie viiii.'-ticii, or 1W.1) iiom tl»c J not allill iit Conlucius iiiul to ii.tcr llii; DrvvaiJ i>;iy nu ,il hillly, tliiit ihi; iiiliii|Hioii rcnuncJ trom decree was, the converts ot their aiicef- iro pcrlornicii, thev hnd the :'likts ol their ilo, that there ets thim fimply ill.uuiiii^ thcic a liihleiiuent ic utriioll con- •itiier iTtanila- itju ot the jt- 1 iheni, aivl at (IC.UIOIl ol' tlic le L'hrilli.ui u- perU'eiitinn in ..till it, Caiii;- ■il by his liic- arits were la- iiiiircd cliurthcs toil to prol.me I'.Ui.phe, which n lo tar Irorn iioic perlecLiicii :oiiia;;e eiiuirill the i.tult lev ere ILk.;; H'.iihn, ftccn proviiucj t cariicil Oil by tic cllahlinii-d ii;v.ireil Uj_:;ih-h oiiip.ieiu iJca il an eal\ con- h the uuaiis of .1 .'II are hiifv, ■re a'i i.ukIj inic, IS incon- vii- ; C.iMtori, i.iiitinu' ti'Wits hefnK^, their ir r.ii'i h.'ioiul \ f all kind-, watches, clocks, .^c. there is little proht to lie niailc ot thele articles. 'I'hcrc is no tradini; to Chun with advatni;ie except in lllver, for the piirchale of their i'lgois ot y;old. i'hc princip.d, or indeed the •inly llaple for Euro|)e3n '.-oinnioditics. Is the city ot Canton : no other port in China is fuftcred to be open to us. It is now neccni'.ry to tr^at of the Chinefe money, "R'eii^ius, and mealiires. Copper and lilver are their only ciiiieiit metals; gold pad'es In trade as a commodity, and even tilvcr is not coined, but cut in pieces fir particu- lar payments; and in th.it cafe it is eftimatcd by it; Weight alone, and not by any mark or device llamped by authority: capital (urns they pay in inijots or bars fif lllver. Mod tradi.' , people carry with them a little b.dancc for the weighing of lilver: it conlllh of a fmall pliite to hold the metal, an ivory or ebony beam, and •; weight contrived to fliift upon the beam, all cont.nr.cd in a commodious cafe : this b:dance is much liki: the fUle-yard, and is fo curious and diilinguifliing a piece of iiiechanirm, ;istoi^;i\e the precife wei.rlu of the niinutcll things, even to the thoiil'andtli part of a crown-piece. The Chincli; are very (I'.iick at difcerning the fmeneS of lllver : 'tis in the piirchale of lin.dl matters th.it a difficulty lies; for they are o'.iligi.l foiiic times ;o put their filvet in the fire, and heat it th'n, fir the purpole of more callly cutting it: fo that counting down the price is freiiuen;lv tlie moll troub'.efome part of tlic bar- gain. They are aware It would be more conv',-nie:it to have money minted of a ll.ved value ; but this, tiiev appirhend, would be a temptation for the c.xtrcife of clipping, i^c. Copper money is the only fort that is (lamped with liny charail't ; they do not imprel's it wllli the head or image of the emperor ; for it would be a dilhonour t'.i a gre.at perfonage for any rrprefent.ition of h-m to pal's through common hands; but tliev ;iie it di.'ierent iii- fcriptioiis, pompoiifly fetting fottn the lilies or nam.es of the imperial finiily. I he pieces of money in nmft common tife are .ihout the ll/e and v:du(' ol I'reneh denier^, having a fipiare hole in the middle to put i liriii; throUi;h ; a firing of thefe is commonly one th.iin'aiiil, divided into ten parts by a twill of the firing ..! the end of each hun- dred : ten ol thele dcnicrs m:ike one penir,' Erench. The metal is neither pure nor beaten, and ir being mi.vd with lead, the money hatli a dull colour and no found. I A-. thefe fmall pieces are f inielim.'S co iiit 'rh itcd, it mull naturally be fiij>i'o:'eJ, tli.ii li' li'.\.-r i".ii lomed in; iiy- 3? China, it would be much dehafcd. The cnuntcrfeit coin is of Ill's weight, as well as of worle metal; and if the ollcndir he detected, he lofi.s his rij'ht lu'.nd. Some rf the virtuofi In coins have in their polii.',Ti(m pieces that were coined in the caihelt dyiiallies ol the empire. In the reign of Cang-hi, according to the ali'jrtions of I'. IJu Halde, a certain niandaiin named Tli-ar.g was ch:'r".ej with a commiillon to make a colic. '.ion of all the old coil.: he could pullibly get, lor the puipoli; of furniflii ig the emperor".-, .ah'net with them. In the courfe ri this fearch, continues Uu Hiilde, coins o; tiie lirll dvnaltv were not only gi'thercil, hut fven thole if tl;e reig'i of ^".lo, who, accoriling to liie aiiii.iis of Cl'.ina, hied before the commeiKeineiit of the nallies. I'or the more clearly and readily comprehi ndin:: t!:i; value of the iiioncv, we Ihall ohii'rve to our readers, th.it the Chinefe di\iiie their pound into lixteen part^, wiileh they call Eyang; the Eyaiig into ten paits whiili ihey call 'Elyen ; the 'I'fyen Into ten other-, c:.lled T'irii ; and the Eiien Into ten more, called by them Ei ; their divifions reach no farther in llie fcale of merchandize : hut in weighing ol gold and lilver they carrv them on almofl to Imperceptible degiees, and alway.. in a decim.d pro- gieflion ; on which account it Is haiJIv pollihle to con- vey an accurate Idea of them : 'hey divide their Ei into ten \\ .1, the W'a into ten Si "lie Se into ten Eu, thi Eu into ten Chill (or grains oi dull) the Chin into ten Yii, the ^'u into ten Alyaw, the .Nlyaw into ten .Mo, the Mo into ten 'I'fyun, and the I lyiin into ten Sun: the polTihility of which divifions almoll furpalles the power of conception. As to their nieafurcs, thcv date the invention of thefe as l.:r back as tile reign of \V'aiig-ti, who lived I'eforj the dynadies commenced. A grain of millet, they Uy, was taken to determine the ilimcnfions of a line, or tenth part of an inch, ai;,l ten inches to a foot : but, as the form of thefe grains is o\al, and there arc dif- ferent ways of arranging them, hence it happened, they add, that In dilferent provinces fome dill'erence is ob- l'eiv:ible in the mcafures. I'hev have four dill'erent kinds ri the foot mcafure ; lir(!, t;:e palace foot, ellablllhed by the emperor Cang- hi, and which anfwers exactly to the l'..iis fool; I'e- condly, tlu mathcmaticd foot, exceeding the former hi the proportion of one hundred to nlneti-le-ven and :in h.uf; thirdly, the artilicev's loot, wliich comes Hurt of the palace foot bv only one line : ar;,l fourthly, the me:-- cha;u's foot, which Is longer than the afore-mentioned bv fevcn lines. 1*. 'Ehoma'^, mi!lioii:irv matheni.itlci.in in Chi:ia, made ufe of the tlrll of thefe feet to ailiiill the ceometrical degree to the Chinefe meafuremeiit ; and ac- cording to hi> calcul.ition, the degree, conlllUng of te.enty of our gieat leagues, anfwers to two hundred Chinele l.ys, even one of wliich contain^ an hundred and eighty Chinele ftlhoms gif ten feet each. •r Julv, anil uiii lib, as will .:hi'r, and Eu- I iipivr In bars ii'nlli w.ire, ol copper, ir. I- .1, drug', abo.it the y.iluc 10 'Mrcii t'":', u;.nli!-. m..ilc [i,.o:.e-, lp:i. , , liraiil wood, .'bincft : fointf- tai::'. Cochin- IS it IS .,t pi«. fu. a;, fital t; C IT A P. II. ORIENT A L T .V R T A R V. 0/ tL MANTCIIEOUX, or >.:.\XTCI![:V/ 'iWRTARS. P E C T I. 'I' T.irl arv /;) its ftid C':'...:t . .■...(•■ 1 if tUi Pi(,\-'in,ii if MugJcn, I'lith-kiir. Of thi Tuvt.irs i .'/■<■; :/' li.ilKrn Tjrtary /« l^:!rt■- Kiriii-uln, iti.J Miimi.-ti Hit:! C R.mjrii, up:ii t'.i V.'u:tniy of th.ir Oii^^: FR(HI China, :i r hv ii:. alifoluts i!):'.trall, \iz. 'I'arti'.ry, wl-.ith ha; fcaivi- any inhabited plair wortiiy < I t!ie r.iiic cif a W.vn in iis \j|t extent. 'I'hc laws, r.ic Oi'lllllo fuiiiiticancv in ti-i-mlilvci, and arc Ids rt.\rar.!vi!, an.l the pci'ple \cr^'.- np.i:i a Mali- ot liarhar:iin. I'hi'i ountrv v.as hctlir kiMw.i 1.) ilu- ancicMi-, v. I>') ca^Vil it Siytiiia, tlii'.ii it h.w hci.i to iIk' mi>ilcrn>. InilteJ, \\n of this cvte'ifac country whiih the nn.lt au- ihcr.tic modirn auth.irities can iapplv. This v.ill region, taken in it-, full evte:!!, Iv bi-iin 'ed on tiie w-i-li by the Cafpian fta at.tl !'i-i(ia; to tlie fouth by I'erlra, InJollan, /Xrracni, A\a, China, and Cou j ; to rhc eall by the I'-icihc i;ii:'n j ami to ti.e ivirth b-. the Frozen ocean. It lies bet-.-.-een the tifty-f.Iih aid the one hnn-lred and forlv-fiilf i'<;jr..es of lonpiti: !e tV ni London, and bet/em the t'liity-feventh and fnv-futh decrees of North latitude, beiru three tho\il'ai, ' '-x h.;-,- and upward,-, ot nn;e hundred hi doui iVie.l t ) the 111 of Ruiiia J drcd mdcs Ion n:ur.y plaa -. ( )ne part ' f this cMenfive 1 Chinefe empire , an- independent. Tartars ot ditt'-rmt deiuaiiinntions arc the inh.ibitants of this wild, irhdfpit.ible, and def.-.rt eoiintrv. The Mantihcoux or Mamehcw I'.irtars live ehiefiy in bnt* on the banks • I tile rivers. I heir country is in the i..:rth of I,ao-to:i_,;, the inofl eagerly of tlic Chinele pro\iace«, ar.d is b^.uti.'.ed by th-.' riu-r Sa;.'halian-ula on tiio north, by Ci.iea and I.ao-ton;^ on thj f-.;itn, caller' v bv the ocean, and welurly by the .\lon|:i)l, cnintrv. It divided into tiiree pro viie. i\Ki:;di-n, Riii!i-u!a, :.nd Tfitfi-kar 1 and I., ncr «ii:>in. ted th.it enterpri/in 'I artarian l|Nr'il, which in time triumphed on the imp- rial throne of Ch.ina. '('he province of Mu;rdin, it mu(} be acknowled^'rd, ( vliich i> about tw-o humird and feventy miles in lnu^th, and an bniulred and twentv bro.d) hath a favtiurable f..d, pioducing wheat, milkt, ai.-l c(;tton, is well av plenty of palture tnr cattle, and I'veral lorts of fruit. Ttiis province and its capit.d have b(>lh one and the fame name, vi/.. Mu'iclcn ; and in Mii;'den, the capiial, are (evcral pubhc buildm '-, -Jiid cumts cf judicc a- at I'c-k.ni. I Imi* the mo.'} pepnlni: ciry is F.-m-wani'-eliinp, wl-ich [ :;i'.-cd m.iy be Ue.n;iJ the key .:t the great iiei'i'inl.iia of Cores. From Mueden all the way to the city rf j'e-kii;^', which is ab.nit chvcn hur.Ii'ed niilcs diiiant, t.'uie .-^c two lar^c hai-.dfome road-, which are kipt conlT.i.nlv m rqiair, and which were witli great labery principally fur the emp-.-ror, w;-.iievcr it flu>uM be ii-'s ,-cnal p!i-.:!'ure to \irit his i'an.niai! territories.. It nuin: be re:!i. 'kcil, that one of thelo losds is for the pal.a-'C of his niajtilyto 'I'art-.'.ry, and the ctl-.tr for l.i. 1 , ii'a.:t; back fi.im'thencc to l'e-!.':nij. kirin ula, the lieoiul province, and which h..". L.ao. ton;.' i.Mi thr wcit lor its l.iiindary, the ocean i.ti 'iie caft, t'oi,a..n the !";i;itH, r.m! t!ie river Sa^:-...li„n-u;.t n rliier- !y, i-. a nionntaii'oi;-. dcl'art upwar.is of (even l.u..dr..J am! f.irty miles in p n_.!h, and fi.x hundred in brea;!t:i. .\dd. d to .. i;-(.!i bical., k' en air, h.cre is fc.-.rcc anv tiiiie» 10 be lei-!i b'.it the i;loomy t. 'T.iCv ..rev.ry ii'iioraiil and uiiciuli/ed, ll'.-.-ii^ii ptaiea'cL- and ir.o, - tenl■^e. Tile Viipi's hwe no fyver.-' -i pii:-..o, but clui.'e fi\c- r.d ii;i.-l-. I'hc- .\Iu_;.Im pr..vin-.ia'-. h.ue a Tait.'.i.iii .•1":. ra!, v.h.o ha-, lieutenant ;_•! r.crals an I a i^ri-at r.uriiher of fi.l.lijis under him. 'I'litli-kar, v.-'iith is the thlr.! pr vi;;,e of Eaih-rn 'Tariary, and the cipit.l of uluch . ..: . n.. ncd 'Twilli- k.ir, is peopled mollly bv Chin. I -. i uli'i-k-:-, the capi- tal, is a jdace iM" tclera'.-!. tiad:. The folar 'T.irtirs . •.- famous for h-.i!-.'--. ; i'lW.' , tlie ll.iiis o! v.huii aie of j-ii.ir 'iti'i",. t'< t , .m-..! th.e women hunt tlum as well . • ih- m.-n. ! 1 ,e :i ir- fiiil of this pailie tl-ey (.e(p:i'i::' . ::•■.-. u;::itl',,. . vl'.ictt they are n.ver afi..id t.ieo'.ije, i.il ::• n'.-rai v -ct t.'-a belter (f ll-.em i how. .1, il . i.y 01; .ri..i'a:.:'iv l.ills at lhef.it of ill; . an-ir.;'., hi- . ...,,.•. .r ci iipani.ii.s d.) not dee line their p'o .i i.-: t '.,- ; ' e ; ; r th.cii hte!.- hood de[H-iid. priiicip .. :, • ' ine luis u.. j-,et by the.r actiiily and pi rl'evei .1 ■ r. t.'ie :.e'.l. J'here are k-\>'r..l I. .e p-.;-| !;;ii:--i.-s in f .;nr cf tl.i riv.r^, and the inuii a.e l.-j;.'i!y clie.TiieJ iy t'le 11.1- tive-. 'Thoiii;h the inh.ibiM".s li'T.'.r: ly i-:," diii'n'Mi lb J into dill'ircnt miioii-, a'ld Ip^.-.k i.i dirieie:'.: ii. -'-...: , thcv ha\e all ne.:rlv t!u- i.mie 1uijii.i;'c. 'The oii.'.in an 1 cji'.o ".s ot tile T...;.if. are bolll c,(.i .ilk- am i'lit ; lor the filmier toe Id r.e\ r be trace,', u.i ac- iount of tliife pei>| ! • luin^ for lUch a lii";»i.l \eirs been continiialK w.mh; -na,; i-.b.,;.: f..!i;; place t) pla.i". As their aiieellors !•. 1.!, !i livd t'.-.:y ; ani il \.e ...x- aininr the moll reiiioie .Mtiipi.ty, u:: l.'sa'l dii'co et a I'.rik.n ; refrndjlaiice of thj [koplc (.t u.c vaily cjjOs, ajii the I ar;ai-. of the prcfc.T, ;:.;:t, S K C T. f/- m ^ ASIA.] Kingdom of C O R E A. M '-clilii;:, v.-I'lch jt |».'iiiiil;ii.i III itv cf IV-kiiig, ll.ir.t, tluiL- «ic pt mnl'^Mtly in ir luinicd very t flioulil l-e liis lorio'., li imift (or thv (.■'.:.I:gc ■ lor 1.1. 1 . li'^^t; SEC T. II. Of the H.li^lm «/■ llti T-irtars. THE rclijimis opinions cf the T.irtars h:ivc never relaxed Uuir n.itur.il cour.ige ami t'ortitiule ; the JMiilding of the lanioiis wall of China was a nui.ilelUn- ilication of prcat f.-ar in th ■ Chiiiefc, when the rovin;_^ Inhes of Tartars lo mmh alarnn il aiul aimoyed them. Had not the former wanted h'lih f()irit and niditary Ikdl, they wonid thenifelvi-s have att.i' ' d th-ir daiin;; toes, or at Itall have kept them i.i :iAehv vvell-difeipliotd troops. Hut to eoiiinicoiirfelves to the religion of thcfe people. Their nlitrion app.ars, fro'Ti monuments of undouhte.l authoritv, to he above p-ro years Handing, andisiuund d on tl,e hdil.melf princi,''les of morality. The Tartars have in ^encr-d been followers of the (Jrajid i.am.i, or Imm.irtal Father, of \vhom we gave m aeeouiit in our detViiptl.m ol China. The rcli ;ion cf I.ama made eonfideraWc ptogrcfs in early a^er,;" and the .iiithority of this thief pontitF is fo highly revered, that l.'ie emperors of China, pievious to the ceremonial of their coronation, always implore his protection, and fend ium rich prLitnls. 'I'his worfliip has not, lik" liic Cliincfc, l).-;n m;.-;;.! with otiur luteins. The ielii;i of the latter his hreil often .iduherated with foreign fnpetltition-, ailapled t..> the tade of the common people, 'i he Jews have Iceil an end of then hierarchy, and th'ir temph- h.is been deltroycd. 'I'amcrlane and the .Mo'j;iil. di!iiii;lfli.:d in ,i great meafure tiie worlhippets of liramaj .iiid /ili x.iii- der drove to extinguifli the I iired lire of the (Jaurs. Uut neither time, nor the iiillu.,Ke iit man, l.;th had tin; power of Ihaking the auilioriiy of the Cirand I,ama ( who, however, aeknowledgcs that he i. liO deity, but only a repreUnlalive of the divinity, and that he is ap- pointed by heaven to decide ultimately upon whate'. ef relates to piihlie worlliip. Ilis tlieociaey cxieiids is fully to tempoial .is to fpiritual concerns; hut all civil mat- ters, held proplianc bv him, he confilcrs as iin-aniiiUnt witli his dignity, and conimils iherelore the care of i;overninent to ptrfons c.lculated lor tholl: d.'patt- nieiits. There a^c feveral worfltippors of the idol To:, who pav an implicit and mnlf himiiliitin;^ oheilience t i tlieir prieds making them pnleiil^, and iit;indin!; ihem a'* liiev order or direi'l. I lule prielts are in I'l-iieral very ii;n( rant, and many of them migr.-.'e from piace to pl.ioe, 1 in the lervice of religion and of thenileives. ■hl-h !:.-. Lao. e.m o!i tile talt, ,-n-u!.i 11 rtlier- ■ fiveii i.iii.dr^d red in brvadtii. f.-.;rcc any tiling nt.'i:;^-, nor any of v.ii'.es ai:i iciity ui oat-. ■e;i.:ence in lu:Is ally up. in r.i'.i : "hir.cfe in di-f', \..;i.iy .•. Uu- ic lame mar.iur ;v/-n f.v.r, are ■|'..cv are v,ry aVle and iiio,- I .It tl.iire fc vc- ive a rait.ii..ii) I rreat number .e (if Eailern ■ n.. ncd Twitl^- ,i-k.:', tile cjp;- hir-,-- ,: IM-Ie , f. t , r:r..l 11. 1 ' .»■ :) ir- ::;tl,-. . v-'liich K-tiu : ^,.'t t.'-i ,....:..i;- l.ills :.t i r ci r.pani.ii.s , r liuir h«.l.. i... ,;-.•! by ihi.r file cf l!.l ili'.i^n'MiIb J .-.re '■:. •■! \eirs ; pl.-.ce t) pla.e. ; aa i il i.e ^.\- l^.'M ,':fco ei a _ . .'.; ' V . L05, aiiJ C H A P. III. K I N G D O jNI of CORE A. s r. c T. I. , ■( Simr.lhn, Eil-'il, C'iimaU, and Sii!\ its J'lictahki, Mht.r::!s ur.d /tninuili \ its Riviri, and J\>miUi li Intc i\l'.:tntinii . CORK A, or FCorca, ii .a large peninfula, fituatcd between Ciiina and Japan ; It is between the ihlrty-fotirth and forty-third dejiecs of northern L.titude. irom north to fouth, Coiea is about lour h;ir..lrcil and titty nii'es in lengili j and from call to wed, it is about two luindred and lifty-live in breaulh. On il.e i.orth 11. le it is contiguous to that p-rt ol Clii- r.cl'j Ta:tary, which is called lii.- Mancheoux or .Man- chew Taiiurs. NotwithlUndiiig this natural bound.iry, tl.iy h.;ve budt on this lide a lirj,il wall as a limit ol li-- paration heiween the two kingdoms. On the well lide Core.i hath a prolpetf of Ch..n-;oiig in China, Irom vvhiih it is Icp.uated bv a bay, and oier this is li ^- moll common paliage Irom Con a to China, the way by the ^■real mountain biing .dmoU inipaliable : in the wiiiur feafoii they ciofs th.s bay on foot, it being then tro/, n •iver. Corea, on the eail and louth, is bounded by the uce.in. 'I'h.' rocks and faiui-banks along the roads of this kingilom render the entrance into its port., very ditficult aiu! dangerous. To the louth-iad tne land drelches tar fiwards Japan, there being only twilve leagues dif- tance b. twceii the citv of I'oulaii in Corea and llic il'.e tit Tfullinia, which is under the jutiidi^lion of tlie Ja- |)ane!e. I he tlimale of Corea is exceedingly fevcre in the northern parts of the kingdom, and the Inow lome- tiims falls in fuvh ptodigious quantities, ih.it the peo- ple are h reed to work a pada^e under it, in order to go iioin on houle l.> another \ and ihey tix a fmall boaid to till li tect, li) keep them Irom linking into the Inow. As thisdiiaiy rfgioii yields no lice, the iiih.ibilaiits are lurcid t'l hve upon barley; and, tor the want ot cotton, I loath ihemfelves m llieep-lkins and co.)ile hemp'.n cloth. This climate, however, piuduces grei.t pkniy of ^in- feng, with which the natives carry on a very profii.ib'e trade to J.ipai ; this i;in-leiig, liowc^ei, is inferior t.) that of TarMrv. Tne luutiier:! parts of the kingdom are fruitful, pro- ducing e'cry neceliary of lile, as nee, iniile!, and other (orts of grain ; alio idk, couoii an.l li..x ; the Coreans, however, have not the art ot niauufacturini lllk into I'.iih's. Here grows a kind of grain called I'ani/, ft which they make a llroiig liiinor. The Japaneli, within this lad century, have tauglit them t.i plant .ind di-ls toh.iceo, the ule of which they were entire llrangers t" bei'ire. Mere .ne lilver, l;'..d, .;ii,l iron mines; nor I'.o the natives make an iiicoiiliderable protit of th^ir tviici, l.dile .i;-.d raitor Ikins. The coimtrv abounds with all foil, of cattle, as well as both wil.l aiul l.ime fowl. riuy base a bred of horles not more than four or fiv.- Ice! hi^h ; they have wolves, tvgers, an.l bears, but iu» ell phaiits. In their rivers arc many i. rocoddes, or kai- iiuiis, as dy.ed by the natives. The back of the kai- m.in IS covered with lb ftroiig a coat of fcales as to b; mulket-proof ; it has a large head, and a mouth oprn- ing alnioll to its cars. Contrarv to all otiier animal-, tins ctiatire moves only its upper jaw; its back-bone conlillsot a long procels ot vciiebr.t or moving ioints ; and ill it- mis It |.;ii|i ,1 I'l.ft 01 claws. It is a verv vo- racious annual, an.l is alike jjrcedv of li(h and flilli, particularly human tlelh. 'I his rou'itrv produces likt- wiie great numbers ol lerpenis and other n ptiles ol the venomous kind. 'I'he kmgdii'll of Corea is divided into ri'ht provinec, cont.i.iiiiig upw.ir.ls ol iv/o hundred cities, with many callles .ir.d toititud phu:es er'* teil on eminei;et-. The mod conliderable riv..rs in ih;'" c luntrv arc th? V'a-lu and the Tu-iiien, both taking '; ir riie v\ thi: high mountain th.it joins Coica to Chinel'- Tartarv, 'iiie running to llie wed, and the other t^i the e.-.d. I'h.s moumai'i, wiiirh ij tuie of the higliell i;i fVlla, is alw\ vs covered with Inow, and is tiierelore bv tl ■ Ciiii'-lj c.dled Cl-.ang-pc-cli.ing, and by tiic T.utais C!i;.n-;t!ia, or the While .\louiitaiii. s Y. c r. S8 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY il Of tht S'iith'tl \ their perfonal Hffpit.iHn ; thir F.fmi-, nacy, tvid AUktion ti P/,;iJ'nrti; their Dnjs <:ml Hn- \ bitatiiii \ their Mivvws niiil Cii/loms, fiirluuhir'.y their ' Marna^t ivi funeroi Ceremitvn ; their Riii^iiK^ and jL Or,-\. I .■' 'rlanks and leiigsoin It^imen, livliifd anii'.'igft the other niiilc chilihiii, ihc il.:u_:l.lcrs SECT. II. haviiii; 11(1 rhiiiii f" ;mv Ihnri- in thi- iliviiluml. W'hcir iIk- i..thi.i i)t a t.uiii'.y lives to a vi"'y ;.clvaMCi.l age, it Is cullninarv liir him tn make over the whole ot his liihltaiicc to Ins cliltll (on, who in ih.it cafe t.ikes bitatiiii; their Mivvu's mid (ji/loms, /ir/rr;.ile ii, .1 kind of hut m.iiie of nillie':, raileil upon (bur (lakes '.n their court . cr ^'arden.s. 'I'/vj deeead..! lies in a douhlc coffin, the pi'rts of which are ernieiiled clodlv to^'ethei, and is drcflid in his hetl apparel, win luiiie ti'Vs l\iiij_' hy tlie IkIc o! iiini. When the lime and place of huri.d .lie fixed on Iiy the priclU, who are alw.ivs conlulled upon tliefe oiealiops, all the kiiuireu nf ;!;.• decealed repair to his houle on the evening precedinp the tunci..!, and p.i(s tiie ni^ht .11 caroii(lii<; iiid jojiiiv. At d.iwn ol d :y thcv fct out in proiflUoii with thi' hodv, the hearers (■.ii.;iiig .;II the wav, and keepin;^ i-x'acl nine with their voices and t^.-p-, v.-hile the ult of the cuniimiiy picicc the air with their doltti>I lamentations. The common propk are mti rred in ;;rav.s tivc or (i< (eet deep; but pi.opl- of r.ink are dqvilited in (loia; \aults, whereon is commonl.' plaee.l tlie ilfiiV oi the I dcceatcd, with an iiifsiip.i.ai ai boituni, uilphain^ hi^ titles, J;c. Three div^ after •! fu'ur.il, the ern^i.inv who iuid at tended it iituni to the f pu'ehre:, to tr.ar.e their 1 tlviiiii', to the deeealed i which Uip'. r(li!;oiis pi.i^'.uc is it^i.al.si monthly ai tlie full of tl.c moon, wiieji ihcy cut the ^rals efowii.fi; i:uiid the v.iult or ^•,i.;vc. Children mourn lor I'leir tainers tl'.rec years, dur.n", which time no one is allowed to cxercile any piilli> olfiee J a man nuill not even lie wiih his wiic j ("r fhould any infant be born dtirin; the time of moiirn- inp, it wo'ild not be allowed to be legitimate bv tla: law: o:ier hath aiiv one bienthed his l.^ll, thin lii< however, they always fit iinmediaiely oppolite to their kindred run into ihe (hci.is like li.iatic |x-op!e, t.arii'g huiTiand. li their h.iir, and alaiming the v.l.iic ncighbouilu.od wil.i Both fexes fmoak tobacco; even children, (ivc or (l.\ ' their bitter l.imcnt.tions Cricndlv to ''... iigers, thole excepted who are unfortunate iy fhipwrccked on their coslf, for fuih arc batbaroully treated by them. The Coreans arc nalur.illy cfl'eminate, much given to pleafurc, and very fond of mufic and dancing. They are, for thf mod part, wc.ik and credulous, and yet at the fame time tricking and deceitful ; however, thev have, notwithltanding, a law amongft them, by which Iraudu- lent contracts are made void, where there is cvidoiu proof of the deceit. To be war-like i< no part of the character of a Co- reiin ; he is not afliamcd of cowardice, and laments th.e unhappincfs of fuch as are obliged to light : he is ter- rified at the very thought of death, and coideipieiitly the life of a foldier is his avcrfion. He abhcrs the light of blood ; nor is he lei's lliocked at beholding lick people, elpcciaHy (ueh as have any malignant dileale. The (ick are removed into little ((raw hovels in the fields, wiiere their relations are charged with the care of them, and icciive llrirt orders to w.irn .all paflengers to keep at a liillaiice ; and I'onictimes the poor wretches are entirely foilaken, and (utr'ercd toperilh. When a town or village is vii't;;d bv the plague, they hed.ge up all the avenues to fuch a town or village with briars, and place fignals 011 the infected hoiifes. The diefs of the higher clafTes of people in C'orca i» a purple-coloured (ilk gown with long and wule fieeves, and a I i(li or girdle thrown lound them j they .ill'o vivai lur caps and linen bu(kiiis. The comincn ciades wear tottnn ri l.enipen cloth. The h.nifes in the country arc very mean, except th((e belonging to people of diftinction, which are handfome and (pacious : in the (font 01 tiiefc is an ad- vanced apaiiment for the accommodation of (hangers. years of age, linoak this plant. .Marri.iges are here prohibited to the third degree ol kindred. Sometimes children of (even or eight years old are contracted j in wliieh cafe the lemales (an (uily d.uighter excepted) are brought up bv the l.ither-in-law till the celebration of ti.e nuptials. On the day of mar- ri.ige the bridegroom mounts his ftccd, accompanied by his friends, and, alter riding throu';h dlriereiit parts of the town, ilnps at the door of his bnde, upmi which brr relations come nut to him, and then conduct her to his houfe, where the nuptials are wiinout further leiemoiiy c«iifunmiated. A man is allowed by the Corcan law to have feveral wives, provided that he keeps only one at home ; a par- tiality, however, is fhewn to the grandees, who often keep three or four at home ; but then one of them ads as fule and fuprenie miltrels. Upon the whole, it is univerfally agreed, that the Coreans do not in gencal manifelt any particular at- tachment to their wives ; on the contrary, they too Ire- quciitly treat them not much better than flaves ; they not only at their pl'afure divorce them, but oblige them j temple, A\ the lime, refuuiiding with the dilcoidai.t at the fame time to take along with them their chil- I iii-ilc ol dtums and copiH-r-hilons. liren. Some cities ma.ntain within their particular imilUic- I he law relaiivc to inheritance is as follow* ; The 1 tion rel'iKiclively, not lets than tour thail.iiid monks ; molt conridcrablc part ol the lather's lubftance devolve s land there aie coi.vent, toiitamni live or hx huii-. ta the (Idcll fvtii the relidue of his ctte.at> is c^u.Uy mucft ' in elleem bv the cotiimonidty of Chuia, linlh in Coie.i , its v"t;!ries alio; the country abounds with teiv.plrs con- ■ (ierated to thisdei^y : iiere too ..re the followers ol Con- luciii •. Upon certain loli mn iVIivils th v ali'miMe in their I temple', when ev. rv one brhts a puce o| Ivveet-lcent' il wood, ..nd throws it into a vale placed before the idol. Tiic gre.itell part of the Cireaiis believe the dtvtrine of tranliiugration, and that there is a future ll.itc of lewaids and punillinienii. I here ..re prodigious numbers of monks in Corca ; they inhabit alinol' every pmt of tlic kingdom; ami on tlieir lolenm lellrv.ds the (iipcrior ot the coiiver.t prelides, while the led ol lb ■ religious aflilt at their fa.rihces ; the J m m k IN 0 o 0 M OF C rt R E A . id. vi"'y ;.ilviiiici'.l r tho wlmlc- ut ili.it call' takes i :i riii.illir oiii; 1 with .'.!1 iliiti- t(i ixpvcl trout (lie y^'iir, I;'! in;; ;!l arri'. fs, thfv )l' riil!ii-«, lailiil I'iic ilcci'alc.l h are icnicMtoil ft .'.njurc!, win llxod oil l>y ibi- tlloK' onMlldl:', Ills lioul'i' on thr is till- :ii^ht ,11 tlicv M out ill ;iiii; .'.11 tlie \v:\v, ain'i I'-.-p-, v.'hi'i- kith tlnir dolctu! •,r;iv s t'.v; or 11 < |>..liti:d in lt(ii:i; tw I (fi: y oi liv.- 1, u;lil..).li^ lli^ i.Miv who inid at • j,vJ tlvjir 1 tUiiii.i .;^'.KC is icfi.al.''i thiy cut till. iiral$ rcc wars, i.unn;', iTcili' any i;iiUi>. ih his wn*: 1 I'T time of moiirii- I'^'itiniatc by tlia noiliMaic ilriiik- il a li;j,h iiiil.li.- s term of (jili'.c's !;o'.vn of Kiailc uir-tloth ivinli'i), ; dinvii lioiii their lliiriii:; tlic xMs infelvc'., ami loii- his I.Ml, thnn 1m |x-"p!c, t.arii':^ i^hbouiiu.od \vlt,i loral ilfi not cnn- v.'^rlhiii. A' - void oV all di-- ilv'ii thvir xmU i ni\' rcl'ivo'i*-, ^'('t \triird riMLMHoiiy ol Inl-, I'll ninoH ill, haih ill Coie.i with tciiiph'^ iMii- I'oilD'.vcr-i ol Con- ali'.'m'L'lr in thi'.r ol Iwcrt-icfiit' J ] hct'on- the idol. ve till.' do^ltiiii.' of ic I'.itc of icwaids Mioiiks ill Corca ; kingdom i and on L- coiUPNt pa'tiili*, iiir I'a.riticos ; tlii; iiii thu tlii'cutjai.t partii'u'ar i'liil'Jic- th>iil.iiid ini'iiks ; live or lix liuii- ilI iLiflos ol ten, twciltv. A S I A.] twciitv, and thirty each. Tlic fcnior of the convent is iiivclKd with the authority of governor, and has the power of iiiHidini: tlic li.illiiiado on his inferiors upon any violation of the rides of their order. I hele monks do not by vow bind themfelves for life, as in lomc other countiie-, but have tlic priiilege of retiirnin,; to a fecii- lar life will 11 w iry of f ilitude : and it inuil he ackhow- Icdged, that their mode of life is not very elij^iMe ; for thev arc not only fiibjidf to a tnoft riij;oioils dif- eipline, but arc forced to pay heavy taxes iinpnti-d on them bv the ftate, and arc belidts held in coinempl by the j;i-iierality of the people. 'I'he Koy.d .Monks in- deed .-.re better iclpcekd J thefe are fueh as live .aboii: the court, and arc often employed in ohiccs ol hi;;,h im- portance. AW tie iiior'ks arc to go barc-hiadcd, and to nfraiii from any connexion with the female lex, neither ate they allowed to eat the tlifli of aiiiniaK. A failure of obedience in tiiel'e ufpe. I.., is pinnOied with cx- puir.oii from the monallery, bclidcs preuju.ly fullering the baU.nado. There arc alfo two monalleries for re!i;;ious women ; the oi.e for daughter's of nobility, and the other for yoiin:; wrnien of inferior rank. Thefe ladies ;;re all thave^, but nnt ce.iilined for life ; they have a difpi ii- fatinn Iroiii t!ie king lu marry, if they plcalc, and leave the monallery. S K C T, III. Thi I'./livm ll.'i- Cor.am piififi /ir Oc Sdtncn j /''.-.'r /..)'.■- ^Mii'i , by cModing ti-.e i'livant '.gc and teput.tieii ol learning ; thepiincijMl pait of which cnn- filis in tile kiiowltd;;e of moia! piiilofophy, as prefcribed, by the ;Me.;t Confiieiu.i. I The chief commerce oi the Coieani is with the Ja- 1 panefe, ni'>re particiilatlv witii the ilbiiiders of T"l"iifliiii;i| fuhjeil to Japan, who have a tactory at I'oulim ml Corea, to v.hich place they brin;; the feented wood,! ailuiii, paper, pepper, butValoes hoins, and ('.;hcr com- 1 modities J in ciih^in^e for whitli, thev receive cotton and; gin-fciM'. I Pieces of copper c.;l!e<' caf.s arc the only fpecies of i money ufed by the Coreans, ai'.J thefe aic curient no tui iher tlinri the fronticrii of Cliina : in other parts they male their piymeiits in wedijes or iin;otj of iilvei, with- out any Uanip ut miik uii them. S K C 1". IV. (y'll'f King; ,>fl/:i- C-rlt Gcva imait cf (Irea, ahJ tilr- ti:' i rj puii:j!.ir» l)eHiiiliiei:ti ; of the A'Ulititry (Jcvtrn- iiunl ; aiidif tijc A'iivtilD.purl'iimt. Til K kin;; of Corca keeps co:itinu.:I!y in his fel"- viec a ereat number of hiiilhold tioops ; thefe guard his palace, and ait.-, id on liiin 'vheiever lie oes. If any jue happens to be in the way where the king n palliii.', he mull iiiliantly turn afide', an.l ii'jt piefumc to look at his in,ijtl!y J and the peoj le all lliut up their door-, and « indows ; lor the king niu;! not be- feeii by any jI them ; and Ihould any one be dilcovered peepinjj, ho would fuller the ballmado. Thuv doth thi^ prince, who is no more than a valTal to the emperor of Chin.i, exereiii.- an uiilimit: .1 authority over his ov.'n fubj.-i:t. He is l^rd of ,dl the lands in his kin;;dum, no private fubjecf having t.;c abfilutc riijht and property of any elbte. There lands hi. rnaielty bciiows on wlionifoever he pleafes, and for whatever term of \e;.r:. he tliinks proper ; thoug'', on the death uf the feolfee, the i.:;ij rcvert:> to the er'...\,i. The Coiean in,:iiarct\ has a council of (late, coiti- pc'fed of leveral niinilb.rs ; theie air.mWe d.iily in hii pa- lace, thoi.;-h none are iTJil'er.d to give an opi:iion upon anytnin;; liil l=r;l .if-xd by liis :i;y.l'.yi neither d,.r-.- tliey Meddle i;i any itate coacent witiiout liis roval order. If they behave well, and to the fati;,fa..,iuM ol the king, they are coiitimied in olfiee diiriiij; lilt j and tiiis iijij held:. t;ood .df) w i'ii lelpecl to utiles i;oii;t offiecrr, who, unlefs guilty of fu;.ie niifdemc.uioiir, j^eiieraliy die in their employnKnts ; hut fucli empioyi;iLiits do not pais by patent tn tiieir cl;ildieii. .Magillrates of citic, and governors of .'ortitied places, are chofen every thii.l )ear. In cali; of mnl-jiratbccf, thefe aie eithir fciit into eX'',, or fe:;tci.ccd to luii.r dc.ith. The roy.il revcnu.; confift prineipvlly i;i the rents cf lands granted to the people ; exeliiii-.c of this, hov.'eve:, the kin^ has the tyilie of everv tli'n;; piouuct.ve uf pru- lit either cm land or lea j the ty le of th.; fruits o! the earth is collecUd m haivelt-time, before the crop is taken otl" fioni the ground. The penal laws aie here cxctcdinilv ri^oreus. .MI rebels a;id traitoi-, together with their whoie families, are cut oft" wiihuut the lead ^le;iin of mercy, and the h.-.bit.itioii< of the fuft"erers I v, lied v. i;h JI.e ground. If a wife kills l„ r huftand, llie is placed up to her flioulders in the e.'.-th of fome hii^h-ioadj and clo'e to lier is placed an hatchet, with whieii every one givci 1 er .1 eh"p a lie palic» by l.er; in fiioit, all pali"er,.;ers are !iy the l.ius obii.vd to do this exupt thole e^f noble lam.ly. ]T,c iiKr-iilrates of tiic p'.ice where the murder is peipetratr.i, are lal;;. iided Iroin t..e execution of their office ; ai.d il I! be .; town of note, it forfeits its ju- iilii;ction and be.M'iies fubordinalc to fome I'tlier town, or at bell, only fome private hibjecl has the ca:e of it. The fame p'-ialty is iiifli.led on any town re- voltin-; fro;i> the <,bcdiencc due to its governor, or for biiii.;,ing an acculation againll l.i.n not f.miided in triiili. Though a wonirni is lb feverciv pu:;;(lu'd for dellroyinfr her hiilband, yet the laws julliiy and protect tlir man who kills hi,-, wife dcteeled i'n adultery, or any other ca- |)Ual orteuce proved by fublhr.ti.il evidence's or it lie ,:i\.s lier up to public juliice, (lie !< conden;ii.d t) die, with permillion, iiowevcr, to cho,i.'"e the mode of her full'triiig death; a:id in this cale the women gei.erahy cut thi ;r own throat ;. It has been afleiteil by fome authors, particularlv Ha- mil, that hii'bands rue likewife piinillied with deiitlt for adulieiy, elpceially if they be men of fimily. Il ;ai uninarri.d man be detecled iiuiim. c>-n. vvilii a married woman, th^v puiiiili him by 'iripp';;i;.'; liii i .ijWn to the waill, and le;iviiig him only a paii of drawers on ; then thcyfmear bis face with linir, pierce ai; uruw thiough cull el hib CIS, and tic a kcr'? o'l his bick:, whu4 1l i. ,,■0 A NEW CO.MPLKTP: system of CI: OCR. MM! v. tliiou:;'.! the Uiri't", a;i'j tlion lie receives llif ImiUiv in. lloiric.Jt- (■(vmiiitt'.v! on ilic pi-iM'i I'l a iicrir..M is puiiilu.l .i> follows : they oWi;;c' ilio iiimiu.il to IumHuw ,1 i|ii.iiititv i-i" vine 'jir, with wimll llic I'o.U ol tlie iiiiir- f\. reil perl.iji has hftix walhed ; lluii ll'iv li.iniplf tlu- >le- 1 iii(ui;iit iiii.ltr ffiot. ;iiiil kitk liim oa tile belly I. II he 0 1^. Thd't is piinill'.eJ in the r.iiiic iii.iiiikT. Clic ilileiplii.i- el tht lialluudo is veiv eomiiion hcio ; it is -eiier.illy rnt'i^'lcil rti the pplU-riiM^, .mil I");iiet;i1ies i«v.hnc tl'.ii llrike him on the iej.s with ,i loit of l.ilh ; they arc iK't p'. riiiitred to inflict iiioie than thirty lirokes at a ti'ii ■ i hov.eier, two or thiee Ivnns .ilti rwaru-- tiiey re- p..it thi ihCipIi le, an.l fo on til! they liaie jjlven tlie lull nunihe. (.1 (ii. ivis .ii;recaWe t i the fentepee p.ille.l. W hvn an cft'mder is fei.teneiil to flitter llie b;\ltiiui!o on the lo!r« of his lift, tluy compel him to fit Jouii on tin- [•roiiii ', ami ilien tiin; hi> twi .iieat toes together, li\ them 1.1 a w.iojeii liamc, .iiul inflict (he ..ppuinteJ num- ber of Itrokc-.* W o;ncM and apprentices tomnuv !y receive the bafli- ihe calics it thiir !.';;s. I'erfons who are in r who ufufe to piv their other naJocil o:i their Ihiiis, line is repeated even If.eeii day. nil they pav their dibt or debts. .^t.ile crimii,.,!s aie tried bv tlie p.raiid roval council, wVitli is obli';ed to lav ;iil the paiticulars of tlieir pio- ( 1 .'ii .s biiore tile kin.-. . ^le eoniliiiiliiin ol the niilitarv jjoveriiiin'iit in Co- res i ;.-.;iI'. tile fa'iie as the civil, caih province liuiiii.; .1 •eiici.il, or ihief of tlv niilitia, with lour or live to- Im.cK M ..'ii hill!, e.ich of them eoinmaiuiiii.: a regiment ; 1 lid every Co', nil It.is iiiiiler him |1) in.'.ny c.:p;aiiis, each i'1 -vlii' li h,;s ilu' joveinnunt ot lonie loitiefs or town i i'l liioii, 1'n.ie i» Icarte ;i viha^c but wliivh has a com - in 'niliii ; ol1ie"r in it ; ar- 1 the inferior orticeis ate obli c i to Leeji an aeeui.ite 111 111 .dl ihe men belon:;in;; t^i thi.r r~'iie.'*;vi" corpli', uhiji thev tr.mfniit at ll.Uid times to tlmi liipei.ir o;licct«, tliat the km;; ni.iy know cxactl» the Miinilieroi luKlieis that he has i;i pay. 'I he Coreans always keep a roiilidir.dilo niinibrr of ftiip- m lommiliion, and rvery nty is compel!, d to lit f Mt I'Or eonipli te lliip. 'f'heir iKips of war have eoiii- i- :..!) cvi. ir.it- and aSout thirty oars, with tivo or tii I' .11 I I rjih oar, wl'.ieh, :im.! I to marines oi bo.ird. Mil . .1 er- >v of Blxiiit three iaiad.id men raili (li'|i 1' .ii (lor . ii.i,;i!l piiT. p;';y nt caiinuil and (xit-^M- • •' • : '.it e'c'v pr villi e his it- p.Tiieular .idmiral, I •' N •■! 1 . I . Till. XV ar.muily ti.c (h j ■. of war be- . .. • M t;> jT>ivma. nn aiiMi. 'vith the kii ire lilor.. are liiiti need to be 1 w' ieh lireadlul an.l paiiifil ili s E c r, C:,.^' II :.\ f/Cor.a. TII I ."s country was ori;.;iiia!ly iiiliabited bv dilTerilit pe.iple, who hid e.ich their own relj eclive princes, law-, nia\iins, and eulionis. In piuceij ol time they united, and f.'rmed ther.ilelves mto ine n.;'.ii'ii. .'\c- coniiiic; to the Chincl'e annals, the moll eoiiii.li ralile of theie earlv natives weie named K.u-kiu-li, de;..endeil liom the ("ariars. \ iiipiievv ol (iheoii, emperor of China, is rilared to have heeii the fult kin;; ol Conaj he v..;s, howevir, (ei/ed and thrown into a Chinele prifon by his unelr", for Iciiii inililemtanor i but (iheoii hemp alierwards de- throncil by \'ou-van^, the louiidir of the tl.uteeiitli dy- r.aliv, the nephew, wholtj name wis Ki '.li:, \va- le- (toiid to his libiitv. lie retired ;i Corea, wheie lii! I'ltioduceJ tile Chiiief: law--, iivi i<'ed his people, and aiiiuitted hi:r!'elf ill I'-e pii"lic admiiiillr.itioii of ,-i;ta.ii with L'reat prudence and wildom) not however, witl'- oiit iireliltibly h.nb.uring the corrofive retleclioii that \oii-v any was an uliiipei, and h.id depiived lii» laiinly ot tile inipeii.'.l crown. This iieiit iiappioed in the )eai' llii^ bitoie the Chi ill iaii lira. I lie iiieediiu' of Ki-tle cajoved the throne of Corea IV ..r nine hiindi- d ye.irs : but at i- ii oh Ti hiiati",-lian;> vaiiL', emperor of China, fiili'lucl the C,iieai>, ami iidiiced the title of then kin.r to that of Hem, or count, Willi a very limited aiiiliotity anneNed. Ahoiit f.uty years af.erwarJ a priiire of the family of Ki-il'e, nameil Chun, ri fumed the title of kinj;, but was In a vuv (licit lime d( ihioiiid, ..iiil at his de.iih the tacc of Ki-'.fe be- came exinut. A native ul Ciiina, rnied Vevnni, then lorcul h.4 wiy I) ihe itiroiic of C'urca ; and, in order tJ leeiiu" hi- ulurpatrn, co'iri.d an a!li..iue with the emperur of Chii.a, anJ olit.iI,ui! the title of \ .\n^ or Kiirr. Tlio lo'. creijiity, liowe-er, di I m t continue a Ioiij; tune in the laialv of \ ev-nan i lor Iks ;;randiiin w.is m.illacied, aid t'le Chinele piotitin^j by the coiifulion atteiidaiit en this circumllance, compieieil Corea a ficond time. U was however, in pnncfs of time, r.lioied to its am lit moii.iichual lorm of j;oveninient ; and the kin:', li.bmitiid tn pay a tribute tu the cmpeior «.'!' Cliiiia. tiiiii.- the laft mentloneil pciiod, Corea h.-.s unJc r- fone various revolution- i lonn lime- bi iii_;; under vafiiil- a^e to the Cliiiiele, lomilimis tiibul.iry, loiiutiiiies in- ilepeiideiil, and almod aivvay- .it war mtli th.it 1..11011. It i> iioa, however, tiibiilarv to it i and l.i- I otejii m.ijeltv, oil In, aiiceilion to the ihioiie, reeiive-, liorii the riiipeior of Chiii.i, la- lonfuaiation ii[kiii hi:> kill-. . .'i i M C II .\ v. \\\ or ihc Cuuiilrv iA ilir M () N c; () L S. J ■ . I' fif h itluU.", K.iika Mon'jol S 1 C I. I. /;i/."r, a ",1 (7- ■'•III,-', 'fll-Miti:-', , b) the fiiiMttv of Kalkason the w. ft, bv China on tin' li.uili, iii:!i\c jiriiu'j>, la ot liiiii; tlicy f Iiuiii'M. A>:- I i-oii.l.li r.ililf 111' ill-ll, llflwl'llJcd liiii.T, i* riljtci : v.'iis, liowcvir, n by his iiiicic, iittiTwanls ili'- e tl',uli.i.iith Jy- Kl tli', \v.\^ U'- nixM» w lie If lit; iiis ptvplc, aiiJ i.itiun III Hil.i.rii bdUl'MT, Wltl;- ; rclKvtion lli.it IvL'.l lu> r.iMiil/ ..it-'J 111 i!;j jjar hroiic of Corea W liiiaii.'.-li.iiij;- l.'iHv.ir.s and Hciii, or cuiiiit, . Alioiit I'.iity f Ki-t;'c, ii.imcj > ill a vi u lliuic :c ot Ki-ill be- tllCM riiri.li' llii nrJvr i.i I'jtiir.." ill ih • iiiiptror nr Kill.5. 'I'lic a liiii^ tunc ill l W.ls lll.ll'ulCK-ll, .111 actjiiil.iiit (Ml ooMil time, k r.liii;i\l til \t\ llUMlt J .UliI tile- be ciii|K'tur I'l' iirca b.-s tmdi r- ii;; miller v;ili.iU , I'liimtiim-s III- ii!i lh.it n.itioii. .lllj l.i^ I nllVU , ri'ni\i>, lioru .ititm iipmi bi^ A S I A.] Tlic n.uivcs nre in gcmral of a miiblli- I'lzc, but very Oroiit'ly ni.uli.-, with bm.ul l.iii-s, black i\es, tl.it iioics 1,11!- whilkcrs I'.illiiw cunijilcxioii, ami oi a iimlt ruili biliavioiir. 'Ibiir hair is marly as tliiek am! llron^; a^ bnrri--liair, which they cut clulc to the licaJ, ami Uave- (lulv a tut't at toii: they wc.ir lar-c fliirts and cillicu HraHcrs; ami their (;arnuiits, lined wiih (hecp- Ikiii, riach ilcwi .ilumlt to ihcu Icet ; tbefe they latlui uii their biii'ic- by Kniiig leailur lli.ips. Iii.Vi.il \,heii mi lKirleb.uk, they wear a llmrt j.icket, with iiarrcw ilcer Ikiii ilceve-, liaviiiy iht fur niilwarJ ; trnwlers ami hole ot' the Came kiiiJ nl fkiii, both of one piece, and li.'ji to the limbs, (-)n their liead> they have caps burJc.ed with liir. riie women nre not i|iii;e (' coarre-lctiirei'i as the men, thoiiiih their drel'^ is imich the lauie as the men We..t ill common. 'I'he animals inh.-ibitin; this country arc camels, Jro- meJaiies, cows, horl'es, lliecp, mules, •.•lk.>, bears, ivgers, and wolves. I iicic is .illo every I'lKcici ot' _.ame known in I, mope. Khiib.'.rb and ot'.icr mi'diciii.il herbs grow here ; and lliere is pUntv ot C.ilt .iiul I'all.petre. Tlieie are a race ot Tartar'-, called the Ivalka Mon- gols, who arc I'epi iideiit on Ciiiiia j tliele dwell hcyon.l the Moii' ob, and i.ike th. ir n..me Irmn the grct mer Kalki. lieir perloiis, lubits, manners, &c. aic ihc fiiiiic as the Aloiiiiols. S F. C T. ir. fthut >0 tutthtr A.^iu'it efthiNtitiw, t'l'ilr Wf>r,.!.-ri■ ...eiipoiiit till .ill the i;iafs and \erilui.' .le eaten up. I'lie l';io|s on which tlicy lix iluir tents are coinnionly llie banks of fome riier or like, and in the winter tli V remove te> the .iilesol the niountains, wheie it is I'.id tlievare liiloeiable, a^ foineliiius to make luiiterr iii.ous c.iiiimiiiiieaiions l,on Inn t I hut. I'hev eat horfe-tlefli, and filifill olhciwife bv huntin.; and lilliin.;, as well a< on the milk ol camels, jmuis COW!, and mares ; tiiev drink water that ha. been built i' with tiie coarfelt lort of Chiiuri tea •, thev extrait n fpnituoiis lu|iiiir Irom the lour niilk ol ni.-.res, and dillil it after feiniciitatKn i with this tluy get intoxicated, aiul III, oak a ^'leat deal ol tobacco. Horle-riefh, ol v^ huh they arc p.inionately fonj, feime Pi theni eat law i and it it b. vouiif'. and a little tainted, the iiioie palatable aii,l delilioii>. I lu v air as liltliy in tluir e': el's as in their fooil, at;, I Uink as t.iev pilsi the dun.; of llieir ,- iti;.' thev oil; n make ule of as fuel. 'Ihc (ii"pori ui; a war, by la\iii; walle a toiimiy, is a vciv ancieiit ciilloni aiimii^'ll thife people. 'I heir irilies are com. 1 .iii.lt d by lep.ii.ne kliaii* or leaJeT«, .iiul lliey ticCt a ^.tat khan, wliu conlcipaiilly tiaiins a piranioiiiit power over ail; his relidciice is a kind of mi!it.iry moving llatieiii, and he can briii,; into the i;el.l Irom twenty to li.\ty or llveiity tlioufanl hoil.:- II, en. The f.'iar.d Chan f.f C.iinbaUi, as auihors relali', con- troulf.d tlie wiiolc niiyhly re;'ioiis of 'I'a.taiy in the davs of 'i'.iiiiirlaiie j and fo niiu h did he jiride lii:nleli on liij uiiliiiiitv, opulence, and graiu'eur, iliat, " r:uh day l^lavs one aiitiior) as foun as he was leated to elinner, a iiiiiiipet lounded, by way of giving' i mi-'c to all lis other inoiiaiclis in tb s^lobe that ihcy nii|,lit alio go tu dinner." 'I he iMoii:'ols are remarkably dextrous in ii.m.Miii!; their l'..bres, and fllootint; with bows and arrows j ll'.ey ..:e inured to horfem.iii.n-,) Irom tlieir i;it.iMcv, and will, while III full ; allop, fpht a pule ill picets wnli an ainm , iboiuh at a conrider..ble^ cilfanie, 'I'lic .e pi-ople have the uiniod co-.temiit f.ir r-jrieul- tu;-.', lookin.', upon all bul:m Is o! tli.ii. ki:..l .is t'.e iiKitt ..bj-.i llavery. When they arc ar.^ry wiMi any biHlv, i' tv will It may be iii.i laic to work like iii ino|) ui. \- hen aiii of thvin arc b, onv v -rv ii,: rm wiui ten weiiiht ot '.ears, othei' i f t!i' m .iials. fiiir.'l huts for the a:'(il in.aliiK i.e.n .. river, and there leave t'leni I'nr t 'r l|n ti^. jiuiriv ii'.'o the iiextweild, and tiiink tliai in il.ia tiiev do them a Iricndlvoihec. .V-. their whole ein;)ii.viii' I t is the attendance on thrif caltle, which tiic. 1^11 or e.\elianL'i' with the Cliiiiel'e io: Ol d, nary tea, coarfe cloth, &e. tlicy are iieiei tiou'le.! with much care or aiiviety j lor they have iiobiuly t> plcjfe, nor any body in tear. it cannot be I'uppoled that fiich a lavage r ice c-ii be under any very rcyul.ir foini of j: ivernmeiit, ctp ciillv as thev ate conlinuailv rovin;; fron. p' ice to pl.ice. Ic mult beobfentd, however, tli.e as llieir muiitry is lii- vid.d inti dillricts, and ill. it as eacli of thel'e h..tll a k'lan of is own, the T.rtars of one proi intc inul nut e.iiier.ite to aniitlier i thev are to conlinc tiiemf, Ivei to thcirown nation, wiieie ihcy liaie l.i.l lit).-i;y to uuni as nun li as they pliafe. As to matimiony ainont; tliet*- delicate people, t'r; men jMiehale their wives wnh c.utle; .iml wniiKie wife IS iiiined of lorty, Ihj is cinploycd by ill.' Iiu.b.md ai a Have, and as I'ucli mult attend the young wile wiiu luc- e ed. her. The Monjrols wntdiiii the idol I'l.e, and ihrv ha\,s a W\'\\ pilelt amoiLJ: then', to whi ni tl;. '. do hdiiui'e, and think that lie has the puwir of olM.iiiun ;• Ijvoiiri fruin !■ lie lor them, \\ henevcr this pnetl lij'iiil'us lii-. plea- fire to remove to ai'V particiil.ir part if lUe ciniiiirv, ;hi; iiifetior priells .uid a iieit nuniltir o| oher peiU'iis att'-iul iiii'i i and thofe wl.o relide on the (jiot i.i which he i» uoiiiL', meet him im the road in innvds, luppUcatiiej Ills blelHiiL' i whirh he never f..ils to bellow upon fui'l as can make him an adeijiiate contr,bution toviards lii» lupi irt ( and this he is in no doubt of leciivin.; lor hi* heiieilielioii, as he lull' rs none to appioaeli his i.iereil pel Ion but the lii};hor order ot people. 'J'iiis biiji piidl IS named Khuluietu ; and fui'e of the dilud-il pcupUj think tiiat the holv Ipitit wbii li animates h'm, iiiunrdi- atilv iMi his death p.illes into the bodv of jiim whei i* ekifd 111 liiccced inn; which tt.,iilini 'ration is pir- ;.'e!ly eonfiiiant fu the doelmie of the iiietenipl'yelmf s, the ctt.ddi'.lied Ulleni in many p.irts, Othcis thin!; that he glows old w.th the dediin- of the inuon, and refuine* his \inith with the new moon. Thofe who die in their huts, ate thiown into a hurn- ini; pile, and their bodies loiifiinied to alli.., wheli ate iil'.crwaids iiit'iied on fuinc luuuataiit. by the fcrriforic* ilkas on the \v, ft, t ,11 toy ,iiid the lit three liiinilrcd I. , anil ice lief on I . It IS a loitn* Mft o( It which u'.eovy lu Liiina. lh« c li A r, ( 42 ) CHAP. V. SIBERIA. '3i h ii f s K c r. I, Dijl-v:>y, t\t.i:\ S:l:i.it.en, timl Climate of Siberia; it> R':x\. ; and Mi'ui ; with an Auiunt cf ajurprifnt^ KiiiJ cf Hciii- fiunJ in that Ciuiitry, TH K ililVovci y ni Siberia was m.ide by one Anir.\, :i ri.itive()l'Miik'iiv\, who liaviiii; oblrrvCkl coin- p.mies coiiiiiij^ imiiu.ill) Irom {t with Ins, re- liilvi J to ['ct an iiilight into their trade, clpeti- allv a'i tlielc people laiUil down into Mulcovy by the river W'hitlncda (on the banks ot which lie refuledl to the towns ol . )7eii .iiid L'lienLM, litnated on the Dwjna, Anna lunm! niean,> to clhiblilh a eorrelpondenie willi them, ajid they UilTered hnn to lend lomo of hi^ ihildrtn iiiid other relations with ih-.'m on their return. Sd>ena is a country ol' \all extent, reaching from fil'tv to I'lxiy-i iglu dijirces iioith latitude, and i< bouiuled on the well by Rullia, Irom winch it is Icpaialed b) ihc mountain-, of W'erkholaiiiia, which extend Irom mount Caucidu-^, ;'nd divides Alia Irom Kurope ipiiie to the Iro/.cn ocean, which bl)und^ it on the noitli ; vn the talt it is bounded by the JapaneCe ocean, and part ol laitarv, and on the Ibuth by the Came, It is upwards or three thoufaiid niiUs in len;;th from call to well, and is about li vcii hundud and fixty broad. The foiuhern part of Sibeiia is the only part fit fir human beings to live in : here the climate is mdd, ;.nd the fail appears as if it would be fertile, if cultivated ; hut, for want of inhabitant', very litilo torn is p:o- duceJ. 'I he northern parts exhibit nothing but inipe- iietruble wood-, fmnv-fpt mouniaiiis, fens, l.ikis, marft-.cs, \c. and i^ wilh.il fo txpoled to the bli ak wimb, that It is ijuitc barren and di folate. Not a bird appe.ii- 10 gi»c notice of anv change of fcalon : even rooks and magpies i)iiit thelo defirt-, where nature becomes unite torpid. I l;e nati>csare olijiged to make pallagcs iliroii;;h heaps of fnow, an.l the ilclighls of dimmer aie rmt ex- jiirmictd here lnr.!er than about three months, duiiii" which Ihoit (pace ol time the inhabilaiit. low rye, bi Iw.ilid in l.iiri-|H-, t.MH>-, temh, pikes, i.rp, and briains , I .It (.ilmoii, I'T.elis, craw idh, li(. are nry (...ice. ^lur[»ellll<, wbitiii,", luiU'-ck, f:c. an ln-i'' m (leniv ^ .nl thue ate, UfuUs liiiiny foit) uf fill utikllonii in l.uropc. On the bank', of fomc of the rivers Is found a furpri- fmg kind ol bone, like ivorv ; it hath the n lenibl.mci; ol elephants-teeth, and is of diiicrc nt l.zcs. W lien ipiit or lawcd. It exiiibits a variety of llmnes, luch as buds, flowers, i*se. and the Ioniser it hath lain on the groiinJ, the greater is the di\crlity. Of this bone liveral trin- kets are made and fuit to China; and various are tie opinions on this very extraordinary cuiioliiv : lome call It real el -phant's-tccth, wliich they fay have l.iiii tlieie ever lince till' llood ; others tl.iik they arc lulther icettl nor bones, bi.t a kind of foliil ivury ; other, that ttuy are the teeth ol lome ainpinbious animal dr.ven uji tha liveis Irom Cireenlind. One aiillior, who dilfrr- fioni thck, lays, " near the river <.f Jeniiea li.cie is a nuni- llious .niinial which lives iinuer gri und ; its tecih have been lound on the ground, and are like ivoi v." Here are go^d, lilv;r, toppir, and iioii mines; alio lapis lazuli, j.iiper, and icajitunes: the iron ores are exsellint; the Irown iron ore i:. of a veiy hue :;rain, Old the loa, c'.chan-- mg them for fns and other articles: In l-iiri, they n.ct with every furitfs they eould willi for. It was in the nnr:iiwrn part of .Sibeiia i!.is trafTic was carrud on in the molt ilandellmc maii'ier, li'l the Am- eiaiis, or family of Aiiica, l;cured, by lorifideiable pre- fents, the pioteclion of piince liori>-(!odjen-o(r, lio- tber-in-lavv to I'eodor Iwannovvit/;, the then rii;:iiin^ C/ar of Miifiiivy. J'hey did not in tlieir deputation* infirm tMs piincc that they had actu.illv ell.ililillied a commeitc in Sibe- iia ; this mi'.;ht have coft if.cm their l.ves ; but ihcv only, in a lutilul ii.eH'age, aiviuainied them with t:'..ir advii.iuie, ar., Ill the o','poiiuniti< s tin le wne of Iclliii;; on l.iot 4 moll protit.ible Hade. Hori., \v:is (o ihaimcd with tli;s iiitclli^'cnce, and with tile prclents he nad uceiied, that he ol tame.l a patent lor their immediately colonl/iiig ilie pails they weie ill; wl.ith patt nt all.i entail.. 1 on lliem and liien poI'Ltiiy the lands ihiy wcie In p"lk itju of, without licmaiuliii;; any tribute whatever to be paid by them. Numbers of o'het eoloiiiflj wcrf foon font to .Hibe. ria, elioiled by Hoops; ihilf took ttilh tl.em iiui'niiiies of lilk, ttink'.t', and oihi r ihiins, and pall-d ihr.jii^h the leljvcluc temtorii's, diilribuiii.g them to the n, lives, and inlorming them lliey wrie ciinio on an aniis.ible vn'a liom tlie C/.ar. ■) luy tuvclkd alio lliuit^h Sain.il- di.i, as l.ir as the livcr Oivy, in huh pomp tiiid l!..ic, and dillribiiud their lavouis fii lil'er.illv, that the -in- nioiedi..iis tiiimcd a v.ry hi\;li opiniuii vf them. Tlie Kiil.iaiis It ant their laiigu;ige, an.l brimuht f vera! of thcni h iiiir wall tiuin, who a* fo' n as ihey tntei. d .Mof. cow, appi.Kil i..vilhej ttiihfveiv Ibiiig iney In liclj | . hurthes, caliii", ard < titer huiuluigs, »l»lii»iHru tiiein excecdm.'iv ; rveiy liiliv; w.is m w to t'icni. aul i..n« I ipieiitiy li;j-l i» chaiiin. The l / ir, whoni t > v i > ..e- t mcs law ill his p,.i.iie iiitrouildeti I v hi. (oKitiii , iinil •,t I iher tim.s ill 'ii< io,.ih eiui>iiii>ali,..i b;, h.. ruarJn, lhe\ lixk.il upon ; ft..v.e lainil,iiii\; ;.-.. W lien ipiit Inch UN buds, on the groiinJ, ic kvLijI tiiii- various arc tie jfny : lomt call ha\c l.ilii tlute re nvlihur teeth ther , ili.it Uwy al Jr.vcn ii;) iha ■liii tiilfn- tioni llieic IS a nuiu- ; its tei:h liuve My." un mines ; ailb e iian ores are iciy hp.c grain, tr it ha-i liecii ioihi tern;s wirtl l.'nt more peo- ike:*, c'.chansi- Ihuri, thcj n.tt i!.is traffic was r, till the Aiu- niriJeialile pre- i-ililrii-od", lim- ; tiicji riigninjj f.irni tliis ptlnce iineitc ill hihc- i liiit iIk V "nly, tr.eir aJvii.tiiiv, .tiink( on I. Hit 4 rnuj with tins J ii telle J, that itely colonizing illo cntaili.l on ■ill- ill ji'.lk'fijii :t\er to be puii) I f.nt to Kibp. tl.cin >|iii>iitiiip« paiUii ihruugh n to flic II -tivc?. Ill ;iniii..>l>!e vilii liu-ii^h Mainni. "Mllp Hill li..lC, V, ili..t ilic .-la- ul tlicni. 'I'lw MiiJit f Vera! of ic) tntiiiil MdI". ;• ' iiii-y bil-.cM I iklii'lllru tik'in ( icni. ..ul c>'ii« ilium t .1 y 1 1 .,i(. < toiiiiiti-, niitl .1 by tii< t-turJtg i,ce wiili their r h'itendiiig iioiiherlv betwvcn (Jeho:- fkoy and the weliern loail of K^imilVhatka. I he foulhctil part of Kaiiufchaika i, in tiiiv-oiic de^irec north latitude, and in one hundieJ and loit^-ihue tlegrees longitude call of London. This penini'ula l> tiiMdel into two parts by a chain of h.lls nacliiiig Irom mirth to fouth i Its '-iiief rivir> -tc the Awatfiha, the K.iMUfcha:ka, tlic 'I't-ghill, and what is called th.' (ireat Ki\er, hi likes lie evtenfue and numerous. riir W'liter here ii iir.i very inclcmcni ; their fpiing and fimimr, huweier, do not continue more than lour month' ; nor is the tatter feafoii !>v .iiiv means agreeable ; for as the ailj.icent lulls arc ro\pied with Inow, tiie air, even ill the niiddli i-' e fiiinmer, is fomttimcs pretty cold, attended with licipient rains. Mines of iron and copper have been ilifeovrrcJ in in.i'iv places i the iron me hath lice:) found to be Com- \:..d, of » vellow colour, iiicliiiin.; to nd; and, in liiiie parts, tilatk iiui.iliie particles have been olifervcd, niiie tomp.iiit 'han the leli of the oie, lbs ore, when tiu.le, cot Id not be atliacUd by the l«„Jlloiie, but became (.t in n fit .!! ''tree when cab nud, A 11 .iJ iron oie has been alii) dillovcrcJ here, fir.ular to that found to the fouth-wel} of Kehaterineii- I'lirg i its fiiiface wa> found to lie Coieiid witli a )ill.i\v oihri, if a redd ih brown in ihi breakings of its f„;.J pails. riic o'e, when crude, w.is hot act.'d upon In thctoadllom, thoujjh lli^l.lly utiracl.d by it ana talu- liailoii, r ,e roppir mines arc like fomr of thol- produced CM the Raph.rin imaintains, haviim the Malai lutes, under the loim of Siabutiies and S't.daiimiic', in their caiilicf, very beauiiiul, and lap.ible 01 lieing poliflied. S K C T. III. Tl-elrTiv'tr, Shuh, Atc.ii.ln.il Pi,,Nt<, I'tgttuL'ri, /im. limit, Uiiili, /V//Vj, mil i'/.-ls. Till, ••■itivc* of Kamlfch,itl, thit thrv hau' thn-j baiveiis, and the nhides fieouentlv rile to the hei-'lit of ;,ve feet. ' " The tame and wild animals of this countrv arc ev- tremely numerous. The wild animals ..re black ;.n;l white bears; the firlt are very comm.ui. There arc wobcs in all the foieti-, as wJll as lynsis, bo-os, die, .Old a kind of liag very maili like the fall .ivdccr. The' beais never attack a nun. uiil'lv th. v find him alKeo, when they tear the fealp orf" the back p.irt ol ins luad, and fometimes entirely iicllroy him. There arc prodigious luimbrrs of fi.Nps, fomc w'llte, fome yellow iiulimn!; to re 1 j f,mc ai,- grey, with i bl.Kk llreak 0:1 the liack, and -.■re m ich value I ; the white ones however aic 11.11 valu.-d, as be (career. Theu- are th^ biack-ilufmit and I'le !•!.._ biealfcd foxes, ,.nd th' fc are in ;:en r.il loo ci.i'i/ 1 ,1 their purfueis, tluir liigacity cxceeJiiig i!i..i of the ./;:.ei Ipeci''.. 1 he opulence of this country conrill : i,i It* (^dilps a,i,l crmim-s; the f.ihles, which are Void at a h.,.ii puce, c.>,cT 'lii'l.'i'imiJ in anv other part of the gjrbe : fii; nativ.s L.it ihe IKIh, •mdclicem it very tine food, The glib., or glutton, 1: alio found here; lil-wiij other kinds of beaver, as ilie atis, rein-deir, aii.l /..v ■ 1, Ibe natives collect themiLK.s i.i coiii;).'r,ie. tc tiiuc thefc animals; liicv go at the cl.fe of ih.; nini. r, liom the moii.h of Mar.'h to tiic end of April, liking provifi m with tiiem. T.-c gimton, u'luli h.iih a very lie fur, is a teriibL- riiem,- to th- d-.cr ; it will vault itfelf from a tree upon the rle-.r's back, and li>.ing bclwc'n the rreaiiire's burn-, ttar out his eyes; the affiicteil an.in.:'. with v\. ch ol't'.ii., fillj to the ground, when tiie giuttor rips his I'.clli :r. hli bones. riiere are great nil nbcrs of do'S in th's ro-mtr-,-, whi, \\ rclemble the l.uropeni, and live much upon mi ■ and mil; thry fcratch up the gtouid for the foim. 1, an.l lei/.e the other, liom their lireain-. 'Ine e d').;-. ;ie of inhnuc utditv to the natives in dra.vinrj their (Ie.r''!e, over 'he fnow; they fc irce ever lof.' their v.ay even in the- Ireadtiilell weather. 1 here arc llveral forts of amplil! ions aiiim.!> j oiia :$ the Ici-cow, .diout ililrty feet in !er,.'tl., .\n\ Wei-h- ing tix or feven thuul'and pounds; the 'i.iii of which 11 lo haul, th.it Icarce an hatchet or ave wi'l penetraia It. 'Ibe llelli of a young fea-cow, properly boiled, ha; a good tallc ; the Kan part is louiovi'hat like veal, and the fat is like p.irk. I he ineilmd of catch- ing this animal is bv ai iron hook (trucK inti it by loine men in a fmall velFel ; then, bv a rop.- luM bv peopl.' on Ihore, the fea-cow is ilr.iwn gradual the land, while thnfe In the vcliil cut with iiillruincnts in (cvcral pail-, of i.vpires. It is not .1 mattrr of .my grdt d.ilicubv to la;.e {his fea-cow from Its t lenient, for it lU loin i.iifes it. hml abo\r the lui face o, the Water, thou, h its li Jcs aiidlia.il uc often feeii. Here are Ib.l-horfes ami fia-rats: the latter have Ion - hair« llaiidiii,! out 011 eich lidc of their mouth? like th. u" ol Ml cat, mid they wcrih Irom live to cl ,ht thouiai.l pomuU ; then e,c« arc a« lar.ie as 1 bull's, and tin y nt people in boat;; even if they a,c blm.icll.v at llieitl, they will not leliic, but ,Maw the V. ry llonts that are in-own: howtve,-, Ali.n onie lieprivcd ol li';!it, tlurr it no j;rfat dan. t o be apprihendcd fro.n tliem. i he male and fern", j Its tile tie body t ;■ Ui iturc Vt it ivi;l Hy ill lies thrown diiler both ill form and dfp-iliiion , f,i much In l..t,!t, tlut they would be taken Ur dill.i, nt animals ; aiul ..s to Jifpo!iti..n, the li-m.da is mild, moli; olive, ^nj "mi.l. A» a pioof of this, when an allcmpf is undo t.i ici/.c a young fci-cit, and tn.- male, by its vi-oioiis .hl.nec of It, 'aliords the lunnle ail uppoiuinnv of lakint., It off III it, inmith i if, In this catr. thu I, nia'- lliould h.ippen tn Jiop ii, the m lie abaml'.iis ln< .idvci- I'ly, and living directly at the lem^e, (ci/.es lui with ■III imaginable fury; whrii the L.ltir (liivii to miti at* lis ragr, by hcklnij hik p4w«, and ihiwins cvcty li ii uf I ilimiuiuii, ' ■ 1U^ 44 A NKW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF C Er, CiR AIMI V. it ' ; All 1 1 M ■> I ' ? I The Teas a'j.nmJ w.t'i fia'.s, which arc cauj;ht by diflViLiit iiictho,i-> ; f.ii...tr;K-s ihcy arc killed lU-cpirv iijiim io.>.>i ii: oiluT iMius tlity arc lakwii in t!K- vaui. A> tolh.- tilh, htro i-, amoiiii^ a variety, the iKrlct, whiili is li' much iikc thi- (\ur-'.oM, th.it Uktl' i> fcarcc- any i''lUrciKc, cxcipt that it i» liii.'Uir anJ innrc- ikli-. caic ; it i> !<> lat, th it it may he fricil wilhuiit oil. Here art' whales t'rDiii fi-v.ii !■■ liUten lathtims Ioiil'. Allien^ the biiilai't" Ka:iiUcliatka, are c.i.'lcs, hawks 1« liens 'iwa.i-, ^iilf, wi-.lgi-oii.>, Jucks, tutkows, niag- j:ics liiiiK', parti ul^i>, oie. A hiiJ calUJ iliL- iii!-iieik ilivcr is very ciiriou? ; on the lower part ot'its iicek it has a (pot ol heautilal red ; llii- loaer parts ot its luek, Ivneatii this Ipol, i> covcieil with tcat.icr!) M a bruwii colour in the iniihlle, and fiij;e>' all round v., tli white : the hrcalt, belly, and lejs arc of a very he.iiitilul white. '['iierc is a varietv ol I'e.i-fowl on the coart nf the taftcrn c.ean, a:. iVa-peaiuek-;, lea-pies, green flunks, p.ilii.is, i»;. Here too are the tor.norant, ka-raveii, and mile. As to infeiTj, here crc T 'intimes fern clouds of diai'.on-tiies, locults and glials. The draaoM-flie.s form- in:; co'umiis, (tv with incredihlc Iwiltnef^ ; and the gnits arc In trouhlil'oiiie, liiat tl;e iiiha'oitam-. arc ohlijicd tu till ihcir t'acci. S 1. C l'. IV. Of t'f S'.rh'!; t' ::>■ P''fin<, Dr,/., an I JliUlif'iKf, I' 'If J i I'ri.i ■ (^yyinin..! ; M tiiJ if hrinuii^ iijt U.'it- du: ; lii.Uing l-'j'^e sj ti.ut'Jfii Pflft'll. TH r. Kamnchad.des, or n.;tivcs of Kamtfol;aik.t, inii.ibit the fouthcrn part ii this |H:iiinlula ; the r.i..thiiii pa.t, litiMt-.J on the I'cnl' hn !ka coal', and Oil that of the ulurn ocean, is iiilLiiiiti-d by the Ko. iiki , and the KunU's diviil in the ill.mds txteiiu. i: foul .ward I'f J ipan : fo that ilic iiuivtn of Ka'»-tfch...ka 8ie f.p.iialed into three dilliiiel naioii. n; pcpl". Thi- peiiMilula has no one ti.\;J ;;cn(r.il appcll..iior. .iin., _ lie inh.ibiiaiits, tliough the Rullian-. < all tin v.hole ro.mtiv K.imtieh.itka i it lus thv lucral names ol K' nilki, iioilclicrctlky, Aw.itkha, Konki, L koi, jnd 'I vii fome fiom the iiaw > if the natives, .md others In •• fonic particular or i..eiiioi.diys than the I iii.tr.er pfoiiutes. Sonieof ilie iiat vcs, who are obliged lo he ill the woods, rover liieir laces \»ith a kind «if Mif.i'i , InoI'vialc the (ItCvls of the fun-beams ilarlini.' on il.c fiwiw ( for It is n..t only the complcMoi;, hut the i)t f'f'Jit, which liiHVrs hy thisitfraction. I 111 (lid, of Ihvir people conlilh of drcr ikins with the far O'lt.vards i alio ol do- .-ikiiiv and other .ir.;m.ils. Ihiy rften w^ar two coat the flee vis of ihc o iti r ««iat t" ichiiip down to the ki.cM ; they have a IioikI to •t, .ih in bail weather fervci to cover the head : and they ornainem ilir l-.uk pa;t with (hreds of (kins ■!"'' fjiPfi, lilts ,i| lii;;, „l diH"ete;it colours. The women wear tile f.nne lori of garments as the mer , ihoui'h tlKir coat, or r.ithrr Wa'llcoiit, lits dnler lo their I'xliis, and i- dn urati-d with (lip, of reil, blue, and yellow rli>lh, mirf ioniclimvi libbninj, or wivdlcn till. T'o this w.'i((<'«at IS joined a (lirl ol |it(tiro*t cu-n- iii.: a!ioi)t half way down the !. ,«. The men Wt-jr a kailii:! bi.li ruuiid ttu;in, aiiJ tiitu ir;;s am covcicd >v.Oi dit^'erent coloured ii.iiis; they wenr feil-rviii c.ips of ha>, and foiiiLiiiiies a hat or c:ip of b;rch hark ; lonirt have caps of grals phiited. 'I he woiiicn let iheir hair iMovv much lon^e.-- than tiv-- rici; ; tluyp'ait it, .-.n.l haiiir h;;'.!i tiiiikels tu it : ih y iiavc lur caj'-, that a.-e v.li.m within, and hlaik vvl'.hoiit. Neither men i.or v.-onieii ever wafli tiiem(el\e', 'nit live in a mrll beallly niaimei ; liiey neither cut lli.-^r r.iils, I nor comb out their hair, th.ii/li foinc pains be lu-it.AvtJ ill pl.iilin^ the latter j tl.e if.e.i plait tl;ui hair as v.-iil a.« the women. 1 l-.ey e.t r;'.\v I'.eih, c^riion, H.ile hlh, or aiiv thing that comes in tlieii w-.iy, hovviver lihhv. Ihey live in huts under tl.e jTound, covered with giais or c.irth, and lometiir.es vvi;:i tlie Ikwis of the aninuij they have killed in tl.e ,:M:,, undielied, and llinkin;; nio'lt aSomin.ddy. They place IkmcIics in their hovels, w;i|| a l.;e-p!acc in one comer, and on thele '.e.-.clies ri; ilb liicKil' Ives. Some ol ilie huts are covered vvi'h n.a'.-, ami arc alio lined with truni. 'Ihclo are tli-ir ^^il.tcr dwellings J nor are their lu-'.rrer retre.us n.uch be;u-r, cxeipt that the, arc built on the I'urfaee of the earth, an.l cofiltriieled with rather more rcgul.-.-.:i-. Thele o.- deed are built hiah on pillar?, with bean:- tiuown .icroli tliem, on vshich a Hoor is lix.d, with a n^'A riling from c.aih lide to a centiiial point; and indeed it is neeellarv that tlM fe funinii-r habitation-' (hoiild he t'-.us lii;^h : ellc* ihe inliahitants would be in cmtinual da;i[;er honi the Willi healts. I'h^y eat o-.it of bowls, or troughs, witli their do -, and n vir wrdhll-cm aiiir.v.-r.l'. Now a word or t.vo upon the niariir.^c ceremoni s of ll' I'e cle. nlv an I d.licate p-rp'e: when ;; mm I ath met V. .'h a y >-,iv: wot.. in lliat h- liiits, he to a^i.s into the '-.site if hti p.;ie!ii ■, and alter the i-.\(.iia:;.'n n; a li- lted ti.ac of (i-rutud.-, ohtaiiis either ;"rii>iili.in to .ii..ri; hi.-, or is (:il'i;'iui.d witii a rimiital |.i; his li:viee. Ii he ll.;. k-ivc to nvory, the mipti.ds (..:i.i:nci.-'e iaime- ■'. ! '.y, ;'nd the whnjj itwmonv coii;.ll, in the bn 'c- L,r(ii.m I'i ppiiii,^ ihc briiir nak-.l, wlioi'e iIojl!i«, l.ovv- Wis le Id fall bour-d 1-v lli.-.jis and giidle-i, that he i'nd* it no I .ly talk to aecomj hlli his puiptle: at this criiis I l.'Veial w-(,men (!..lt.r an.l p'otixi her bom him, who, howiver, feci 'n: r.it o[;viiti.i ity lii lir..! her le;. i.u:iu'id, m.k's liefli clloits to uikIuIs her : but if (l.r die- out, . 'l.;r cxei iinations biir..; ..lli'f.-.ree, the women uha ■o.ue l.iil upon ilie n.an, Icratc .in-r his f.'ce, t.aiiii_;hi« h..ir, and other .vife r.-Miplily ticatii'g him; 1.11 the hrije, ftuvvi-j; fomc loncein for his diu-.tir!;', and lli^- wemeii I. coming lets violent in their alKutt, the ir.aii at Ur.; tit lucceii! , and t'lcii retires fr mi l-er, ivhn however c.dU l.im la^k, and ;;c!.iiovvlcd^cs in a (iift I'.ainti.c t no th It he has tomiuered her. Thus the citcnio;:/ ci.ds, and ne\t day ihe hap,iy couple rijuir to the hut of the hulbaiid. In ..bout a v..vk . rtuvards they m.kc a vii'it to the wifVs parents, when all the relations it loth parlies 1 1 inij alleniMc.l. tl.ey there celebrate t;..- mar- ii.i.. k.ift. ;'.>nie of the men marry three wive«, w!io in .'/ncral live in a friendly manner with one another, and a;e ucver jealous. 'I ' -1 jh an attempt In a woman lo prnc;ne .-.1 ortii.rt '.K : . ncd a very c..| tal ot'eiice, yet if ttMiu, he Lorn, one of ilu-m mud be deliro)ed. V.oir.iii put Iheir ii.fenis In a bi'frt, f.i^iiied \n an clalliC pole, whuh is i.ifiiy n'-.ve I \Mt!i llie f i.it, to loclc ' t'lein. ^\» fiioM as i|-,iv cm ll.i I i •, lli- ir lej, , Ihiir ino- tiicr leave ihim lo i' e vMver, i,ft'. lin^ ihcin to mil on the ground any Wl> ii ; I'l. y aie inoll c.- .: •.jeii-/ half Hiked, and Ix-in t" w dk .o a time when-' I "o,ea child Wi ..'.,'. n..t le i.'. !e to linr.d. Ko.'T -ftei-,vaid. Ihcy rui' abou' 1!! th.; fiio'e. I he Kr-iiiifi'adaics lu-ver bury their dea 1, but i f'en (;ive t' I m to llic ,1. j^s ; and (n , i.iat as tlic d' ei . '. d are thus di VI iin.! by doj;-, .h- y will ciilurc to l! -nli-lei* picafant lani.u'i- in llej^is diav.-ii by (iiie d^ ;« in ihii otii't .vorld. ("hi» abominjMe lutlom, howii.r, is not uiiiverf.dlv prai Iii'-d ; (onie lc:ivi iheif dead in their hut, ( and feck a new h.ibilation. 'I'he npp-arel of th.- dra4 1 iKifon is always thrown awa;-, (mm n lujieiilitioiis notinn that whoever ihouKl wear it,' would mtot with I'aaie cpi- lal nii'li^rtunv. S K C T. 'M^ -ixin csps or ;h bilik ; iL'iiirt let tlii'lr liair t il, r.iul l;.iiii; Ji.'.t ar-- v.iv,:c ;li.l\c«, liul live lit ;lK;r i;iils, IS b'j iHii.u'uJ liair ai will a* 1, H.ilo I'llh, or owivcr lil'.liy. rul witli jiiiiis jl' tlic aniiiMis d llinkin;; ihd'H ir ln-vcls, wj'li Ix'i-.tlics rij- ill! red with II. all, re ilirir wii.tcr s liii;ih Kn^-r, i: of the earlli, tv. Thclc ir.- s tlirowa acrul's ivjt' nfiiig from I it is rucfli.irv I'vas lii^li : tlltf Linger irom iho - troughs, widl : urtmotii s of ;; in.in l.'tli nwt 1 .i^^s ii^to [l-.e ii.u;.'ii ti: A li- r ;vr'i:illiMH ti> lor hi> fiivice. r.imtii.'i- iir.m.'- :. Ill the bn 'e- ■ il'>al!l>, lurtv- i-;, tlut lie !'n'i« I' ; at lln> criiis liom liiin, who, lur U;. pUatituI, 1 (l.r 1.1 i'S I'lit, he wiM-iii wlio f.'cc, ti.uiii/. h;« l; t.'.l the briJe, liU lU- wi-mtn : ir.aii .U Iv'li^'.lU V> lu'WMT C.lIU t I '..lillti.C t'llC iiuiiii':'/ ci.Js, to thtr liiit of ■lU ilicv ni'kc a i!.itii.i!> 1 ' loth IcliMti; I..; nur- w!;o ill .;rm.Tal 1, ! •i;c •.xmt prix-.!to :.\ i. •-..i-ilV lull" I'.hi'i. ■ i "!' jT a •I -ftii .v.iiil. ihey dc.i.l, l)Mt pftfn . tViO il' CI . '.J ate : ti) l' il'lviu » fiin' i!' ■,• III (he , Imiwi ^ .r, i-i not iit.,i{ 111 thrir hilt, ^ii'ci if ll>i' iI"ij4 lill'llllt!'"!" llDtKlR « with fanie i.'.ipi- ;: t T. ASIA.] s 1-: c T. V. .a ■w, I T,'.,;V l/.z/iirf «r TritVi-Hi'ifi; ihnr hunting ef tlu Bear; th: iilucil ikmijlii- Frip!'ymc':li tj bilh Mri; and U'omeu ; the Cruelty cxfr:'i\',it ly l>'t Men when they fo to Ilur ; the reiiiiifiNS Notiom oj thj'e People ; their Law with rc- turJ }j AturJer ; lUir Dijejjes H uhich they are Tit K K.mi;fi.h3d,ilcs always .ravel in llcdgcs drawn t>y ill.-; the iii:iiib(T of do'^s is f^iMitrally lour, which are iiiovc hy a wlii|). Tlii; |KMfaii in i)u- (Iciljii i, li.itcd on the li^ht fide of it, with \i\< fict hanging o\er, and is oWiged to bulancc hiinfclf with L'reat tare lell the (Icdpv (houKi overftt. In toleralile mads they rill travel a ;;rcat dilfame in a lliort time, cirrvin;: with iheiri pruvifions, .'i.-. they can tra\cl ahout thirty verlU a dav ; a verll is fonicwliat leb tlian tluce nuarteri of an J.ii'Oilh mile. .vmon, other animals they hunt the hear ; they life rarket' lo walk upon the hiow with, arminr; themkUes Willi pikiS, a id t.;kiiig dogs with them lo provoke tlic ■ iin.al. Ihiy then wait till he conus out cl his cii- cliifiire, for tiiey would altacl- him to great dil.idvan- tage whi'": lie rem lined there, heeaiile the (now being very firm in that plarc, me bear wmilJ be able to nviiii llinillli of all hi^ ilren^tli ; nut tlic iiilliiit he co'Oes out, he finks inio the Inow, and while he is .-ndenvouriii;! Ui dife.ua^e liiiiikll, the hunters ealily deltioy them witii thiir pik.s. The tVUowing is the manner in which ihey dri fs thi ir ftal-jkiis; Ihey niii wvt and Ijm ail ou* the (kin, and with Itones fixtii III \.ood fcra|>e ort" all the lat ; theti they tub it with Caviare, roll it to{!etber, and Head on it ; the) alicrwards fcrape It aji.iin, .\\\A ripiat the nrll pi. cf th ir prccifs till t'.e ft'ii is thor'ni^lilv cleani i and /oft. .--kins of beavers, deer, do^«, \c. ate prepared in the fame niainv r. '1 lie men, whm lint employed in huntinj: and fifhing, veaee nets, und conlltuct liedges an.l boats ; and in the fpring and (unnTier thev pu>eure the neceli'aries of life, and l.v up a I'o e foi the lacceeding winter. Maki'it; of Ihoes, lewing of rloith-, dyiiiij of fkiiis, vhale. I hey ule a boaid .if dry wood to lignt their f.res ; in this board aie I'everal rtmnd hole^, into one <lh, and avoid killiii; any li.i.i or btall rear it. I hey think t'^t womls and I'lirii. il i mountains arc iiih-bitrd by evil fpiiif, whom th' v live ill I'.re.it tear tif, and make tin m olfmn(.'s : l.niie of tlirm b ivt idi Is in th.-ir h it«. Ihey fjve n very im- pel'ect ii'eii of 4 Supienie Hcing, and think he ran n.ilher dii(Viiie happnul's or mifrrv i the name which t' ) hav? Jiir the l> iiv i« Kutchu. They rcvcunre fone pjiticuUr aninuls Inmi which thvy aiiprthciul iLinL'ir, and ftiiiiitlinies oiler tiren ht the boles of |o«'s| i'i< V i'lipU'ti; itolvcii not to hurt them, and be- ((•■.ch .-.iiiphiWoin animals liot lo oiertct their boats, Miny of tiM'tti, lii'wvvrr, d.lopt the Riillian manners, mill iKiiitiinii tic culloiiis III iheii ciiunir^ ; I'lcv h.ivr bvCI intt ' i. ,uc '< by K'alf: ai ii-i>riiiiiaiieti, i:i the Chillli.iii SIBERIA. 45 laith ; and fcliools have been crcfled for their chil- dren. 'I'hc law of retaliation is obfervcd ftri£llv by thcfc people ; if one man kills anothrr, the n l.itions of the perfon killed dellroy the murderer : they piinilh theft by liuniing the fingers of the t!iief. licfore tlii.fe p/oplc w\re c,iii;;iiercd by the RufTiims they had fiicli Irciiucnt intelline i;ii'.re|s, that a year ninly palled without foine vil!a;;e being entirely ruined. The fmall-pnx r'nkcs crcat havti"k l-'rc. Trr Irun V, ami irregularities of parent', biing a variety of dili ifes tipin their offspring, to w'vi h they apply roots, herbs, i',c. The VcM-rcal dil'cale is very freii.ie.it Irmn the inaiiner in which thefc people live together in their huts, an I their excel'- of ilel-aiichery. Th-y \.:\r a dr!- order called the luDiuuh, winch is a inrt of l-ab, u> which till v apply the raw (kn ol a hare to eaule a t .ppu- rition. i heir other diforders are the jja.fy, jaundice, boils, ca. cers, i:c. s K c T. vr. The Fdnneei, /tr.,1 h:t Sf.r:}^:: ef K-^n'fhr.th ; re-unrL.'U F.ri,pii-ns, Inunihitl'jn', im.l tiarli! pi..iei \ /'/■'"/'•■J (■ - t.iratl ifl'-iiliii; ll'it-r ; J'myilar Sfies; Aluhi.lh: i ..', /'■■• K.T'-.lj I tula!ii thy th.':r f'.jh mJ ,:.trii,.' I'e tut „r 01/ th r.jr IN K.nntlcliatka there arc three volraniv , the liiH i« that of Awatehi, fo the northward i / the bav of ihit lUMic i it is : chain of minint.nns, the bafc of ivhich is coverei wiib tiees and exttnds to the biv. riie iiv.ldle fofns a kin.I of amphitiuai''.-, an.l the various fummits .vhicb a'e Ipiral cannoi be vi< wed wiih- out exeiiiiig the moll awiul ideas, Tln-v alwavs emit linoke, but r.iielv lire. 'Ihere was iiid. ed a icrriMe eruption of finoke and cinders in the fumnier of the year 173;, but it only continued one day; inanv ot -lie cinders were near two pounds averdupoi/e in wei .t. I'liis eruption w,is the forc-riin:icr of a tcrr.Me cintli- tpuikc, w.iieh happened on the 0th of the trifain.:: t Mo- ber, and in a (luart-r of .in hour tnerturiied all t! e tents and huts of the Jvamtfchiidales, beiiv' accoinpni.ieJ liv a lingular ebbing and ll.iwing of the fea, vvlii.h at lull role to tl',e height of 20 feet, then funk, and re. tir d to an unufual dillanee j it fj.m after role higher than at lirtl, and I'uddeiily linking a.'.ain, retired fo alloiiilhingly far from the common low water mirk, that It was lor a coiil'.lerable time loll to the eve. At length the cithipiake was repiated, the lea returned onrc more, and loie to the heiglit of ioo feet, over>vIielme.l the whole co,i;l, and then linally retireil, after ha. iiig ilellioyed good , ealile, and many of the lives of th'' in- habitanis, and Icit fc\cral lakes of fait water in the llJds and liwer i' rounds, I'hc lecond 'ulcaiio illms fioin llime mountains finLit- ed between tlie river of K.imtfeh.iika, and that ui robo'illji. Nothing w,r. ever known ;o ' , I ' fiom thi^ but fiiioke, nil tlie year 1 7 jf)i when ■ ..iiitetl a torrent of flames, winch deHr'yed all the iieighboutnij loiclls. " ■['he third volcnno KTucs from the higheft moiinl.'in in Kamtlihaiki on I'le banks of tie livcr of that iiiine. It is iiuironed by an ainpiiiiheaiie of !ellir mouiii .ms, and the head is rendcd into lupg ctev.ccs on cietv li'le. Will 11 a (lorin is appro,iching, the (u»imil is funouiuled by thrc;- g.rilli s «i lluoaky cloads. It cohiimially voin it a coinhu'tdile fi.ii'ke, and Irrcjuently lar.'C tinders, \x\ ^. .atefl ciuptitn bejan .^■ptemher J5, |-{'. a idconti- iiued a week, which with an ejulupiakc ti.al lutliwcd did very ioi/.kiahle (ian!.i;;e. Hot iprin ■;» I're found on the foulhiT.t cxtrcmiiv 'f Kami ,h Ilka: they lorm riiulets, ar. I rim ilr.olf th; lent.ll oV the rivei ()/frna\a, vhich iiliies from the l.ine Kuii' k;., and flien join ihal Itreaiiii the w.,ten howoer aie not hot ill any confideral !c dcfne. Near the river I'aiidji, is a inoiiiii.iin, from wlinfc fu nniit a prinli^iiiiis catiract of lioil.ii.' waters 1.^11 Willi 4 lernble 10! I'e, then rumi'rig to x ceniiderabl* dilhnce, tbiv eoitinue boilin.! up |.i the luiglit of a loot, till they lot'e themfelecs" in lH''nl l.'ko, whii h cuiit.iin 4,1 iiiliiiiii" iinmb'r of iilaiuU. Krini t' n '•1 lU'iUi- 11 46 A NEW COMPLETE SVSTIwM OF GEOGRAPHY. * lH\' il •I I mountain the inhabitants obtain fomc beautiful ftoncs upon which they ft-t a great valui-, on nccouat of their admirable variegated tolours, which ;uc iru-rely tlie effects of the different powers ot hc.it, humidity, r.iid friction ; for thele Hones arc w.illieil troni ihe mouutaiii, and arc pulilhed bv the abo\i.-iiienlioued hct ii'iJ impe- tuous w;;tcrs. A fircat quantity of li(h harbour in the livers of Kaiulfehallta during the wiiiier. In the fprui^-, wlien the ice breaks, ihev attempt to get 'o tlic fea. Hut the natives watch the iieads of the rivers, and take a i;ieal number of them m a kind of nets ; fome they diy in the fuinnier and lay by for thiir winter fo;>d, and tVoni others they extract the fat or oil by me.'ii> ol red I'.ot Hones, which they carefully relervc for a great variety of Ullb, SEC T. vn. Of th,- Kiiriles, tin Korcki, tht 'IVhukotlkoi, arJ /'i 'I'ungufr; ii;.'<' t).i- M.iniun, IJ.jhmi, !')ic^ts, cii,J Hdit.itiim of thfj't Jiur Hijlinct Katiens =/ People, TM K Kurilcs, who dwell on the fouthern point \ ilions are generally the flelh of amphibious animals. Ihcfe pen pie ire rTH;r. civiliwd than the lell of the nation, and rcmarica'. '.c tor liicir hofpitality and peaceable dilpo- fltion. Tne Koieki, at lead the fitiled Koreki, (for this nation is divided into what arc called the (ettled Ivoreki and the wanderinit or rein-deer Koicki,! are imitator'- of the Kamtfchadile* in every refped. 'I hefe people ilwell on the coall of the eaflcrn ocean, fnin the ruei Lkui lu the Anadit, and along the cuall of the I'ekliinaii fea. 'l"he Korcki differ from each other both difpo- filion and form, as well as in their drefs and culioms the wandering or rein-deer Korcki are iiatuially veiv iiafiu.'., and often put their wivo to death Iroiii ilie fiighteft fufpicions ; and if a man and woman be ac- tually dcteiitcd in cumin.'! connection, both of ihcni are fute to fuffer de.'th ; the women therefoie av^ud li'tting oft' their pcrf'iis to advantage, and never walh their faces or comb their head'-. Hut tins is not tlie cafe with the wives of the fettled Kouki, who decorate thcmfelves as much as pollible ; and li little d.ies jca- louly prevail amonij this nation, that when f)nc m.in vifits another, he has ahvays the Wilc or dauj^hter ol his Irieiid to lie with. The wandering; Korcki arc of fliort ftature, ilniK: (hape, with ov.d 'ices, lart;e mouihs, and (hott notes. Doth tlie Korcki and tlic vtandenrt; Korcki have black luir ; but the former ate neither (hort nor (lender as the latter. The marria~e ceremonies of the Koreki are much th'.* fame as at Kamtfchatka, and they have a great fondiK-fs f«(r then offspring, whom they inure to ind'.ilhiou'. em- ployment' Imm their inlancv. i\Iairia;;e is only prohi- I'ltcd between father and daughtci, mother and fen ; they |>encrallv marry into their own lainily, and pay very l.ttle regard to perfonal accomplininicnts. The ll'-dgcs ufed by the Korcki are drawn by rein-deer in the winter, who will gu near an liundred nnle in a A< to Ihe funeral ceremonies of the Kotcki, they diefs the dcccaicd in his bei) ilimths, and tixin{|> him upon n pile of wood, throw on it his bow and airow, and then (rt tire to the pile, lie is ib.iwii in a lledee to this pile bv a rein-dtei, whidi, while ih" pile is confmning i. put tu death and thrown into the tiie. •Lilfe the people in K.initlchaika, ihey live in H'»t ol fpirit', which they think hovii in wood. Jiid on m mn- tains, Ihey funietimi', lix tiie hciul oi * dug up'ui » (take, attd tuniiuu; the animal's faw tuwards the call, »r',', " lake thi-, and fend ii< fomtllnin bettri lot .t " They, h; their other culioms, arc like the natives ( f Kaintlciiatka. The 'l'ch'iko:r!;oi inhabit the br.iiks of the river Aii.i- dir, and extend ■.\\o<.v;i. the fllore, to the north f|id north call, to iivcolviour degue-. it latitude; and thole who live to tlic north o! Anadir, not litiii^ liibicct to the Rufli.'.iis, otii.'i impril'oa and uedriiy tiiole wli^i arc. The habitations of the rchukotlkoi arc more cmn- niodi Ills and v.Mim th.m thci:e of the Korcki ; and when a viiiti.i come- to iec them, he is always pi, I'eiitcd v:.\\\ the m.ilLr of the hut's wilc or daughter, who liaiui- t>> bur. a bifon of he' own urine, win 'Ahich the vifnt.r walbo li, ■ mouth ; and rliib he is obliged to do, or he ik Ij not looked ui>oii as a friend. I The drcis of thcl'e people i> the fame as that vVorn by the K.iiutlchadalcs- : their food is t;ie iciii-deer and other anima!!.. file lun^^un confiil of vaiious tiibes, fpread through dirierei.t par;> of Siberia, and arc of the old Sevthiaii race i they are diftineuilhed into the Konni 'I'uiigiiti, or thofe who ufe hoiles ; the Oleiii I'unguli, or thole who ul.' rei:i-dccr ; and ilic Sabaticlii Tuii^uii, or thofe who nuke ufe of dogs. Hoth lexcs of .Saba. ■ iii Tungufi, who take up their II tidi iKc between liio Lena and liie iVnfehinlka ocean, ■/> nakcil in liiinmer time, c.supt jull having a fi:,..;i pi. •: ol (kin round iheir wailts. In the winter thcv arc cloati.i \ with dcer-lkiiis. 1 he\ believe an ail-ru';;n.; i'rovidi v.^:, , but reverence idols of their own coidlrucliii';. 'Huv h.in,; till ir dead upon tlie branches ol lU'i^, and bum thit bones as toon ab ilic Hclh ruts off, or is devoured by uni- in.db or birds. S K C T. VIII. Oft'i. Jakuti, i!.e Hrati!.', ih,- Kainlki, //,r Barabinf ' ; (/ .Mahometan N. lion on .'• />.'...■.; Itlikh ; iiml li i Otliochs : tuf/j tliL Mjiintn ti/ii.' •J!i/hm, cj'Uij.ji^iiul Niilhm. TH V. province of Jakuti, or Jakiitik, is fltuated to the north. The cold in this province, and in tlic other northern parts of Siberia, (jinctinub ii.creifcb fo coufideraMy in a lew liouis as to (liike men and caule deail, wii'i h:ip|i< 11 to be a' too (.'re. it a 'litlanee from any habitatioi. i,> fiRlter thcmlcKes Ipeedily from it. In com- mon c.ld Weather it freijuently happens that fome pans only o| ti-.e imdy are tro/eii ; ill this cafe, it i< ufu.d to nib till in with faow, by uhiili liie i iiriilation is ini- inedi.iteii ri llored. W hen fuch an ai culent happen- to tire l.icc, whieh generallv lolcs .1' leiifation, ii. tin's inoli Irvete wtathrr the pi i Ion thus atfeiled nuil) be told ni' it: lit without till- nccediny piece ot k.vlee, whi(h people do each other by turns, the froien part Would loon be loll. This leveie weather is luiceeded by fo h"t a funnner, that the inlub.tants are obliged to go ii;>ii:, naked. Ill the molt noHiiern \. ts, beyond the li.stielh degree of latitude, l!ie eaitii prodaces neiih.-r corn nor liuil) thtvare, however, fupplied with lhe(e iieccirarii.s Horn the loiithein parts \ and iliey ate in want of neither hill nor animal lood ; lot ihi y have a sreat diverlity of the tornier, and a pleiuv of tame and w^ld b-alls : ..ni as to fuel they have .dio a lufficieiuy oi that elii.iiti.'.l article. Ihe Jakuti have fome corn in th ur country i they however |iav little regard to it) the hunting of aiiima'i emp'.ovini; ihe.r cl.ief .ittcntioii. The town ol j.k it/k, on the river \xnA, istheij- piial of the pruviiKv, and is Jiout Ijui hundred miles I liom the l-'io/.rn (X'ein. I riir Jakuti form ■ ne of the moft confidcrable and nil- < mctous pa^:an nations in all the vail cuantrv of Siberia, 1 and are divided into ten tribes 'iiakini; in the whole lu.r i lefs than l.i.iy or foitv ihouUnd perrons, all under the dominion and taxation ul Kutli.i. 1 I'hcio people believe in a Supreme Bt-ing, .ind have 1 an iinapc ol (mn ; the image, iKiwevcr, harti d \-tv I:, ! d«.ous afpeit , it has a fig he "d, and Urjj-r ije» "( ciral. I riKV place It III a tree, and cover i: vtith tjrs : i.iice a I vcai they aDemble tu^ethir, iiiol InviitK'' htifes, 8(c. ii ': this >iua«<-, lliikinr^ up the liurk.> Ilea N till round ile tree. IVii litiiii; d. vn ;n a ciril', t: .-» dt.lik U a i llo' 'it I. IiUe the natives th 'Ahiih the Vili'.oi- i^i-J tu Jo, or iie i> nic as that Worn by : ixiu-Jctr and other ilics, fjMcad through ot the uM Si'Mhian he Konni Tuiigiili, i run;;uli, or iholc lii 'I'uni.uii, or tholi; , v.ho take Ufi their enfehinlka ocean, ;',ij \u\ uw a li:..ill |)i<. a iier ihcy aic tlnatheJ il-rn';;:ij, i'ro\iii' nei-, coiiitruclin;. They I not-, and Inn n thi! r '\)> Uc\oLiicd by ;;ni- iiifki, //,■ Barahinf:!; .„i! liiikh i (iiiil lit iiijhmt cf ticjc jiVhtitl ikiitzk, is fituaU'd to province, and in tlic motinieb intrcifcs fo hike men and caule t a ilillanec irom any dv tr that I'on'.e pan> lis tafe, it is uhii'l to (iirulalion is iri<- ateident happens t(} tnlation, i;, tins rinlt .ted iiiwll he Itjid oi' ee ol It. viie, wh.ich e frozen part would s luneedeii by In ll'il ohlijeJ to no jiartiv , beyond tht lixticllv res iieitli.T eotn nor with thele nccell'arits tc in w n>t of neither a ercat diveility of and wM h.alls : .nJ L'tuy oi thjt clluitial thur eountrv i they he huntiiig ol'.llliln.l'^ iver Lena, is the < j- it l.jiii lumdreJ inilei> I ccnfi.lera'.ilc »nd mi- ll) coantrv of Siberia, Liiv^ ill the whole nor peiions, all under the erne Bt-ing, and h^vr vcr, harti A vcrv I'.. nd Urt'" in which tiiey dwcU are like the.fe "f the other luti' WIS, e.xctpt that their furimer liovels, lUui'.bling; a lug-.'.r-loaf, are covered with tlie haik of iicvs, joined and tinbioidereJ very curioiidy with liorle- '1 hcv 'jciierally leave their dead in then Imts, lluittiiig u ) the I'.mi-, i'ld feekin^'; ano;liei habitation. ' The liratlki lart-irs dwell near the l.:ke Baikal, mniy I.X whom aie j^ood mechanics, and others well ikilled in ,i;-.iiculture. Tlie food of thefe people is vcnilon and li iiiJteJ do moll ol the other lartars. Along the river Irtfieh there \< a nation ol Maho- llietaii>., who k' 1 p numerous luijs and flocks; thefe pay a tiibule to Mufcovy, though ll'.iy are [.■overned bv princes of their own. 1 hey led nible tile .■.iicieiit Kiiilians ill their drefs, and the women wear rin;.;s in their liofcs. Along ilie livers Obv and Jenifa", dill further to the weft, live the IMtiocs, ami who ir. !,.'l extend along otlier livers whis.il diuh.i'i'.e theinflw . into thr two above- ii'.entioned. In the funimer thefe people dry their lilli, which fiivcs them in th,: winlei : thev have no nee, but fiihf.ll .III loois, I'lh, wiid-tovvl, \l-. Their winter hats au low tii the •;rriiiid, v.i'I' a roof of bark or riiflus; in funiiiu-r ihey buil.l on vli.; banks of the rivei-., .iiid eiiiplov tla.iifiKes in tiniini.'. The lUdf.cs of l!ie Oftiocs to .hawn bydo.-s, four of whieii will diaw a lieu^e with ;?olb. wei^'lit ih»mi ii (ifteei leagm-inaday. ^^ hat i, remarkable, th. v have polls ill this country In." flcJ;;cs a« rtgi.lar as the poiU of i iiiepi, wim rtl.i\;:s they 1 ■ iplov. .As to the te!i;Mtiii of ileie |cop''-, they hive fmall i r.i/.eii iiliiN, pl.iced in fTovc-, ii oil ilic tops ol lioulcs. Vv I All ihi .' ii..ii>e olivri. :-, they prrlVnt an aniiinl to the I i '1, and I'lie of them puis up tli«' pelitiins of thofe who i ought llic f.niilice i he then |iierees the beall with an .l:ov.-, and ihey ai! ji in in killing him : tin 11 the animal is drawn round the idol, and fume of iheiii Ipimklc the blood iJiioii it ; they then ix-.\. th.' Ilcfll, a.;d c.l it (hout- 111 ; and lejoicm^,. 3 1. C 1. I.X. SaMUISOI.\, ii .Sa.moieua. Of the K.itivti 1 ll'flr Pn/.nis Dli/i, HMtJlkm, M;n- iiii. i.;i.! Qi/hnii , llii:r .U\l' .J cj' luuhing tht S,u Do^, thr'ir Ri!'^uui Suliim, SAinoivi';ia,or .''nmoicda, is litiiatsd north wi-ll of Siberia, a lar;'e province 011 the Kro;-.en Dcean ; it is iliv ided into Obd'iia on the we!)-, ;'.nd .Maliaino and l,opp,i rail of tiieiiv.r Oby . the Kiph.ean iiiinnitaiiis, lutiouiiJing the river I'ci /Ota, are its wi (leiu boundaiies. I he SanuHues, or .'laniiuedians, aie low in ll.iliire, hro;irl-)hiiuldered, broad-faeed, llai iiofed, with han:;ing lips, and fmall u-lv eyes j their compl xi.ms aie fwar- thy i lu that it 1.. ubiavable, an cxtrcmvly Itot 01 cold R I A. 47 climate hath the fame eft'eit on the Ikin. The hair of both lexcs hangs at its full length, and the women's, whkb is plaited, is adorned with red (lips of cloth and bral's trinkets lixtd to it. The men have fearcc any beard. The drefs of thefe people is a fort of wairtcoat and bufkiii, with a fur tap; alio a co.it of rcin-dcer Ikin j and in the winter they wrap over them a large fur coat, which almod coveis them from head to foot ; for there is a hood to the coat, which nearly obfcures the face ; they in this ({j^imi alio wear thick boots; the vvumeii too appear iii boots, with a kind of |)ctiicoat co:ii.ng half way down their lej;s. 'l"heir dwelling-places are caves, in which thev live nine mo.itlis in li.e yaar, and make fubterraneous paliage« lor the purpofe of vifitin;: each other : they bu:n lan.'ps, fed by a ftiiiking fiet'd lifli oil. Ill thefe legions of Jarknefs the Samoiedians lead a life ot jolli;y and mirth, lealiiiig upon ihcep, .).\en, deer, ti(h, and horlc's ; and if the food l>e taiiuej, the better they relilli It : the cntiaiK of an animal thev elLem the belt pait. I I.eir fiimmer habitations are in the relemblaiire of a hec-hivc, and are covered wiih ihe ik ns el the same they kill, vv.iich poifon the ;iir with men dench. Ill tile winter they h.ive ikait- on theii leet, with which tlicy Aide Iwifil;, on the ne and luid hojies \ii fiiovv : tiiev arcfor the molrpart a llrong, hai.lv, he.ilthe, active pe.iple. They travel in llcdgis diavvn by rcin-decr or dogs ; the fledges meafure .ibout tight lei't in length, and about lour in breadth, and tuiu up before in the manner ot a ikait ; the rein-diir liave a very pretty ap- pearance in tlieir harnefs, holding their heads Iti hi^li, that their horns almoll tmn-h liieir bai..ks. Ihe Samoiedes are tamous fT catching the fca- dog. Thev ciawl upon the ice i.ttei thii, animal with a larpe hook and line, and at a convenient ditlancv; ihiow the hook; when the animal, in endeavourini? to avoid the fnare laid lor it, j;encrally fixi s itfiif init; the ere ture, however, though thus hooked, itim;)s fometimes into the lea wiih fucli force and vioience as to drag the man into the lea after him. From the fea-dog IS extracted an oil, and the flefti is eaten by tiie natives. The Samoiedes believe that there is a Supreme Being, and they ci'l him lley-ha ; Irom him they think every human bleliu.g is derived ; that he is our all-merciful and common j.arent, and will rewaid Iholc with an happy Ifate heualier who live as they ought in this woild; thev howevei woithip the Inn, the moon, and (tars, and ali'.i levereiiee im.iges, birds, and beatts. They have their puell, who pretend to be adepts in the magic ar' ; wherefore tVy conlult thefe upon vaimus occalioils, H-lisi feverallv vkiiver their oraiuUi deivrmiiiatioiis, S t C T. X. Oft!. . I>if/ Cii, i-i 0/ Siberia. HAviie:; circumltantially treated of the chief of thofe wiid uneiviliAed people who aie the inhabitants ot -Siberia, we Ihall now preknt our readers with a delcrip- liniiol the principal cnies or towns ot this couiitiy. t'obollky, the capit.d, u.s built on the tide of the old cilv which h.id been the name of Sibcr It is lituatcj in lifty-eiuht degrees north l.ititude, and fixty (even de- grees e.'.it longiiudi from London, contains about fif- teen thoul'and inlwbilarts, almolt all Rulfiant, or ra- ti..-alized. Of the latur theie arc levetal Mahometan Tartars; the greater pait of them live without the city, lor the purpofe of (vrforming uninterruptedly the ceremo- nies o< their own religion. lobollky is divided into two parts; the larger part is fituated on the banks of the river Irtifz ; and the oihet upon a hill, the top of which is a kind of plat- loim extending to the e.\tl of the town. That pait on the hill is fortified, both call and north bv a tampait, badions, and a ditch fix teet broad, bonlcrr-d with palUla- dots. The lower town is in a pl.i en the hill iiHl the liver, and both towns taken arc of a coiilidi Table liicunileicnce. All (he ivi.acations ol the upiH-t town, which is called the city, are on the flat ; the fouihein pail of the city, on ace cunt cf a devi>i;orgr, is difficult ot acccft ^ at 11 alto I'.i wc(icr-i patt, il II A NEW COMTLETr. SYSTEM OF CEOGRArilY. ..'>^ I '^ It ^^■^ h' :'(! • p:\rt, bocauic llic riv.T fl')W< ;.t the foot of tlic lii'l, v.aidi bciiiii; coiiioolcl ot' i looli- l.itul, i..ii\r.o: Iv to'-ilcl bJt with uri ;it i1.m;,iT : l.irL'c i)R'ics Iriinioiitly luc.ik from the hill, .mJ l.illii';^ into t.'x liMi, biar c\ t-ry tliiiU', bc- K-.^- them. l"hc citv of I'obnIiVi hns a govc-iior, wholV preroga- tive ilmcMlS Illinois ;'.U ciwv Siheii;! ; brrc too is a foiiit It equity conipoli'd of futin couitfcllors, who coiijuv. bi.'ih civil .iiiil military ciinerm. 'riiere arc three chi;;i!.is ai\d a convent in the upper t.vAii, or eitv ; but thife arc bmli 'nt biiilt of lion.- : and lioin tl-.e upper to the li;v>er town tht're aje three iliftlient coinr.umiiations. I\jb.,l!Ui is at a liifVanee of near ei_iht hinnlreil Ica^'ucs fri'".'. th-' ceiiit i vih'ri'loii, that tlie j>n\irnor may not abufe the power v.iih win. h he is iia.lleJ, tlv.-i.- i> .i pitccbr, \vh»> lanksnextto the (joviinoi, but wlio is not iKpc-ndi i.t . 11 eithi'r him or tiie eourl ot eipiitv; fo that i:;e lni!i;-.vl"s ai'iuJied hv th ■ ;;oviinor, or by the clian- nrv, c.mnot h.n'c a .'.i;al ilkt,i.r.ia..tion without ilu- pioe- toi's alUnt. At I'obo', l.i there \* .in archbilhop, wlnif.- ilioeefe ex- tendi cwr the iircatir part of .Siiv.iia. 'I he e:)ii.ili llor". of chancer*, an.l ^iieat numlvis ol ll'.e iMiehants, li\e in » very Kpuuble niarn.T. I IT.is citv onee e.irned on a cnnfider.^bk' trafli.; wi'.h I the Chineic by nieajis of caiavans : hut the recipr.iea' I Vr.avcry ot tiu' Chinefe and i{ulii.;n tnereh.ints redimJ it in a Ih'nl tine to a vciv lan^uilliin;^ (Kite. !t h.i-. u U.iriil.'n cinlitimg el i-.vo rejjiinents ot ini mlr; . .Mo:l p-ifoiii employid inidi r uovernniiiit here, aie feni I'loni Mofcow and ."^t. i'llerlbuii;. iuholli^i, at the dillance of about an I"n",lin» iiiile, prel'eiits a mcl! pleafing arid beaiitifu! view f.. ii the nuni btr of ns imall llteple-, melt of which are covered v.iih br.:!* : Ihi'. a;;rccabf.- I'eeiic, howeier, dif..p;i ar», on en- ternm thj town, tiie li"nfts of whith are all il w-oj, and vci) dl built , the lovernor's a-u! archhidiopS p.i- l.\ce«, the tovvn-hjil, and a fort ol citadel, are the onli bill!.; n.:s fo.r.icd oi brick and (hme. It IS lurdly polfiblc to walk ..Uin;r the ftrccis in thi^ cty for ihe d.rt ; cun the i.pp i to.vii is al»iniinahly dirtv, except in t.ie li.ninicr tin c. I'pnn this account, there are foot-wavs mi'dv bv plai k- in feme of tlie llteets ; hoie.\er, they are ki pt in »ery had ordri. I'be cilv ( f Ntiw.i.ill.oi i-. in the province of Tolol- Tki. anil is liru.iti.l o.i the river Neiura. It has a foit ard .ibiiut elj.ht hundred luuile*. Very valiid'le br.ifs and copper uti iil'.ls are n:a,le here, .i.nd in its m uhl'oiir- hciod ..!•.• cinfuierable iron work^. CatiKttnduijr is alfo in the province of 'IVdmilki. It r >i't.iuis iipva. .> of four hundnd h.-uifes, i-.xclii!.ve ol lh..:i .'I ll.w fill iiil>>, v.h.eh.i.-e without the w.d!^. litre are J W'.odcn ihefvh, a Ibme buddni..' for public odici-, a'l "i" ...1, an c.xcitii'v, and a tullom-houle. It i^ ;.^..'..J f-i llie river !u;, iind is well defended. It hein., II. ll ■ CMitte of all tlie S'beri.in uiine vvoiks, the diic.t.M III th- niiTits takes up his rdideiice hae; the fabuihs ire par;;, peopled bv (mh as toil at the n.iiKs, or by ti 'i|> I' .1 iiiiiiier and dernud to labour for their odencf. Ail I-'. . ot provilionv Are here in ^riat plenty, and fold cm I...!- I'.'.t-!- s.rm'. i luiiien, wiich is alfi in the province ol '!'■ biUVi, ' f;t;i.i;cd on the r.ver I i" i '. < the foiitliward, over w , en there i- a biid.'e iii.A.,i.ls of ci^thty lathoriis i.M." ; a; a fniall Jill .:;■ e hrlnw it there is a fbmc lort, ■.t\l withoit this fiiiliiie.itmri are five h.iiiJo.l lioiiles, h.,i! a d n wi ndtn ihi.iiiu^, :u;d a tunvcr.t. I he l.i'urbs ff riii."eir are iliviutil into tvvn parts, ilir one (jill I ..1 i.i.nin; .ili .ut two hundrid an.l l.fty lioulcs, threu jl .ic ciurchf' . .';da rTumi'Uty ■, ineolher part i' iiihthited hi .Uaii'iniei.in I .irt.us .le.d liiic!iaii:in>, us will i> Uul- !;..«' , th'- lonner ;..i.iii • a ii;ijfi|iu-,.rnd tin. l.ittcr achuich. 1 ;.e citv 1-1 roinlk'.v, wh'in is the e .pital df a pro- vi'iee of OMi IIITIII-, I- u Kron^ froiii.;r place, hiti.' m i.in -fix lie, I. IS iiitv iriiii.iiis tHirthlanriide, .ind iiicr;;liiy f ur di;; eis lliiili fix i» inirles liini;iliidc froJ. It is tliL- capita! of the province of the l.'.i.ie ri'me, and is the fee of a b'l'iop, It is fniii'tcd ncaj the tivii /Vngiira, a:id Is delended Uy a Itioii^ luit. s F c r XI. OfthcGi-ii'r.is ar.J Mjnn:Ie profi h the ri h:!ion of the (-reek church. It w.'.s hrlt e(l i:lilhed hy W olndimer in the year ()Si, and diti'ers from the Ronulh church ptiiuipally in the to lowing pitticulais; The (irecks adminilier bapfifm hy di; ping, the Roni.-i.< by fprinkling : the loniur coii- kcr..le with leavened bread, .iiid the latter with unle.iveni A buad. The Kulli.ins believe that the Holy Gholl pro- iieds from the F athcr by the .Son; the Rom.ins believe that the Holy liholl proeeids from the latlur and the Son. The pncilion of l'cho'.iliic divinity hi'lh created a grtat dirteiLiice between thefe two alleiiim.;, from whence rraiiy argmiuiits and difput.itions h.ive ori- iiiiuicd. However, many of the fathers Jiave lieipunily ina.'e ule of bo h thde modes of cNpieHlrn. The p pe is acknowh.. i,d as the till! bdhnji by divine ri,;hi, and as liieli is tl'e cei.ti. ot the unity ol the church; but the Riilliaiis retule to ..t knowledge the fui; in oilur relj ,i's they addiiit iheiliulvcs lo eveiy Ipecies of I iinnioraiity ami viir. I As lo the geiicul mode nf living, as praflifed hy Ithele (Kopk., ihey pas away K;eit part of the jcrin lloih and idiincis, (hur up in their hovcb, the (illhi- jiielsol which is bevonj cciiKCjition. I'tiai i)u.>inied with I iilier iiiduttry or coimurce, r.ml hiivng no ih-is nf' I.L'ertv, the.i wa''. and wiihi.. art; very cinumli nUd. Slavery has lit ati-.le all tjic ritht of n.itiiie .nil' ?il',(l them ; ihe liunmri IjK-cies \% a coin'rereia' article, fomt- times lold at a high price i thi. dipravrly Ibll. < dll piin- ciplis of humanity, and all kind r.f I'eiuiirct.!. The uiivvholeloir'eliels and rirconvenieiuc of their h'vils ato i.iiifiili.r.l ' , ir'i/mented by He in leniency of the weather, whuh ohy atu a cnmii.i...ieatiuti with tit; lii'li '.ll J tbeir windows are geei-.lly no note than unu (well liij^h, and bx iiiclio wide i livtidei which the inlK> [Y. re (oui chiirtlic?, lilcnty, am! tl;e !•. tlic capital of a (troML' lnrtri.1* It IS i.i tiftv- cwilb lituatLd oil Ins jilacc arc ihs il on .\ river How- ctty v.xll peopkJ, e, an,l is t!ic ci. as three eliiijxlie^, L'l- i :iiid the nuiii- It 11 i;iii,:tv'd oil cuilaininii ;:bcn:t ■il liy (i.'.iiil^iJoc: ; two ul WvJttJ. L- i.M.ie ii'.me, and the rucr An£:;ra, li'.:i J:'.:.i:t<:i:li cf !\ve obfciici!, that e< with rcl'i L-it to nifj entiii.lv trotii rent (I'AiMi'ntins, '.;» Uiid ni-iiii.r^ of t be ateoiuutii tor t. incc, feeiTi to have o!iv, .iMi| the l.iiiii: ' ainurcineiu<, arJ t'lc (Ireelc church, r 111 the \e.ir <)St, ptineipally in thu ailniiiiiiler bajitilm ;', ; the lorinir coii- ter with nnle.iveni A e iln'iy (Tholt pio- l!ic iiiiin.ins hditic [I'.e i athtr and the uinity hi'th cnaiej vo alleiii.ii.-, from iitations h.vo ori- ifrs liave Icequemly I expredii II. 'I'he inp hy divine ri,;ht, lity i>l the church ; >e the iin're'iiacv of catechifiii C( iideniu to the ii.ile oi pui- vcn to faii.tiic;!m in link t ify liiliil a!! it» le external tueino- ol' tliJ I/e:il (!ift> : cs to evciy (picios ot II', as praflilcil by I art ot the Je:'r ill hovel'-, the (ilt!n« l'ii.ui|u.>iiited with hav'tip m> i,!e;s of : very (.ircimil'i n' id, of n.itiiie anil ni;ft perci»l article, l"itn;« ■avity IMI' < all priii- r.f fer.tiirci-.t. I'ltc c of their h"v«-ls are ii'i leniency of the i.i.,.iCatiuii with tli<: .-.'llv no n.oio than .• i bcWe* wlich the iidK* ASIA.] SIBERIA. 49 inhihilants are almoft deprived of the light of the fun during the ijinc it remains in the weftern conftclla- ti>>ns i tliey are at that tunc in almoll continual d.irlc- neC, receiving light only Croni fplintcrs of birch, which they call couchiiies : tltclc native^, however, arc flout, healthy, robull, muleular, and live to a p,rci( ap- Though It mull be confeflid an infinite nuiT.bcr of chil- dren die, el'peciilly anion;; me common pcopl •, of whole tVinilies one third part is learte ever prilerved ; parents who have ha.\, leurvy, and venereal dileale, concur cra- diiall)- to thin the country of inhaiiitantj i lo that uii- leli the Riifliaii goveriinient adopts foine incaiurc to put a Oop to this depopulation, the human fj-ecies bcrc inufl loon be extiiut. The woitKn in genoral of this country arc tolerably handfomc : and all ranks and ages paint. At 'I'obollVy in particular the women arc extremely fair, and their countenances pcrfeilly agreeable j their ryes a. e black, languiftiing, and down-caft, for they ni-ver dare look a man full in the face ; they wear no caps, hut coloured handker- chiefs, which they fo curioiidy interweave among their hair, gciiJTjlly black and unpowdered, that this kind :tive look. They chanjije their Imeii but feldoin, and are unacnuaintcd with that variety of undrefs to which the Europeans arc ac- culfomed. The age of the women of Siberia is dillinguilhcd by their dufs ; the tdd are drefled in the RulTian fafliicn, ami the yiuiig w. • r a Rullian lobe, in the manner of the I'lilaiiders. They have Urait caps, with their hair hanging down from each fide or behind j the cap is .adorned with very indifferent fringes of a iluft" pccu- Jiar to the place, which is Uiuiid rnund in curious circles. In the houles of people of rank at Tobollky there are leldoni nioie than two beds, one for the hufband and wile, and the other for the children; all other per- foni in the huufe lie promifcuoully upon benches or mats. The beds have no curtains j and inllead of a bolder, they have feven or eight pillows, one Icfs than tht other, railed up in the form of pyramids. This bed is geiieially the principal piece of lurniture. In i(jf)j, even people of quality uled to lie upon bare biiilie-, III which a llin or olher covering was Ipriad i there was (eace any lurniture in the houfes, and very few tables were covered with a cloth at meals. At Tobollky the men aic extremely jealous of their wives, who leldom go out, but live wholly fequclfered frurii iociety, and arc given up to indolence and lazinefs. 'I'hat Ipetics of rchiicd love which flows from fenfi- bility, and predominates over the human foul, is here iiiifeli and unknown. Here a lover has never the fatis- faction of feeing the dilbrdcr and confufion of his iiiiltieh, endeavouring, but unable, to conceal her pjirion Such lituations are never feen in Siberia. In this barbarous country men tyrannize over their wives, .iiid titat them as llaies, rei|uiring of them the nioli fetvilc and menial offices: no wcndcr then that the delicacy of fentimcnt which charailirizes the natives of mure civilized countries, is fo rarely to be met with here. 1 hough the men ufe their wives with fueh Icveiitv, they .ire very indulgent to their daughters they think 111 lined women fhould be wholly taken up with their luilbands, but that lihe^ty Ihould be given to the un- inariied, in order that by that means they may have an oppoitunity ol getting hiilhands ; and the giils veiy liKin avail themlinvts ol this libeitv, without cither the oinfeiitol their parents or the fanclion of the chinch. Tbeic is very liitle foeiety at Tobo'llcy ; nor i^ it pofTible theie Ihould be much under a government where uo ludiyidual enjoys that cflcntlal ft ccdwn by wliiJi '■ I the happinefs and welfare of thecitiien is fecurcd, A ' rec.procal fear prevails anion); people here; whence I anfc miftrull, diffimulation, and perfidy. Genuine frienil. fhip, that fentinient which fo powerfully contributes j to the common felicity of human beings, glows not in th brcaft of a Ruffian. j 'I'hc people cf Tobolflty have no principles of mo- ' rality ; the clergy, who are very ignorant, arc as libi- dinous and drunken as any. 'i hey make their wine I with plants, drugs, and brandy. \Ve do not wi(h or ■ mean, however, to elfablifli an unfavourable opinion of i the whole body of clergy from this difadvaiitag 'ous re- prefentation of them ; there arc ibmc among them of irreproachable manners, and liberal capacities. The higher vlaflcs of people never enter into prieft- hoodj by which means there is no intermediate ftate in the ecclcfiaftic body ; it is made up entirely of the com- mon people, or the children cf the prlel^^, who are often the mod dilFolute j fo that the depravity and igno- rance of the clergy arc the natural confcqucnrcs of their not having received any principles of education. The young women of this country, who, as hath been oblervcd, have great liberty given them by their fathcr.s, frequently divert themfelvcs with dancing. Some- times fix or eight couple arc feen dancing tc^eiher, and at other times only two, a man and a woman : moll of their dances are characferiftic j a lover exptefles liis palTioii by the molt wanton and lafcivious aiiuude.'.; his 11 iltiel's anfwers him with all the graces peculiar to her lex ; which are extiemely .alluring m thele girls, as the in.H'tivily of their lives gives them a kind of languor very tender and exprellive. Some of their dances are pantomimic, which the young people perform with admirable dexterity; they turn round on one foot, while they aie almoll in a fating attitude; then tiling inftantly up, they throw thenilVKea into fonie mimic or grotef'jiie pollute, which they vary every moment, in advancing, retiring, or turning round the roo.n. One couple alone generally peit'ornis this dance. Some of the young women aniufc themfelvcs in fine weathei by Iwiiigin.; upon a plank ha'anced acroN .i beam lying o.i the gruuii.l ; ihev p'acj themklvc) .it tiit ends of the plank, and alternate'y raile oik- aaullicr feveial feet high with great dexti.iity. We fliall now bid adieu to the dreary tedious of Si- beria; we Hull leave her lioz-'ii lull, l,er dieadlul clime, her horror-ftrikiiig leer.e-. I Now liiall we ([uit a vail gloomy defait, wlieic the thickell co.eiings of fur cannot fufficiently defend the natives from the pieic- ing cold ; whcic even brandy freezes, thoii.;h ke;)t in rooms where there are fires ; where the ice of the difmal lakes, from the condeiifation of air, crack. I'oinetimrs with a iioife as loud as a caniinn ; wheic men and ani- mals are fometimes Ihuck with death by the loIJ ; wiiere even the fiiioke fio.n chimnies is at intervals prevented from rifing by it; and where birds of all kinds drop dead to ihe ground. Here nature, with her blooming verdure, is never Icon or telt, as with us, imparting new lite into all that breathes or vegetates ; no trees ate here ado.'iied with Irefh leaves, or enlivened with the flirill notes of ha:- nionial birds : the animating laik is not hiaid giv- ing the fiLMial of the rifing morn, or nuking the air ring with his melodious voice, previous to his dropping upon foine bed of flowers. No dreadful wintir rii;ns triumphant in Siberia, Notniihlfaiuling all the above difadvaiitagc, tlietc are many fiiiall vlllage^ upon the banks cf the Oin, which are plealantly fuuated, have a fine ertecl upon tlie eye, and alTonl Ionic agreeable landlcapcs, particularly Schorll; .ilkoi and Pogoll, a pirlpcclne view of whicU will be iiiclud.'d 111 the number of uur plates. N C H A 1'. i ^ C H A r. VI. W E S 1^ E R N r A R T A R Y. 'i i Th?!' cxtenUvc ilivilion of T.irt.iry lont.iin; kvcr.il n.-.tioivj cr trihes of T:iit.irs, which \vc (Iiall cmimcr.itc .iii.l di.li.ribc uiiJ.ci' thj loUowiiiu, h^wtls : i! ir. 1^ if # m , f SEC T. 1. ! 7'jf Kingdom of Alliaclnii. VS r R A C H A N liis liitwicM 44 ■'c^,rfc , in nimut-.s, mill 52 ilcgrifs Murlli l.itit'jiu. '1 Ik- Idiigitiulc fiilV 14 O2 dcgtcc-s, 30 niimiti.'S. Ii IS l-oiidtil on tlic i'a(t by the Cduitiy nf the 1 C'lli'.i-k*, tow.inls ihc loiith by Circallia, t.n ihe north j I'- the kingJoin of Caz;in, ami p.iit of Sili rii. 'I'hc ; r,:lKiii bounJarits arc ilil-iitb vciy little known, ami not ' inli.il'itc.1. The metropolis of ih s kingdom is call A Adrathan. It is huilt ii|vm .\n illantl ni the Vol_;a, kni «n hy the name of the llle ol llaies. It i-. in 4O Jeg. IJIn. jiorth latitiul? and 6S dig. eaft lon;:itiidc. This citv is tomnionly fuppofed to contain ioc,"CO inhabitants. It abouiui^ in well liirnilhed magazines, and hatha citadel fiirioiuidtd by a thick brick wall, of about 30 lect in height ; though this cuadil which lie., towards the well of the city is itrcgulaily built, ^he ballions are ftionir, and ilic canm ns numerous. Here 15 .1 palace for the governor, and another tor the arehbilhop. In the couit of Ch.iiucry all civil and niilitaiy atFairs aic heard and ailjnlled, and the recoids are kept. The citadel h ith tnuc gates, one opens to the citv, ano'hcr to the Volga, and the third to the Tartar fnburbs. It contains likewilc a guard houfc, a Metropolitan church, and a monaltcrv. Tnis city is furtoin.ded bv a wall, between wl.ieh and the hiules is a large intermediate fpace, upi/n which none are permitted to b 1 lil. It eiuifilli. pin.ei- p.diy oi tlirec long llieet- f om ealf to will, wlhih .ne interlectcd by ni.inv igainfl the wild Tartars whenever they attempt to make any ineuihons into this kiiicJom, and the iiregulars are employed to Icoiir ihe defarts, m order to trace out the luiking places of the banditii. The commerce of .\llrachan confiils cliieflv in filks, brocades, vi.Ket5, Iatiin5, diugs, copper, onton, I'er- f'lan fruiis, wines, Iweetmeat'., 4;c. wlnih thiy iiiipoit ; and in return e.xpoit meal, bill, lalt, woollen, 5 keep X grfat number of baiks on the Volg.i : formerly thefe b.nt..^ \..i^, wliere they .ire lett to e.k^uie ill the ^ f* agonies, and if any peifons leliive th^in, thev 1 tl.^iiKeliC- li.ible to I'utt'er lb. fame punilhm; 1.1. Nc.ii the iity of Allrachan, I'lter theliieat , i a la.g' mulberry ga.dcn, .md deligiud to ill.'.,,,,. .1 (ilk 'adjiy, but the biiildinu and g.nden- are fallen In decav, aii,J the inonev iir.ei.iUd to cany on this defign ha, (luce been applied to more courtly and venal, though lefs noble anl patrionc, puipofi -. Ill t!e^ place the Rulliin-, who compofe a princip.il part of the Inhabitants, are in the chief offices of flate j the (i.-orgijn , who profeC, the Cireek religion, aie fimj I f (eniiig in tlic .irmy ; and tl'.c .Xrnienian-, who in prr- fnns, dilpoliiii ns, and teatiires very much rcfimble the Jens, ha.e 110 oihcr ideas but ol (craping money to- gcthei by the n.eans of tiaiTic, As for the Perfian and '■ Taitar inhabit nils, they are too fond of indolence and toving, to think of any thing tile, uiilcfs conipille.l to It by abl'olute netcllity. The i">.il of ,\(lrachan is I'ght rnd fan ly, but Co trin h impn(.ii.it'd v,ilh lalt a- LtiaMy to add to its lUiilitv. The earth produces no grtin, unlefs it has been ovci- (l)«ed during the v. ii.ler le Ion, To nniedv this (om.- of the Tan. 11 s c u: :t- n.h> -^ in ilieir giounds, wli.ch have bei 11 uiuler w.ter, ,;i.d d,..ining them, they loon be- eon c (it for t.lling, ai.ii in a very {hort time produce abundance of grain or even fruits, which the ir.tenle heat ot the climate loon ripens. The natural produce of the crmiitry .ire rrei's, b- i]Uoiice, k il, genitla, aci:leata, the lutb ..Utaihani.i, nilraria, 5cc, Tlie in!ia'..i;anls bkewife raife melons an! ponipion:;, which they lat with bread. I'his loun'.iy likcwilepio- diiccs fine giape, the fi,.vour of which in eatini' is delicious, but the wine m.idc of them ii too fliarp, which pioceeds from the f.dtiiefs of the earlh. The iinilberries are unwholefome. The gaideii vegetables are gool, but arc obliged to be continually watered, as much to wafli the fait fiom them as mi aceo.;nt of tlu- hc.it, for the lalt lies upon the i'url'ace of ih,; caith every morning like an hoar (io(l. All the (ame kinds of tame animals which are fo iiid in Cireat Britain, abound in Allrachan, bcfnlcs whii h they have a great variety if wild ones ; fuch as wiM boais, elks, red and (allow deer, antelopes, haies, wild holds, &c. The ant.lope is of a light grey colour, of the fi/c of a deer, with a head rcfe nblirg a cow, but the nofe is Without giiftle, Il has line black eyes, yet is puiblin I, the horns are beautiful and without branches. Thevae taper 10 tiie tup, and hive rings at ei|ual diilances, the lledi is IciiJci, but Kcuuj lu tailc of iiiulk. Htie FA.) \V R s T r, R N- T A R T A R Y. 5r Y. tars, whali wc .ilg.i : formerly ihcfe LioiK lujr tilt li.!ii>s. It thl-i evil is MOV b.iiuliiti who f|jriuil 'Ciii alniull txttrnii- f Cifaii. roll oil the Vol^'i, is , uiHiii gihbct^ f irj .■\,Mn: ill th<- ^ (* ,■!.■ til .m, ihcv I |:iuiilh<;i'. III. : r tlie ( iiLii , lit;iinl tii ill. ' ,,,.. .1 ^.iiiUn^ arc l.illcii lo cairy nil this iliTlgll ly aiiJ venal, though compolc u priiKljiil ehiit offices of flal^- ; nk rtligirn, an- foiij iKiuaii-, v.hu in prr- nuich rcfunbic the fci aping miMiiy to- 5 for the Pcrfiaii an. I ml of indolence and W, uiili.l'i C'linpillf.l fan Iv, but in inn li til ailil to iti lUnliiv. cfs It has been <»ii - I'o ri iikJv th's dim ■ ^;lolllll!s, wh:tli have lioin, they foon bc- y fhnit time projiicc ., which the ir.tciile -iintrv ari- rcei's, h- hc Ik lb .>lbaihani.i, clons an.! poinpion:;, coiin'.iy Iikcwile pio- wliicli in eating \\ i them i"; too fliarp, r the earlli. Tlic ic gaiilen vegetables ntiiuially waieiej, as as on accoi.'nt of tlu' liirface of th.- caitli nals which are fo 'lui chan, befiiles which ones ; fuch as wi'J nt.lopes, hates, wilJ ■Qloiir, of the fi7,c of ow, but the nofe is yes, yet is piiiblin I, brantlics. Thi'ya'e ei|ual diitancts, the iiiulk. Here ari- pclicins, corovaika'., fwans, ducks, and all kiniK of towls that are to be toiiiul in Kni'laiid. r e \'olya Is r< pUte wilh a ;:teal vai iitv of mod deli- CMw* l.fh; but li.e.c aic but fnv re|.iil s m Adraihan, and none woi:l, paitieulaiiKing. I nc Riiflians, Armenians, (.Jcorgians, v^<-. wIk) in- l.ah.t AUrJchaii have the fame ciilloms and manners as tl\c people of Ibeir rclpiClivc counliies, but the real ii.itnc", or Nai'ii I'aiiars, greatly diiRr lioill the others ».. manv rcfpecU. J'lie" liVe in hnis formed of canes, or hullnifhes, at tlic top of wlii-h a hoi/ is made to let out the linoke ; then tuil is luif or low dung. 'Ihcfc huts, which aic about 12 feet in diameter, thev covei in cold v»cather VMih co.nfe cloin, and remain (hut i.p with their f.iini- 1h - till the iky i;ioHsnioie lereiie ; in tin- fiimmerthiy move fioiii placc^to pl.-.ce for ihe benrht of frefli p il- luiv lor then cattle ; when the tr.uel they load tiair caiiicK, hulks and even o.xen with tli.ir v.ucs, c'.il.lreii, huts, and utciifils. They pay no taxes, but aie obliged to leive III the KuHian Wars ; and fome <.f their chiefs aie always Utl in the c.lllcol Allrachaii aa hulla;^cs for the (idelity of the iclK 'lliev base olive complexions, large f.urs, \ili;'. . fni.dl bcaids, ate low ot (laiuie, and incliiud "• > ; i Icncy. They (ha\e tliiir heads, wear a co.i;'.: (irc.,- c..>- lock, and over it .i (heip-lkin cloak, wit*! (K wool o.t- wards, and .i cap of the lame ni.iteiials. i nci.' woi.en ■%vcar linen, and a cap v.itli Kurtian com n it ging roiiio! ; with nfpeot to their (leif ns and featuits they are to- Jer.dde. I'hev are in genctal Mahomet. iiis, and devote their <)H's| ting to (Jod or liinic laint. Tlic m.di's wear a ring ill the II ill car, the lem.iles in the iiolc ; the rings woin bv liie l..tu-.' arc ulually let with a pace of coral, a ruby or tuii|u> lie. Hunting, filhing, and their cattle fupport them. I'llli i; I a doub i: gilt Ipi.ii, id' .iboet eiglit feet '> gth, is • .companed with a rm;:, to wh.ch a lea.., . thong, wiih a piece jf had .It Ihe end is falKncd ; - i'. ng their devotions the end of the Ipcar is placed on the ground, and one ot ill' congieg.iiion, with great dexterity, occalions tl.o imial to turn roun.l duriii'.; the whole time : they like- wile fiiig, and make ufc of cyn.bols, and otlici mulical inlliiiments, which are llriiiged j to iliele iliey beat time, .ind look iij'oii noiiv , which aie piiciced tioiii the tup to the bottom ol the page. ' They aie allowed bm < r.c wile at a tinif : and adul- tery is leverely punifiicd. When two young peeple have 3 mind to marry, tliey cohabit together for a twelvemoinh ; if in that fp.ice the woman prove:, pugnanr, the niartiage is legal , but it the contrary is the cafe, they are at liheity either to pair '. jitirely, or to make aiioiier year's tri.1l. The iiiidei- '. ;oing of lueh a trial is no ways injuiious to the repula- ' tion of a woman. Conj'igal infidelity is rarely known among thefe peo- ple. If the wife is caught tripping, file is inimedi.itcly condeti lied to death ; and the hulband, if he thinks pio- per, may be her executioner. The iiiielU are neither permit'cd to have money or wives; for thefe two lealons : liilt, they are allowej to lupply their nccedities from the properties of whom they pleafe ; and fccondly, they have the liberty of ppt- ling a fingle night with any mariied woman thev chuir . .:nd this is fo far from diigulling the liulbaiuls, that il'jv take it as a mighty great favour. The burials ot the Kaliiiuck) were perhaps the moll fingiilar as well a^ the niol'. fignit'eaiit of any people in the L'nivcrfe; they conhdered the dead loiiniiiy yeais. Hid eiigaiied eieryelement in the conccriH of tl.; ir ^01 |'le. In the hill place, they buried them, tli.it they might re- turn to their original cl y ; but betore it was polTihle lor the bodies to corrupt, they took 'hem up aga-ii, and then threw them into tf Volga, 1' it tiiok caic to lecure them li>, tli.il they .light e.iiilv be drawn out again. After having beer iinmeried in water fjr loii.c time, they drew up the bodic , and half buiiioj, or rather roallcd them, to b)iiig tiiem aiijuainteil with th,- element of liie : then, that tiny might not omit the I'ourth el, iietit, air, the carca!es were ex poled u|)on tliC banks of th^ Volga, to be devoured by buds of prey, or i'.irtarian dogs. If they were devoured by dog'-, 11 was deemed a lucky omen ; for dogs being looked upon in a facred light, they fuppolld that he Ipirit i.ppei tam- ing to .1 .aic.ifj belonging to any pcrion djwiuied by dogs, euiit be in an abfolute ft .te of felicilv. Tills mode of treating thede.id has howiver, for foinr jears, been prohibited by an order fro. 11 th.' impeiiat couit of Rullia; and the Kalmucks, at prefent, .iie com- pelled to buiy their dead in the fame manner as ih,; Chriftuns of Aftrachan.* Though the Kalmucks fecm neither to be fwaycd by amSition or avarice, they arc always (lu.irrclling with their neighbouts. 'Tlie Karacalpi-aks they have a par- til uliir enmity to; to prcvint thefe quarrels, the Rulhana are under the nccell-ty of keeping a military force upon the banks of the Volga ; but thele troops arc only undir arms in the fummer time. llie body w .is inniiatci iai, as all theirdogs are looked ii)),'n i:l .1 tiicnd ligbt ; and tint the pr lOliee ef onenlv expolinir the dead budii's was liip)ii'el!ed in the year 17+0, by the ii'.tcr- salioii and repieftiiiaiioii ,if Jiiliii Cook, i\l. 1). a Seit.li gentleiii.ui, wito V .IS iinny years emjil.iyed Iw ilic court 1 f llullia ill a metlicai cap.ieiry at .Altrachan ; and w lio reported to tli.it ei'iirt ih.it one ol' the eliicf eaufes of the pl.igiie's vilit- ing tlijt eouiitry, was ow iiig to 'he piitril'i'dc,iri..f. s of the Kahuiicks, whidi wire roii'ini.'Uy t N|mlcil to be ilevnurd '11 tlir banks of the \ 'dgi. and iieir ibe city of .'.lira ban. •l".'.i; IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) <9 m // y. r/j ^n ^ 1.0 I.I 11.25 !r IM IIM 1^ 2.0 14 ill 1.6 ^1 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STMIT WHSTIR.N.Y. 14S80 (716) S73-4S03 Ua I f ■I, . 1 • ' -j,i |-; f 5* A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. The Kalmuck dogs arc exceedingly fierce, and very voracious, and will attack any niun who gives them the leaft offence. In bodies tJicy will alTault a number of armed men ; but the inhabitants of Allrachan very frequently go out on purpole to fhoot them, anJ in time will without doubt extirpate the whole ('pccies. SECT. III. Of CiRCASSIA. CIRCASSIA is t!ut country lying bciwccn the Cdfpian fca on the cart, Afoph and ihc I'.iulus Mit- tis on the weft, the high mountains of Caucafus on the fouth, and Artraehan on tlic north. Of this country the fouthcrn divifion is claimed by the Pcrfians, the wcftern is u:idcr the dominion of the Turks, and the callern pays obedience to the Kuflian empire. The land has by many writers been reported to he ftcrile, for this reafon only, becaufe they faw no ap- pearance of fertility. But it Ihould be confidered that the natives undcrftand nothing of agriculture, and have not the lead propenfity to be induftrious. The natural richnefs of the foil is unqueftionabic, and the furface of the earth when juH turned up will produce a plentiful crop. The capital ot Circaflia is Kiilaar, which was built t)y the Ruffians j the citadel is only formed of earth, but the garrifonconfifts of abo'jt 500 regulars, and 3000 Cofl'acks, the latter of whom are permitted by the Rnllian government tocreit habitations on the banks of the Teuk. Kizlaar is only in 44 deg. north latitude ; the air is confequently wholefome and fercne. The river Tertk, which flows from weft to eaft, pro- duces a great variety of fifti, as fturgeon, falmon, &c. It inLandirs beautifully through the country till it dilcmhojues itfelf into the Cal'pun fea. Pi Ivgamy, .ind the keeping of a number of concu- tiincs Is permitted to the Circiflians, who profefi the ALihometan religion. Thcfe people arc lovely in their features, majeftic in their perfons, and agreeable in their deportment i in their natures they are large, and the men make excellent fold.eis ; however, none but the principal people are permitted to carry fuc arms, with which they aie very expert, killing at a gieat diltanct, making ule ol liall>, and rifle burels. The common weapons are (i.yiijiicrs, bows jnd arrows. The Circaflians, who are immediately uiulcr the pro- tection of the couit of Kufli.i, hive ihicfs ul their own, the principal of whom is Ihlcd Ktcuvitch, he is a nujur geneial of irregulars in the Rufltan troops ; he is how- ever always ordered to remain in Circallia, where it u imagined his fervices can be the moft e(U-nli»l. 'I'ho' the Circ.iflian princes are excctdingly honoiiied and tifpe"'ed by the fubjeols, yet luchii tlicir indeptndtiuy of the people thai they are not obliged to do any tiling at their command inilels prompted by their own iiuli nation. The princes themlilve* aie likcwifc iiide)K'n- (lcn( on each other ; the moft confiderable of which is the ihove mentioned Hccovitch. Whatever prefenH the emprrfs of Ruccie, or (ome other commodity, which may be caftly parted among them. In war all the fpoilt are divided amongft the Irimps, the fovcreignt being excluded from having any (hare. With refpc^ to their fubordination to RuOia, it 11 tinly confined to a formal nalh of allegianie, in which they (wear to be fMhniilfuc to a certain number «l (;cner.il laws, as lung as thiir being lo conlinu^'S cllin- tial 10 the good of tlir RulTiins and ihimfiKes. The imperial cnuit for many (ouent reafons (rhlotn intei- ferrs with ihcit pulilical, and never wuh then relijjioir concerns. Like the Turk", they have h.iram* or fcrapbo" for their Women, I om whuh all men except ihe hiilbaiiJ ii excluded. Thrfr are fepurale frwni, though buiil rontiguous to iheii dwelling huuhs. The following fiiigularcuftom prevails in this country : When the principal lady of any of their princes Is ill labour, the firU Circalli^.n who hears of it, let his fitua- tion be ever lo menial, runs and places himfelf at the door of the haram, from whence none arc authoritcd to drive him. When the lady is delivered, if it happens to be a boy, he is richly drcfled with the utmotl fpeed, and delivered to the Circaflian, who immediately takes him home, and if he is a married man delivers him t.» his wife to nurfej if he is a batchelor, anuife irull \.: procured, and the child remains under his infpci^ion and tuition till he is nine years ot age, when he is aguii) returned to his parents, who receive hi.n with ar.Mi rejoicings, and the utmoft public ceremonies. 1 lie reafon which they give for this remarkable cuftcm u, that the child may not be fpoiled in its infancy by the delicacies of a court, or the effeminacc treatment which he might receive in the haram ; but rendered fo hardy dnd robuft as to become in time a buggatecr or hero. For courage and perfoniil ftrengthare by the Circ.ifliam eftccmed as the hrft qualifications of a human bring. As the refpciTl which the Circa/lians pay to their chiefa is voluntary, fo it is fincere ; but a prevailing pait of their charai^ter is their veneration for ancient houfirs. They are is great genealo^fts as the Welch, but more tei'flciojs ot their family honour by not intermarrying even for gain, with an inferior. Whatever may have been faid by former writers con- cerning the marriage ceremonies of the Circaflians, they are fimply thefe : The p.irents or (guardians enter into a nuptial con- trail i the )Oung couple are then permitted lo fee each other. After two or three vifiis, if each party is fatis- fied, the afl'air is concluded, and nothing remains but to fend the bride home to the bridegroom's houfc in a clofe waggon finely painted, aiiended by the women who are to live with her. With refpedl to the contrafl itfelf, it falls heavy on th« bridegroom, efjH'cially if he is aidently defirous of con- cluding the match ; as the bride's relations give no- thing with her but a few fuiCs of elnaths ; bjt the bride- groom IS obliged to make them piefents to a great value of horfes, dromedaries, camels, cows, jicc. If they hap- pen to demand mure than he is pollelled of, it makes no diftVrencc to him, for he imuKdiately m.ikes incurfions upon his neighbours, .ind Heals as many as will make up the deficiency. Ihe people of Kirla.ir carry on a giwd trade with the Ruftiani for an exee.'lent toot called Rubia tiiidkorum, which IS ulicd in dsiiig a beautiful red colour. Befldei a great variety of uleful heibs, this country furniOiet the beft capers in the univcr(ic. The wrxids naturally ptexluce vines, the grapea nf which are fmall, but the wine madefiom them excellent. Circaina abounds in wild fwine, wolves, and luxes i to lalch thele they ufe the following method : Alter digging a hole in the earth nine feet deep, broad lit the bolluiii, and narrow at the lop, they drive a ftake into the middle, which proje-CIs from the iurlaee of the earth about four fe-ct, U|X>n Ihe top of the l^ake 4 moveable cart wheel ii fixed, to which a young pig it fallened in the evening. The mouth eif the pit i> then covered with branches of iieei in a very flight manner, over which gtafs is fcaltercd. I'hr pig J not fail to fqueak all night, being irri- tated by Its confinement. When any of the above-men- tioned animalt hear the iioife, they do not fail lo vifit the place, which they no looner approach than they fall into the pit, where ihey reno-n till morning, being Inlally unable to difengage themirlvcs, the hare i» hunted with iiounds much in the famo manner as in England, am.' afl'uids great divctfion, Circaflia halh at gr.'ral t. variety of g.. ^e as Aftri- than, but the pheafanis in particular arc much moi« numerous, Krum Kixlaar the traveller may pafs through • ^real number of CofTaek villages, till he arrives at an iMcllrnt hot well, whrre I'eltr the (Jiral built an liolpiial fill :he cure »f feoihuiii paticnis. t he hot Ipring is filualrd upon a hill, beyond lh« indrpcndant village Hiagutflioi, fuiiih of the river Tcreks, ails in tiiiscountry : their princes is ill iof it, let his fitiij- aces himlelf at the ne are authoriied to /crati, it it happenv h the utmoU ipeeJ, J immediately takes man delivers him Ui or, a nuile mull l.j nder his inlpei'lion ;e, wfun he is again ve hi.n with j;reat ceremonies. I'lie markablc cuftom it, a its infancy by the ate treatment which It rendered fo hardy I buggatccr or hero, re by the Circafliaua r a human bring. ins pay to their chiefi a prevailing pait of tor ancient houlics. le Welch, but more ly not intermarrying former writers con- the CircalTians, they into a nuptial con- eniiitti'il III fee each if each party is fatis- nuthing remains but degroom's huufe in a d by the women who ", it falls heavy on the ■ntly defirous of con- :'s relations give no- loaths ( but the bride- |ent.s to a great value , iit. If they hap- :ired of. It makes no -•ly makes iiicurfions my as will make up 'g' (lod trade with the Rubia tiii^toruni, ri'd colour. Befldcs i country furiiifltct IKS, the grapcD of fiom themrxccllent. wulvt-s, and loxes ; g method : nine feet deep, broa.l p, they drive a (lake im the furlacc of th« tup of the lUke 4 vhich a young pig ii ath of the pit 11 then I very flight manner, ill nigh», being irri- ly of the above-men- y do not fail lo vifit proach than ihcv fall till morning, beiitg iXS, di much In the famo great dlvctnon. of g- -it as Aftra- ular ate much mora lay pafa through a till he arrives at an the (jiral built an ticnts. II a lull, beyond th« luiilh of the rivei I >fik>, A SI A.I Western T Terek, boiling hot water ilTucs from it, which fn-cHs ili(m"!v of naphtha, and falls into a hafon, the diameter „( which IS about 12 feet, and tli" depth three. C^ii the wcIV fide there are fcveii fmall Ipiiiigsof the l.ime kind of watc-r ; and on the call lido there' is an acid Ipriiri. 'I'hc water of the chief well will boil a fowl in about nine or ten minutes. Ill this country provifions in general, and meat in particular, are exceedingly fcarcc. About the city of I'eiki there arc a great number of ferpcnts, who make holes in the gicund th.it arc ex- tremely dangerous. Thcl'e Icrpcnts arc fix or leveii Ictt in length, and about the thickncfs of a man's arm. There are Ikcwife mice a,s large as fquiircls, which arc called jerhuah. Their ears are lon;^, and their fere feet fhortcr than ihofe behind, which prevents their runnirg fwiftly j they, however, tan lay tluir tails over their backs, and leap to a coniid.:r..ble height or dif- tance. A R T A R Y Of the Rivir Jaik, SECT. IV. the Karakalpaak, Kirgec, avii Baf- kccr Tartars. Si officers had been : at n of the v/holc afl'.iir ; ijcis were treated exactly a,i the liii;;th the court got iiilunnatn. Init it was thought the mcili: (iruilcn: to wink af ::, (he Rulli.iii miniftiy having too mucli Ceiile to quar- r I with a kt of people whole I'cntiir.ents iiilured tlicir iiulcpendeiicy, and whofe lituation rendered it inipoirible to conquer them. S K C T. V. Of the Ulbcc Tartars. Tartary is fitu.itcil U^ 'reat ^'Io- TH E river Jaik, which runs through a defart of a prodigious exient, and at le;igth empties itieh'into the Calpian lea, h.ith, at about 3CO vorfls from its I'ource, a llrong town built by the Don Coflacks, 'I'his, after the river, is called Jaik, and the Coflacks have hrav.ly defended it from the attacks of all the dilFcrent tribes of furroundmg Tartars. Hotween r, .Irachan and Jaik river, there is no inha- bited place except the above mentioned town. This va(t defart is, however, infefted by innumerable hordes cf wild T.irtars. Thofc who wander ahi iit the Cafpian fea are called Karakalpaaks, to the luiiihwurd of whom the ICirgccs and Balkccrs take up their abode. The Kalmucks are continually at war wiih thcfe tribes. The Kirqecs and ISalkeers profcfs Maliomctanifin, and being perhaps the moll ignorant and unpolidicd of any who profels that religion, they are of courfe the molf fiiperllitious. Confonant to thcli: notions in the year 1739, durinj the wai between the Rudiaiis .ind the Tuiks, they thought they could not do a more cllVntial fervir.c to Mahomet, than by injuring the Ruflians as mu.h as thtir power would permit. They accordingly fc'l upon all the defeiicclefs towns and villages of the province of L'mfiiiialolka'a ; all who were young and vigorous they carried with them, dcligiiing either to ul'c them as (laves, or to f.ll iliem as fuch. The old, the intinn, and the very young fell indifcrimiiiate viclims to their rcniorlVlcfs fury. The governor of Orenburg, however, beinc; informed of thele crin 1 depredations, difpatchcd a body rf 5000 regutais and 3000 Coliacks, who marched with Inch fecrecy that they attacked the Kii^ee camp in the night, and dcftroyed the greatfit pit. ■•*' thole Ilarbaiians, though thev w.'te at the lime 20,000 (Iroiii:. The Coiracks firit uifcovered the river Jaik, and ac- quiied giuat riches by fifliing in it \ and after having cuied their filh, felling them to the Alliacliaii mer- chants for the mart of Ruflia. IVler the Cireat fome time before had enteied into n Iclicnie for turning the Vidga to a political advan- tage, and gave aiiixclufne privilege to one DtiiiidioH with refpei't to the tilhing, advancing at the f.ime time 20,000 lublen, to enable him the better to put Ins dclign into execution. In a few years Dcmidiulf repa. 1 the money, and became exceedingly iich. The linieries earned on in the Jaik river, at leni;th •xciting the attention of the court ol Kuflia, they dctrr- mined 10 tax the fifherirs on that iivrr as will as tliufr cf the Volga ; proper (ihccrj were lent to enforce the tax, who were thrown into the river 'ind drowned by the Coliacks, to whom the very Idea of any kind of taxation was abominiible. Continual rxpiellis weie fciit from St, reteifliur^ih to rnqiiirc why the officer', had nut fcnt an account ui then fuccdSi but the milkii- S f ! E C Tartary is fitu.ited between the ^ gills dominioi's which bound it ( n the loutli, and the C,il'pi:in lea which with I'cifia is the wcllctii con- line i it h.is the country of th'O Kalmucks on the north, and Tibet towards the cart. The Uflx'cs arc generally cdccmcd as the moft civi- li'/ed of all the Mahometan Taitars, not but they can pilhi;ie and rou their neighbours as well us any other Tartarian trib •. 'I'luy nearly rcfemble the Pcrfi.!ns in their drcfs, their bo its which arw' unconimonlv lar'.;c excepted j the chiefs wear a plume of feath;rs on their turbans, and at well ■IS ihcir kh.in pride theinfehcs much on being the defendants of tiie rcnowivd Tamerlane. Th -ir coiiin on fcol is pilau, or boiled rice, but their gre.itdf delicacy is horfe (iclli. Th-;y drink a kind of arrack or fomented liquor ma;'c of ma es milk, Th.-ir lingua;»e is a mixture of the Turkifli, Perfian, and Mongol ; but they arc well acquainted with the I'erfian language in its puiity. 'I'he.r arms are like thole of the other Tartars, viz. large bows, arrov\'s, darts, and fabies, which they ul'c with admir.ible addrefs. Of Lite tiiey have begun to life mufKcts, and many of their cavalry wear coats of mail, and carry fmall bucklers. The Tartars of Great liuchaiia pique themfelves upon being the molt courageous and rohiift of their whole intioii'. The I'erfians, who are not deficient in point ot natural courage, look upon them with terror. The womiii themfelves afpiie to miliiary reputation ; they are (frong and well limb'd but in tlieir Iimiuks have all the delicacy of Afialic beauty. The horles belonging to tliefe Tartars are not hind- fome, but they are hardy, in.lef.itigable, and exceedingly fwift i they are the bctf horlVs in thj world for the Tartars to fcnur the defarts, as they can live upon almoft any thing, and a ver)' Imall quantity of proven- der feems to keep up tlieir ltreii(j:ih. Th y are continually at 'A-ar with the Pcrfians, the fer- tile plains of Korofan exciting them to make ficquent excuilii ns into that rich and pluitiful countiy \ but they do not liml it quite lo eafy to penetrate into the do- minii ns of the (^reat Mogol, on account of the pro- digious n'oiiiitain< which intervene. Thole who lublilt upon their cattle, cr by plunder- ing their neighbours, live fonctimes in huts, and fome- times in tent', every tribe foiming a camp uf its own, and frequiiilly move from place to place as it fuits their inclination or convciiiency ; othci', whoculiiiate the earth, and arc a little honclKr 111 their principles than their wandering bicthren, firm loeieties, and live in towns and vill.iges j thefc latter are either the real liucha- lians or defeeiulanis of the .Sines, the aneient iiihabi- tants of the country : or the Tutkumaros, who were felllcd in the loiintry lung before the Ulliccs or T.irtars, piopeily lo called, fiihdued it. 'The Ulhccs in general, however, defpife the tlioiiglus of lultivation, and duni It glorious to make excui lions upon and plun- der ihrir neighbours, 'The capital of the country which lies in 39 deg. 15 mill, imrth latitude, is called Hoehara. It isluirounded by a mud wall 1 the houfcs aie built of wood, but the mofqiies and caiavanfetasare of biick : it is loleiahly po. pulous, but not equal to what it was tormcrly. I he khan is peimnied lo fci/.e U| on the propeily of whom he pleat' s, which injures comiiauc .'uid damps the ipiiit uf culiitaiion, O SECT. I' ncliiliiin. Tins cxtcnfive coun'.ry ficms to b;' an epitome of ihe univerle. It contains within its limits a v:.lt oecar, VIZ. the Cafpian lea, wh.eli in f ct is no iv.orc than a prodigious Taitanan l.:kc ; n.aiiy other lakes, iiinuiiie- r.ibic livirs, and fon.c navigable, lome not j tile lorn-.er contain illands, and bolli are well (locked wit!; fidi. Mountains whole luminits reach the ch.uds ; linall hills, cxtenlive plains, deiaits of an atloiiiniiii.z cacuiri- lerence ; in line, it includi s wiihin its vait liinilj all iliL varietiis ol nati.re with rtlpicl to land and water, and ail that tile imagination can conceive of the p!i.a- fant, the dreary, and the dreadful. The air hath inmimer.ible v .iiiaiians from the pro.. digioUi extent of the couiuiy, as it partakes ot iho Ill-id tiliipciatiirc, to belound b> yoi'.d the Arti. I'ohir Cnde, and of the ler^iie clliii.it. s ol J''ianee andliaU, .iiid the more luxurious atniolplice of the liner parts of '1 urk-. s it partakes (■! ili* rydi'.il the Ariiv I'ular uf I'lanec ami iijiv. Lie of the finer p^irts 1.1 a li-ale of the 't'.ir- lo o much inlluence in their polilieal and lehg.'ous matter?. VVIieiever privaie prop.eity is puearious and the hi.ni;iii rc.ikm nu.iiaekJ, the p-'.>plc iii'ilt be niiftiahle. Not. ling but liberty -uanltd by vhi.Kfome laws, and fieeJom of thought i iider f.iUitary reltrictions, can under any pccple happy. I'loni the remutell periods to the pi\fir.t time ue tiiid ti.at arbi- trary meaiures have ruined the iv.oA poweil.il (hies, and dipiipiilat.d foiiie of the fimll region^ in the univerfc, Willi-- libtrty hath rendered other eountr.ea lefs h.ippily fiiuate,!, opiilenl an. I potent. It is probable that the word I'erfia is only a eornip- tion of th-- word P.ir:hi.i, an.l that the nuuleiii IVrlians derive then iia : e from tlivir piogcnilois the Panhian-i, the ancient inh.ibitants of the country : the wjid itlwlf implies a horlLiiiaii ; the I'erfi.Mij and Paithiaiis having aiwa.s lijcn famed lor their (k\\\ in horlunanlhip. Modern I'eiha includis all thofc countiies which wrre anciently celebrat.d .uul known by the ii.'.ines of Media, Paithia, part of AlTyiia, Hipcania, Colchis, Baettia, Iberia, and Suliana. It be- betwien the 45th r.iid 70th dep. of caft longi- tude, and 25th and 44.1I1 ('e^;. of noith lalilude. It is 1 jjo miles ill leiij,ih, .iiid 1100 11 breadth, b-jing bounded 011 the iioitli by tiie Cafpian U'.-, vvMeh fepa- ratet it t'loin Ruili.i, .md on the iiuith eali by the river U.\iis, which divides it t'min L'ib.-c 'l".irtaiy ; the north well bouiidaiies are the Oai^hillan m ,d lit that iioeojiilry in the world is more happily (ituiled for eommerie, or betti r c.ilculated to become a gte.it maiitime power ) but iti naiiiial ad^antag(-. have always b.-eii lendeied of veiy lime ule by lU unh.ippy poll leal eonllilutioii. ihe piodigiuus inounlalns ot Ararat an.l Cauialus li.ivc long made a diliinguilhed tigiiic in hllloiy ; nor li.iih (hat long 1 haiii ot momi'.iins, known by the name of Tauri-, wliiih run i|uite thimigh the empiie troni N'.itolia to India, been lefs leUbiated. 'I'liele aie the only mouiit.diii uf any cutiliJcratioii in the \\hule C. uiitiy, Ihe ihief internal difadv.intngc in Ptrfia is the want of wai.r. Theic aie fewir liveis in this cniinUv than in any other of fo v.ill an t.xtent in the woild. The only rivei* wiirtli mmingarethc Kiir and Ar.is, thy bi'th tile near mount Araiat, an.l diMiaige tl.eni- llics Into the Cafpi.ui lea. The wellern boundary iiidee , IS w .tir.d by ill I'uphiales and the Tigris i and the riier Indus waliies the call, in pail ; the lliciii ca.kd t)xiii does not m. rit the name ol a liverj and the lew oilier livulels aie no b.tici than ditches, many of lluiii being ih.-gieaieli pait of tlie year diy. ll.iviiver, to remedy the ahme inconvcnienc v, the I'c, flans haee Uippl id by ait what lluy have been leluled by nature; and by the meant ol a jjieat vanity ol I canah, rtfervoirs, aqucducls, anil other ufeful and in- genious contrivances, they fclJom know the w-ant of water. In a country fo cxtenfive, the air is of courfe exceed- ingly various j but it is allowed that the provinces in geieial are fe tile. Towards the OaghilKin mountains, which aic continually co\ered with iiu.w, tlie air is ex- ceedingly cold ; it is very hot in the foutheni parts ; but the iiiidlanJ regions are agieeably temj trate, and lalu- brioudy pure. l-'ioin the d.llrae^ed Hate of Peifia for miny fuccefTive years, the political divihiin of the provinces caniie't be afceitained i but the moll iemark..'.i'e pKices in the empire h.ive been vifited of late ycais by feveral iner- cli.iits and otlier.s, who went upon tinballies ; the molt autlieiiiic and iiiteielliiig of whole accounts we (hall b'leud for the infoiiiialion ol our readers, Ifpalian, the metropolis of llie l\ilian empire, and the lapit.il of the province of Krahi, is fitu.Ued in a pleaiant plain, and is defended from the winds by a chain of mountains, whieh fiiriound it at it;veial miles dillance; It is 1?. miles In circumferenee, exclufivc of the fubuibs ; the ferin is oval, and ihuugli the ftrcets arc itregu'ar, it teriaiiily mcilis the name of a mag- nificent city. It however f.illi red gicaily in point of population and iiipeibnels, by the devaitati'.ns ot Kuuli Khan i fo that Mr. llanway, w lio was ihere In the year 17J.4, liiiag nes that not above 5000 ot ti.e huules wci.; Inhab.tid ..t th.it time. I'levioub to Kouli Ivhaii's ravages, it contained 18,000 houles, 500,0C0 inhabltante, i,Soo carav.infera-j, 160 mofejues, 2.60 piiblic baths, a (;ieat number of luperb palaies, and lineli|uares planted with Ihaily iiees. The ruyal p.daee, with theollic.s an.l gardens, is three miles in eireumference ; the n.yal lijuare ij n.ar a mile long and about three lurtongs broad. The foitifieations of tins city arc however mean aiil we.ik, being iiu.lUy made ot earth, and the moat whieh lui rounds ihem is gener.illy dry, fo tliat the pl.ic is but In a deieneelefs hiuation ; it is neveiilu'lels ii-it only tlie bell town, but the gica-.ell me.rt of ce-mnieree in Perlia, all the ti,ide of the empiieceiitiing lierej belidesihe valt i|u ant. ly of goods of all kiiidj which aic biought by n.eieliants of all the Orienial nat ons, wlio de. I in nuilk, aiiiber^ris,diainends, pe.irl, g-.l.l, ive. Ihe gieat market pl.ice or niiidan i^ 7:0 feet long and J50 bioad i the lioiifis which furreiund it are uniform, erected With brick^, and the (hops vaulted} on the h.le towards the pal.iee aie the (hops belonging to the lapi'aiic-i, goldfiiiiths, and diugeills, oppofite to which aie the laveim, eating lumlis, linen drapcis, mercers, woollen drapers, &e. Through tiie maiket flows ,1 livu'et, the channel of which I-. of Itone, by which the water Is conveyed to two laruc icfer\oirs, that Uipply the greatefl pait of the (iiy with that uleful artieK by the means nl pipes, Un the banks of this iivnlet and round th- inaiket arc plant, d a gre.it number of tver-green tr.e:., wlilcll greatK u-femblc box, and being re.,iilaily eut, fo that the lliops appear between iliciii, they a.ld enatly to the eli-.;aiice ot ihe place, Here are two coveted inufic galleries oppofite to each otlier, wlieie the iily miiliiiaiis play eieiy iilcht at fun let, or whenever tlu- Soplii nakis his .ippear. me. Ne.ir ihe ;.-reat niaikel pl.icc is the be/.n, 01 another inferior maiket place, which Is divided into ftvetal llicels or other r.niges ol fli.-ps cmered over. In ihismaikrt all ioit> ul inuchaiiui/i, and piovilions of cvtry I I 56 A NEW COMVLKTE SYSTEM OF GEOCJRAPHV. II !! •p cvcrv k'nJ are foil, .iml the prices r.re allowed to be rciliinable ; meat anJ hn.1 iiiJecil aic rallicr dear. Several piecis of canmm vvitliout caniagcs, aie planted bit'orc the royal palace. This palace conlills principally ('( the fcltival ha'l, where the Sophi entertains his nuhle;- on new year's day, and the hall of audience wluie he receives foreign anih.dladors, hcar^ ca'jl '■., and diliri- butes jullicc; tiie latter has not only a Ipaciuus court before ir, lut is in itfelf exceedingly fuperb and elr^^^ant. At one end of this hall it a kind of alcove, which i- feparatcd from the other part by a red callico cmMin, which is occafionally drawn up by idle lfiiiv;s, and r.ll.-' upon the capitals of the pillars, whicii bcmg ot wood are finely carved and gilt, as well as the walls : the floor is covered with a car pet, of a gold and lilver [ground; the fides are adorned with pitlurcs painted by European mailers: in the center is a beautiful fountain furroumlcd by a number cf gold and filver verii:ls. In its hafon many kinds of fruits and flowers arc ici-n floatirg upon the lurfjce of the water. 'I'hcrc aie many other Ipa- cious apartments in the palace, which itrangers arc not permitted to lurvey. lielides the halls theie aic many i'mallcr chambers, clofots, and gallciies, Ionic for the entertainment of the oliiccrs of the court, who arc ex- ceedingly numerous ; others lor the women: there ..re many detached offices for the meni.il fervants, and a i'anctuary or place of r. fuge for debtors and crimin.il-. But It is remarkable that almoft every apartment hath its own peculiar fubdividon of the garden. Near the palace is a citadel, well garrifoned, and but indifferently fortified, which contains the treafures, am- munition, arms, ..nd llorcs belonging t > the Sophi. 'I here is a capacious mo!que near the foutli iidc of flic Meidan, built of white marble, in fo artful a riian- ner that the eye cannot difcover where the leparate ftones are cemented together : there i^ a large court before it, in the center of which is a be;,i.tiiul tountain. Many of the other mofques are remark.ililc (or their clep;;nce and grandeur. Op;-.ofitc to the great mofquc are many t.rverns, and tea lioufcs or coll'ee houfcs ; the latter arc held in great repute, but the former arc deemed infamous. In tire tea hoirfes people of reputation drink tea and play a' ihefs. To the coft'cc houfes they go to drink coft'ce, Imoke tobacco, :'nd bear the poets rchearfe their humourous and fatirical compofitions. In Ifpahan there are two convents, the one .Spanilh and the other Italian, which belong to the Auguft;iie and Carmelite friars. The Sophi's ftahles are very large ; but the mod fin- gular thing in thein is a high tower, built of earth and the horns of Hags and a'ures, in commemor..trori of •", great hunting match, in whrch Shah- Tamar kriled acco of ihofe animals, whofe horns were en ployed in the building. There are many wnrchonfes in difTerent parts of Ifpa- han, which arc ufually built three liotrcs high, with vaults beneath them. The liiburbs are large ; and that quarter, inhabited by the AinKrii.i'is, is fuppofed to contain 3000 houles and II churches ; there rs another ipiarler rnhabited by (icorgians, who, as well as the .•\rmenians, arc Chril- tians, and meithants j the thi-J quarter is the relideiiee of the Gebers, or the defcend ants of the ancient I'erli.ins, The city of Sihatji.icliie, the capital of the piiivince of Schirw.in, is drvidtd into the north and foutli cityj the walls of the former are Handing, but aic too low • id weak to he of anv frvice in cafe of a fiege : tiiole ol the latter wire demolrnied by Shah Abbas. The llree:-, a:e narrow, the houfes low, and burlt onlyof earth. Thefliop , bc/ar, and two t.ipacious warehoulcs, are in ihe fouih city. The trade chredy conlilts of raw and wrought frik, c.illicoes, He, The Mufcovile merchant-, ile.il in Rurtia kather, furs, copper, and tin ; the Cir.airiaii Tartars trade in horli?, h'lys, and wonvn, th ■ lallei ol whom they Heal on the Muf.ovite fiontiers. The (. wv likewifc drive a conlidrrable trade here in gold, (iUer, lirncade, t.ipeltry, woollen, filk, and warlrkc indrirmentv 'I'herc arc many tollegci here in which all the braiuhe:, of Oriental learning is taught. The Molques are large and numeruus : the iiiliib.tanti ufe the 'I'urkilh lan- guage in vommon; in.ieid, it is gcnerallv known alKnfr Herlia. The co.intiy round tliis city is fertile and [il.a- fant. Ardcbil, though large, h.nth nciihcr wall nor fortifi- cation ; it principally conMlj of fae cjpiial ftr-.cis j every houfc hath a g.iiden, or rather orch.ird, full of fruit.s; and tl'.c llrceib are regularly planted witli elm>, which reiidei them exctdingl .• beauiiful and ple.if.u.i. The rn.iiket place is 300 paces in length, and 150 in breadth ; rt is furround.id with Ihops, and warehoufi s, every trade h.u ing its peciilur quaiter : not far dilLint is a niolque of refuge where crimiiuis arc p .tecUd fi/r a limited time; this is the buri d place of Iman Sade, a child of theii' twelve l.:ints. When the lime i.^ ex- pired the criminal mult .igain leek his f.ifetv in the grand fancluary, or fepulchre of Seli, which is at a fmali dif- t.incc. At the entrance- of the city, a little river divides itfelf into two blanches, the one pjlles through it, and the other furrounds it j iliefe (ireams are fometlnics lo IwelUd by the melting of the fnow from the mountains, that the inhabitants ate obliged todivert the fury of their currents by nreans of innuinrable artificial trenches, or the whole city would be overudi.lmed by the inund;ition. All valuable coninio litics. Inch as jewels, goM, lil- ver, brocades, &c. arc fold in a handlbme fcpiarc fabrick, built upon arches on one frdc of the market place; there ate three gates in tliis building, which lead into three trading Itreets, that are covered over, .ind well furnilhed with caravunferas, llorc-houfes, and Ihops. Sulthania, though greatly decayed, was once a noble city ; it Hill retains marry nia.mrlieent buildings, the molt remarkable ot which is a prodigious large molquc, that com.iiiis the fepulchre of Sultan Mahomet Cho- dabeiule, the founder of the city. 'I"hi-< mofquc hath time g.:tes of fine polirtied fteel, which equal in bigncfs the gates of any church in Ku- rope. 'I'hc Perlians pretend that twenty Itrong men cannot open the l.irgert of them, without dillinctly pro- nouncing liniik /lii hiiiji-hn, whicli lignilics, «/',■« for the j[ike sf yfli ; hut on tiie repetition of thofe woids, the hinges become lo pliant, th.it a child may ni.inage the gate and fwing it open with the grcatelt e.:le. The roof of the mofquc is ot blue and white tloncs. The tomb of the before merrtioned Sultan is furroiinded by u grate of poLIhcd Indian Heel, moll admir.ibly wrought : «itliin the brafs rails, whieh lepar.itc it from the rell of the mofquc, there are levcral book.i wrrtten in Ara- bic charaijters, ps, and \varclniiili>, .Iter; not far dillant in.ils arc p jtccKd lor placu of Inian SaJc, 'hen the time is cx- liis fjft-tv in the grand hicli h at a rniall dil- ,', a little river divides pjfl'es through it, and ams arc fomctinics fo r from the mountains, livcrt the fury of their artificial trenches, or icd by the inundation. I as jtwels, gold, lil- n a handloine fijuarc ic fide of the market this building, which hat arc covered over, ras, Itorc-houfcs, and vcd, was once a nob!e iificent buildings the idi^ious large mol'quc, altan Mahomet Cho- (if fine [-fliihcd fteel, )f any cliuich in Lu- at twenty ilrong men without dillinctly pro- lieh lignihcs, e/'i-n for ion cif thofe woius, tho child may manage the c gicatelt die. The d white lloncs. The tan is furrounded by i lit admirably wrought : irate it from the relt Kiok.^ written in Ara- length, with alternate jki thenilclves .ire near aiiibali'adois, when in hem, which arc now nJ contain a para- •ntrance of the niofque v( r, which IS of an y ci ht other towers, lich ationilheii the iiiia- Iqiirs in the city, par- llinacl, which hath a he court is cmbclliilieJ uiidi I by eight elegant ue are the ruins of a it Arfati.i, is til* priii- , v/liich was otiginally IS above 100,000 iiiha- fiiitilieation. Its cir- luiie, and its ritu.itioii •plainly built ol brn k, he (trccts are not paved, labiiants arc fupplicil iiounlain by the ineani rinfelvis from the ex- hcie they likcwifc prc- i|uors. c market place, which ic however alterwauli ; thire is a beautilul ippohic to it : in th.' Ill ic< of all kinds ol i.olliliiudilii> ASIA.] commodities arc fold. The lioi fc market contains many fine buildings; ''"' wc canr.'jt omit one lingii r circiim- Itance which is priidifed here: as fooii as the fliops aie lliut a great number of prollitutcs make tliur appearance, Bnd feat vhemfelvcs in rows with their laces veiled ; the b.-wds ftand behind ibem with unlighted candies ; when a nian makes his appearance at any of the rows, the bawd lights her candle, that he may have an opportunity of exam'mini; which face he likes ; wluii he has pitched upon one, a bargain is made with ihc bawd, which being concluded, the couple retire. This, like other large I'erfian cities, contains many bagnios, caravanleras, warehoufes, isc. The city el Kom, which by Ptolemy was called Gti- riana, hath lull much of its ancient fplcndour ; the walls nre in ruins, but indicate its former importance. Its principal tr.uie at prcltnt is in a much admired earthen ware, and I'vvord blades, which are deemed the beft in the whole empire. In 33 degrees 51 minutes of north latitude lies the city of Katkhan, in the iiiidlt of a line fertile plain; this is o:-,e of the fined cities in Pcrfia, the houfcs in general being handfome, and the public (fruifturcs fu- pcrior to thule of .my other citv j the country ahi.ut it is (o fruillul, that the very pooiell inhabitants live luxuri- oully. The citv is ex.etding popuKus, not only from the great nunilier of natives, but from the vaft influx ol foreigners, who flock thither from all parts, paiticularly from India, to carry on trade ; the walls and lortifications are made of a kind of potter's clay. The Sophi hath a grand garden he;e, in the midll of which is a fumir.er palace, reputed to have a thoulaiid doors and windows. Th's greatelV inconvcni-iny in Katfehan is the w.int of water, as they have not any but what is ill- talted, thick, and muddy. The ci.y v.i R.fchd, 'wbicli is in 31 deg. north lati- tud , .i.d HI 50 deg. lonnitude liom London, is ihe ca- pital ol the p:oviiiceof (jhilan, which is one id tlie null kitile, rich, and picalant provinces in all I'crlia. I isl.irg^'and populous, hut iuth notthelejU loitification. Thj (heels are agreeable and planted with trees j but tie h.'ui'es in gi ncral are meaner than thofe of any other city in thecm'piiej they are all covered with tiles, or flates. The market place is capacious, and ctmtains many nood fll' p^ ; and all the ntccliaries of lile arc exec edingly cheap. 'i'he city of Deibcnt is filuat'd in 41 deg. 15 miii. north latitude, and in 51 deg. calf longitude: it is .ibout three miles in len:th, and near five hundred paces in brcadih ; thecalile and wall are fi\e feet thick, and it is fuppoled thev were ! udt by Alcxamkr the Gre.it, i hey appear lobe built wilh I'reeltone, bit 111 nality aitacom- poliiion of pounde.l niiifelc fliells, and pieces ol fne- llone beaten to pi.vviler, which bein_ imiulded iito the form of bricks, are I.? excellently cen.eiucd to^'ciher, th.il the whole compefition is now haidirthan any mar- ble i a garrili'ii of li\ e hundrsd fiddlers is kept here. Schiia~, which lies ^iboiit two bundled miles to thi fouthward of ll'i'ahan, is a place of lonliderable trade. 'I'he wines made hen arc the bill in I'crlia ; the fruits and flowers ate ineiaiipai:ible, and the luiiounding country is a peifeit paiadife ; but only about lour thoiiland of the houfcs aie at prelent inhabited : it is the capital ol Pars, the aiieiuit Peilia i aiul its college for the Itudy otoricn- t.il literature, is one of the bell in I'etfia. Though the Ilicvts .uc Hallow, the buildings in general aie lupcrb and eh'i^ant, and the mofijucs aie innumerable. The cities of C>imus ami Ciomhrooii, on the Perfiaii (julph, are much on the decline at pieli;nt, though lliiv were fiiimeily places of great coinmercial conle- queme. Moll of the Ku opeaii natiot.s, particularly the tnglilh, bale ellablilhed laCloiicsat Ciombroon, by the ineans of uhieh they cirv on a tiade with the Peilians, Turks, Tartars, .Aiabi.ins, Armenians, It.inyans, I'ie. Of ihele fiielorn a more particular account will be given herealter. S K C T. II. Tht \al:r,il H^jlsry cf Pcrfia. THE molt linuiil.ir iiicunillance in the natuial hiltuiy ol Ptrlia, ib what iclatei to tliv fprings ul Napiha. E M p I J! 1. 0 1 PERSIA. .V The dark grev or black rnptha is princip.d'y found in the little illai.d VVetoy. The fprings fi,inent and boil highell when the weather is tb.ck and liaiy. It often takes fire at the fuiface, fiirn.s a fl.iniing rivukt, and rolls with great rapidity to the lea, wdiicii it enters and retains its flames till it gcis to an allonilliing diltancc from the fhoic. In line weather the fprings boil up to about three feet, in doing which it often hardens till it almoft doles the mouth of the Ipiing, and kimetimes quite covers it up, and fi;rnis n hillock upon it. But a Ipring is no fiioner oppoied and oblhuited in one place, th..n it works its way umler ground, to another, when.' it breaks out with redoubleci vulcnee. Th.- moi.ths i.f the fprings arc about tenfeit in diameter, or more when they have continued longopcn. ''"he poor people ufe the naptha as oil in their lamps, and often to boil their provilions, but It uivcs the fi.od a dilanre(?.,ble talK', and is indeed ii\ itklf very diigul) ng to the fmell. This occafii ns the illaiid not to he inhabited, at any time, except when the peoi le are galhi rinir iiaptha. When alhts are mixed with the nnpiha, it burns belt in the lamps ; it is kept iiiearthern vlIUIs under ground, at a dillance from any dwelling place, as it is very apt to t.ike fire, and when fuch an accic eut happens, it is as dangerous as guript)\vder. There is a thin white naptha found in the peninfula of Apchcrim, which is drank by the Kullians as a cordial, .iiid uledrxttinally as a medicine. It is purchafcd bvthe Indian meithants, and being properly prepared, forms the moH beautiful and durable i arnilh in the univerlc. Near the city of Baku on the Cafpian lea, mines of brimltine aie loiind. The temple ol the Gebers, or Gaurs, whoare the wor- (liippeis ol fiic, is about ten miles from Baku. The earih lor two miles round hath bem long famous for its fingular qii.iliiies, fiir on paring oif the furf.ce of ihc earth in anv p.irt of that extent, to .he depth of two or three inches, and touching the unci.vered part with a red hot coal, it immediately takes fire. Though thi; ftaine makes the foil hot, it does not confun.e it, or in- jure any ihingncar it. II a hollow cane, or any other tube, ihough m.idc of the llighuil m.itetiais, be put » \\:v; inclies into the ground, and the top of it be touched with fire, a flame will inll.intly burll out, v.'h.ch will burn exceedingly clear, without coiifuming the cane or tube. Thus the inhabitants of tiicle parts kindle a fire and drcis their food Without cxpence ; for their houfes c. nfilt only of a ground floor, which is not pived, fr> that when they waiittodrels anv food, tliey run ihiee or lour canes into the ground, and having kindled a fire, they put on their pot. The flame mai be extiiii;iiiflitJ in the lame ir.anner as fpirils i.f uine are. This flame fmells liilphiireouflv like naptha, but is not quite lii oflenfive, .iiid the n ore Itroiig the ground, the mote itrong and ck.ir 11 the flame. In I'e.lia we fee a fine country miferably negleileJ, uhere nature has done much, and art liitle ; where cul- tivation IS only fulilenient to ablidute neeeflity, an.l any impi uvemeiit in agriculture is never once theiught of. Towards Tart.iiv, and on the holders of theC'alpian lea, the foil itielf is nither unfiuilliil, but to the (iiuth - ward ol Mount T'aui us the natinai lei iility of the f^iounil is allonidiuig ; the corn, which is brou!',ht to pernction Willi a Miy lillle tiouble, i- admir.ible. Thev make excellent wine of grapes, which arc the Ipontaneouii pioduelionsof thole pails. The I'thcr Iruits are delicious, and the face of the country teems w.th all the luxuries of life. No part of the woild producis better oil or finer drugs; prticulaily f una and ihul'aib. The cucum- bers, dates, oranges, piliachio nuts, mi Ion., and all kinds of what Luiopcans call garden vegetables, are not to be exci lied. It is to bcobfciveJ that what hath been f.id rel.itrs to the open coiintiy only, for no p.ople in the umveilcarc moie carelul of ihcir gardens th in the Perfians j like the Chinefe, lluy deem gardening one ol ihe m. ll impurtaiit le. dices, .111.1 fpaie ii.ilhcr pains nor expence 10 rcnJor their enclnleil ('.rounds beautiful, as well as ufclul, as a dcferiphoii of iheir gardi ns will evince. The Piiliiins do nut intitiducc fljwrr< into ibcir sir. 1' il«nj A M:\V COMIM.KTE SYSTKM OF Cii: OCi R AI 11 V the K uinptvH') ill' thiiV .trc the l'pom;\ni'oiis !1 ■I I'M I, i 58 pro.liK-tnm~ ,;foii, into which all the fever.il llreanis dilembogue thenilUics, j and fio'ii which a column of water is ihiown up to the | height of 40 feet. The bafon is fi|Ua:e, and at cr.eh corner there is a l.irgc pnilion, containing I'evcral fine apartments, a liirned witli beautilul carvinj and gilding. Th s garden is not oiilv pi 'iilcd with all the fpecics of fruit-tiees in I'eil'ia, but «ith niaiiyfioni Turkey and India, which wire procured at a g eat expciicc tor thai pirpof, by Sh.ih Abas; amoni; which is a pceuliai kind of vine, ihegiapis uhereol aie as large as a wal- nut i tlicv contaMi no llone, and taile moft Jclicioudv. There are iio gardiiurs to take care of this garden ; that is, 10 niarter gaideneis, and lo others under each of them. Ihi'v are lulleied to let any perloii lee the j;ard>n for + kaihekies, or two-pence a piece; who are allowed to eat whit fruit they pleal'e, but to cany none a'vj\'. In mofJ gardens there are fummer-lioufes, conialning fo.it apariinentf, fuitable to the lour winds, where the mailer itiav take the benefit of the air as he picafes ; and it fiequcnily happens that tlicfe fumnier-hoiifes are far (upenor to the .Iwelling houli:s, both with icfpcci to the aichite.inrc and furniture. Ill I'eifiaihc number of mulherrv-trecs is fo prodigious, that it en.ibles the natives to teed innumeratile quantities of lilk worms, which produce fomcof the niotl cxccllint (ilk in the iiniicif-. All the llowcrf that arc known in Europe are found in thj I'ertian t'lclds, with n.anv others, peculi.ir only to th.it country. For many miles round Ifpahan the ground is enaiiKlUd, and the air pertuined by them. The Howeis in general arc thought to be more beau- tiful in colour, and more ple.ifing in their odours than thnfc of iroll other countries. Here are a gnat number of wild chcfnut, turpentine, and .ilmoiid trees. Many piounccs produce trees which bear thole gall nuts wh.ch arc tiled in dying. T here arc gum, nialtick, and incenfe trees ; the latter, which are found 111 C.iniania, rcfemblc the pear tree. The plan- tanc trees arc l'u|ipofed to pievent the plague from vilit- ing places, '.vbeic they arc found in abundance ; and it is ailerted by the I'erlians, that at llpahan, where the plague was toimeily trei)iient, no contagion hath hap- pened finec ihe gardens and public walks ot that citv were pl.inted wiih thcfe trees. Willow, fir, and cornil trees abound. The manna treia arc of vaiious torts; the bell yellow ii (ound in Nichapoiir and p.irt of Bactiia. They hue plenty of tobacco about HammaJan and Suta, and the I'eifian poppy is deemed the finelt in the univcrtr. The roots and (alladingare better titled, and lets liable to create ructations in the {lum.ich, than thole of any other country. in Choiali.in thiy have rhubarb, which is in high idinution, llioii;;h it mutt be confelfed that it is infe- riur to that biau^ht from I'artary, Hcie ik pJrnty ot iVna, niix-voiniea, callia, giini-ammoni.ic, aflaforlida, iVe. All. ■< 'lida is common in all iheoiieiital coiintrii -, being ufed 111 r.igouls, l.iiicis, loiips, ^c. it is allov.eil to have the llroiigetl odour ot any tiling in the unueiie; whatever vellcl it is put in, it always retaiir; the IiikII, and all the goods in any tliip in wliiili aliafcctida i-i packed up, are more or leis iniprigni eJ with the tcent. In Pertia theie .ire two knl'is ot inuininy, the one is a natural production wlii'li diltills tfoiu a lock, the otlier !s taken Irom cmhalinul b .dies. It is an adiniiabiu me- dicine in the cure of Aounds, bruites, &c. G.ilb.iniHii and the cotton ir.e are \erv common, [lUt there is anotluT tree which produces a very line cotton, or rather a filk. The melons, of which there are above twenty difler- eiit loits, are pcrfcclly delicious and exceedingly whole- ibme. All the t'ruits of Kiirope are found in great perfeiSlion 11 I'erlia, p.irticularly peai hes, apricots, and neiilarines, lome of which weigh eighteen or twenty ounces. The pomegranates, apples, and pears, which grow in Iberia, are very fine, as are the dates of Carmania, the oianges of Hyrcania, and the onions of Hadtria ; the \A\ mentioned are as tweet ts apples. The wheat, liarley, lye and i ats, arc exceeding good, .md the rice IS univerlallv admired. The I'crfi. ins know nothing of grafting, but many cf their role hiilhes bear three Ibrts of roles naturally. Salt, fulphiir, allum, and falt-petre are here produced by fpon- tancoiis nature. There are large quarries of black, white, red and mt.\id marble. 'Ihe horfes aic the molt beautilul of the Kaft, thouih not deemed to be (b Iwit't as the Aribian. The atles ae of two tbrts ; rtitt, the native alics, which arc dull, hiavy, and thipid ; and fciiuidly, the Arabian breed, wliii h aro beautiful and docile, and arc in high dlima- tion lor the fiddle. 'I here are three Ibrts of cimels, vi?. the fmall the l.irge, ;in.l the fwift ; the t'wift can trot as tatt as a iiorle can gallop : the huge can carry ijoo or l-jco wt. they are not beaten, but niana a-d by the voice, the driv'cr fing- ing a kind ot long, and Ihe camel proeeediin' f.iltcr or tlower according to the modulation cf ihe voice. Oxen are iifed in ploughing; but beef is feldom or ever eaten. Hogs arc fcarce j Ihcep and deer plenty ; and wild beall, fuch as lions, leopards, bears, tigers, ic. very numerous, particulaily in Ifvrcania, Thejack.ils dig graves, and tear up the dead bojics, being exceedingly Ion. I of the tielh. Thcie are abundance of locufts, or flving grafs- hoppers : and many lilack ferpents, whole fling provca mortal in a few nouis: many provinces produce a fright- lul kind of Ir/.ard, which is above a yard in length. I'eftia produces all the ditV. rent kiiids of fowls, which are tbunil in Kiirope, but not in abundance; but wild and tame pidgcons aie veiy plenlitul : tor it is imagined that no country in the univetfc contains fo many pidgcon houles, there being above ;^coo in Ifpahan and its neigh- bourhood. The reatbn ot fuch a number of pidgcons being kept is on account J III" in c' univciR' ; ,■> rctjiiri the IhkII, wliicli [illal'icnila i.i I cJ Willi tlic llCllt. iiiiiiiiy, tlifciiii.' IS a II a imk, the other is an aJiiiiialiic nic- ■ icrv common, lut i a very tine coitvui, above twenty difl'cr- cxcccdingly whole- id in great pcrfeiSion cuts, and iieiitaiine;-, enty ounces, pears, which grow ilates of Cariv.ania, lions ot Kadtria ; the iples. The wheat, g good, and the rice afting, but ni:iny cf oCcs naturally. Salt, ire produr(d by fpon- irriesot black, wl'.itc, 1 of the Kaft, though ibian. Theaflesae Ics, which are dull, , the Arabian breed, d arc in hi^h crtima- :, viz. the fniall the 1 trot as fall as a norle 00 or 1 }C0 wt. they voice, thi' dri\'er fing- proccediiii; falter or \i of the voice. beef is feldom or 1 and deer plenty ; s, bears, tigers, ^:c. rcania. Ihe jack.ds ics, being excecdiriQly (Is, or flving grafs- , whofe iling provci :es produce a fright- vard in length. I»U of fowls, which n. lance ; but wild and lor it is imagined that ns fo many pidgcon Ifpahan and its neigh- niinibcr of pidgcons inj, which the I'cr- ir melons, of which to fpeak like parrots. car lound, though it princi| al bird is the iitv inches in length, 1 binly, and feathers . It ufually rclts its 1 IS hill, in the catch- y. rd« of prey, which arc I'crfianii being great y on tccount of the have fca ft(h in great rarity called the wiiid- infecU the air. Thcr« , becaufe thofc animal in lind it, though it is Tht ASIA.] Empire of PERSIA nit The bezoar (lone is taken from goats, 1 oth wild and time, which feed near the IVrfiaii g.ilfh. It excflN the bezoar of Golcanda, bcciiufe the herb.igc upon which the goats feed is thedrytft in the iiiiiverle. This Hone, whicii is ufed in mcJieiiic ,is a fii.lonfic, is now gieatly funic ill its reputition in the Oriental regions. It is happy fur Perlia, which is lumuch troubled with the I .nd locull, that there are ;;reat fwarms of .dmitlecs, or water locurts, which are iLaiiral enemies, and devour the others wherever they meet with them. Tluy are ot the lize of an ordinary hen ; the feathers arc black, the flefli grevifli, and the wings large. At foinedidance from IlVah.in, the Perfian metropolis, is Mahmoiidkcr, or .Mahnioud the Deaf, a river fo called, which falls intoanextenfiveand beautiful bafoii, through a ranee of rocks, which nature hath formed iiitu a kind of fortification, with regular ballions, emliralures, ^c. throii''h which the winds pals with artonifhing velocity. As the traveller afceiuls the mountain, he is entertained with a view of the river through a vaiiety of chinks. It appears like a lake covered wilh rocks and inouiuains : Hones, when thrown in, make a fiirprifing iiuife ; and the riicr itfclf is deemed unfathomable. SEC T. III. A fucciiUJ and cur.dft Hijiory af Pcrfia. TH V2 R E is not, peihaps, in the univcrfc a country whofe liiilory is more replete wilh great and lin- gular cvenis than that of I'erfia. It hath exercifed the pens of the molt eminent writeis, both lacred and pro- fane ; an 1 forms a principal part of the hilfory of the ch:if nations in the earliell ages of the world. i'erfia conlfituted a part of the firlt great monarchy in the eiiivcric, fujipofcd to have hi en founded by Niinrod, o- his Ion Helus, the Baal of th' ancient idolatrous na- t.. ns. .Moll of the particulars relative to Semiramis, and her Ion Ninus, are fo exceedingly fabulous, thai thev are not worth repeating. Indeed the Perfian hil^ ry is very little to be depended upon till A. M. 2083, when Abr.mi fought a battle with four Perfian princes, and defeated them with only 31S of his own family. Thcfc princes were Chedorlaoitier, king of Elam or ancient Pcrfia, Arioch kingof Ellalai, Amrasfhel king of Shinar, and Tid.il king of Nations, a liiccedor of Ninirod. The hilfory of the Allynan empire, from the time of Nimrod to the reign of Sardanapalus, Is exceedingly vague, uncertain, and mutilated. Sardanapalus, who fiourilhed about the year of the world '?237, was timid, luxurious and elteminate. He painted and drelfed like a woman j was fond of none but female amufemcnts, and palled all his time in h s fe- raglio : he was a great drunkard and glutton, and ex- tremely Iblicitous alter riches, not for the fake of hoard- ing them up, fo much as to have an opportunity of fpending them in rioting. The following two lines were engraved upon his tomb by his own peculiar order: Httc hahto qua cdi, quaqiit exiitur.:li lihih ILiufil : at ilia jitcait mulla is' pr,ttl,ira riiula. Which may be thus rendered into Englifh : All I've cnjoy'd, or eat, away I take. What I can't reach, I leave for otheis fake, which (hew the natural fordidncfs of his foul. Aibaces, the governor of Media, contrived to be in- troduced inio the palace of Sardanapalus privately, where he b: held the fcandalous manner in which he lived, and found that a potent Ibvereign, whom many warlike nations obeyed, had, bv his luxurious and inai5five man- ner of life, iTiulcred himfclf more ett'eminatc than a woman. Arbaccs thcrcf.irc determined to dethrone him, and being joined by others, found himfclf at the head of a powerful army. Sardanapalus at firlt hid himfclf in his palace, but being perfuadcd by foine of his nohlc, to put himlcif at the head of his armv, he did, but was dclcated and piirliied to Ninevah ; finding that hecouid not maiitain that city a;ain(l the revolters, he ordciol I vall pile of wood to be railed, and upon it burnt his S') treafures, his eunuchs, his women, and himTclf. After ilic death of this emperor, the revolitrs divided his do- minions ; thus Aibrces took Media and Peifia ; Hdochus afTunied th government of Habylonia and Chal- dea i Ninus the ficuiid reigned in Nineveh andthecii- cuiiijacent couiuiics, and the reft of the confplratots ulurped the other piovir.ccs, which had helped to con- Hitute the empire. Belochns, Jielcfis, Nabonsfi' r, or Baladan, as he is termed in the (cripiiire, reigned 12 years, beginning nis reign A. M. 3257, which is the celebrated xra of Na- bonaflar. He was fiiccecded by his fin Merodach R, lladan, who was followed by I'cveral other kings of U.ibylon, to whofe hilloiiis wc are ;otallv llraiu'crs, as nothing concerning them hath been iranfiiiitted to pullerity but what is c\ i- deii'Iy fabulous. 'I'he city ot Ninevah, where Ninus the Sccoiid, or Tigl.itli I'llefer reigned, was at this time n;i:etetn miles in ieni^tli, and about eleven m breadth, and the circuni" lerence lixiy miles. It is oi the ciicun'.fercnce l\\?.t the Prophet Jonah Ipcaks, when lie lavs in the Kaliern llile, that it was a city of three days journey. Three' cha- liots might goa-breaft upeni the walls, vsh eh were one hundred f.'ct in height; the tower.s or cartles by which it wa'- (urtilied. Were two hundred feet in height, and one ih"U'.nd live hiindied in neimber. Niiuis conquered .Syria, and annex d not only that kingdom, but all Ifi..el bcvond Jordan or Cjalilce, to his own dominions. Hol'ea, king of Samaria, being dcliious of (h.iking o(f the All. rian yoke, cnurtcd the alliance of So or Sabachus, the Ethiopian monarch, who had coiu|ueied Egypt. To puniih the pK'luin|ition ot Heifea, Salinanafai, king of Nine\.ih, ni.rched againft him with a powerful army, plundered and l.iid walle the countiy, loaded Holea wi'.h chains, iu-pi ifuned him duiing the r. ni.iinder of his life, and cariied a,v.>y his fubjcii-tj the children of Ifracl, into captivity. S.lmanafar having reigned fourteen years, was fuc- ceeiied by his Ion Sennacherib, or Sargoii, as he ig termed in fcripture. King Hezekiah hiving refuledto pay the ufual tiihute, Sennacheiib invaded Judea, .mJ obliged Hezeki.di to give him not only his own trea- fures, hue alfi) thole belonging to the Temple. After receiving every thing he ccnild afk, he refuled to with- draw his army agreeab'c to his oaths and pro:i ifcs, but carried on the war, and reduced the whole countrv, ex- cept Jerufalem, which he clofely inverted. At this crifis he was informed that the kings of Ethiopia and EijvpC were marching to the fuccour of Hczcki ih ; he imnieJi- ately railed the fiege to oppofe ihein, but firft wrute .-» letter to the king of Judea, replete with the inoll horrid blafphcmies. Having delV.-.ted the armies of the Ethio- pians and Egyptians, he returned to the fiege of Jerufa- lem, where the vengeance of !1 ..\ en overtook him, fir in one night 185,000 of his • .' were dcftroyed by the fword of an angel, anil he was t.iripelhel to re-treat wilh the wretched remains of his fii-cs. Thus the proudcd monarch upeiii earth, who (tiled himfclf king of k ngs, and viiSor of nations, was in a few hours brou 'ht from the highell pinnacle of glory, to flume, conlulion, and diftrcfs. Sennacherib's difappointmcnts rendered him fo tvtan- n cal, lavage, and cruel, that he ee en became odiuus to hib own rtlatiems, and was at length murdered bv two of his own fiin-, in his principal lemple, while he was pro- Itrating himlttif before an idol named Nifioch. The parricides fied to Arme.ii,!, and their younger brother Efarhaddoii mounted Jic throne. The royal family of IJabyloii becoming cxtiina about this time, Efarhaddoii turned the dillrac'ied Itate of that kingdom to his own advantage, and annexed it to his dominions, reiirning over the united kingdoms thirteen years : piee ious "to hi« death, he likcwife ciniiucied Suia, Paleltiie, and Ifrael, and added them to the A'lryrian empire. His whole reign was exceedingly profpeio'us, and lafted thirty nine years. He was fucceeded by his Ion S.ioiduchinus, or Nebuchadne/zar the firlt, who alcendcd the thruus A. M. 2iiS- Saracus Ills fon reigned after him. A general belong- ing to this monaich railed a rebellion aganilt hini, made « " Inmlclt :!|!,i M' HI-! h:ll: A N !■: \V C C) M P I . I'. T !•: S ^' S T E M O 1 " C !•: () C. R API! Y. ,:ii himlUf mjdcr ot li.ibjlon, nigncJ tluic twenty ont- yciif, anJ tl-in h.w iiig iiiti'ial iiiKi a trouiy with Cy.i\- iircs, kiii^^ot' Miilia, they, in coiijiiiictioii, l.iid fugc to Ninfv.ih, took it by (lomi, and i-ntiiily litll roved it. Sar.iCiis huing ll.iin in tlic fic^c, the rucuf'slul gfiicul Naliopulallai, tianskrri.il the liMt < f the Aflyriaa empire to Babvlon, and w.is acknuwlcJijcd as l"o\crei^ii by u!l rank'i of ih.i|iU-. 'The ni.iL;lihii\Tii)g monarchs, alarmed .it thi- gnuvin;; power, joiJ rniious of the riling gicatjuMV o! Nabopo- laflar, united their forces agiiiiill him and his colleague C\ax.ues, reeTieat number of thole animals wlii^h the ligyptians adored, oefore the van of his army ; thefc were oxen, cats, kc. The Egyptians peieeiviiig fueh a number of thofc animals whom they venerated, would not flioot afinglc arrow lell they ftioiild wound a god. Aniafis died during the war, and his fon Pfamaticus i ventured a general battle with the I'erfians, but was de- | fcated and made prifoner. Cambyfes, however, treated I him with great humanity, and relVored him to his throne, but Pfamaticus afterwards revolted, which fo enraged the Peril in monaich, that he put him to death. A. M. .3480, C.imbyfes invaded Ethiopia, in which expedition he loll a great part of his army by a vaietyof accidents, andwa, at length compelled to rc- lir". He was lb chagrined at his difappointment, th.it on his return thi't-ugh Egypt, he deltroyed the city of 'J'hehcs out of mere vexation. To add to his aiJlietion, he received intelligence, that an army which he had fent to inv.ide Lybia, was deltroyed by a huriicaneof lands in the defarts, which was fo terrible, that it had over- wlielmed and fuftocated all his troops. This news rcn- :t occafioned the principal people to furmife, that he really was not the prince he pretended to be. A Perfian nobleman, whofe daughter was one of the ufurper's concubines, gave her orders to oblerve if tiinerdis had any ears. She allured him he had not; for Cyrus had ordered bis ears to be cut oft", for lome oft'eiice he had committed againll him during his reign. 'J'his difcovery being made known, a number of the nobilitr entered the palace, and having put him to death, cut otf his head, and expofed it to the people, who were fo exalperated at the magi for allilling in the inipolition, that tliey murdered the greatell part ot them, and inlliluted a Itllival in commemoration of the event. Darius Hjltafpes, who was the perl'on that gave the ufuiier his iiiort d wound, was nnanimoully chol'en em- p..or A.M. 34K3 ; he immediately maiiied Atofla, t:i widow ol Cambyfes, and Arillona, another daughter ol Cyrus ; he had man) other wives, « !io broui^ht him a nunuruiis iH'uc, 6 It was this monarch who w.^s the Ahafucrus of tic facred writings, and :,t the lequeft of i|iKen Either caufcj the celebrated ccli;l againll Hainan, and in favuiir of the Jews, to be puldiflied, Darius rcmovi d ilu regal feat to Safi, when fomc in- terelled perlons taking tbe rdvantage of his ableiice from Babylon, ptrluaded ihe people to revo't. iJariiis accordingly marched agiinft Bibvlon, and be- fieged it tor eiglitcvn monlhs, without brim' i.ble to take it ; when one of his geneials, named i;up\rus, pre- tended to delert to tbe enemy, and by means if an art- ful tale, contrived to infinu ite himfelf fo f.ir into the g.iod gKiccs of the i'.ab) loni.jis, that they were weak enough to tntrult him with the comm-.nd of their forces. Tiiis power he foon iifcd in favour of Darius, to whom he betrayed tlie city. The Peilian monarcK ordered the wails to be demolifhed, and put to death a great number of citizens, who h.id been molt active in the revolt. He af.erwardi made two unfiicccfsful expeditions, the one int.) .Scythia, and the other into In.li.i; and in the year of the v.-orld 3514, he iiuadi d (jivece ; but Milti- adcs, the Alhcnlan giiier.il, gained a complete \ iclory over the I'crfi.n army at the p:il-i of Miraihun ; thoiigli the Perii 11 emperor had t:n times the naiuber of nicii under his command. Darius liien made preparations to invade Kg"pt, which had revolted, but dying befoie his armv was eoinpletcd, Ilis Ion Xiixes fucceeded him, in the year of the world 3519. Xerxes (.'cLcrmineil to purfuc his late father's nicafures vigoroufly ; he accordingly maiched intoEiiypt, anil fiibdued that kingdom. Three years afterw.irds he invaded Greece, with a confider.ible army, confilling of ne.ir 3,000,0c 0 of men. The Carthaginians at the fiime time had engaged to invade the (jiecian territories in Sicily and Italy by fea. Xerxes laid a hrMge of boats over the Helkfpont, that his valt army nvght pal's with the greater facility ; but a Itorni dellroying the bridge, the CJiecian writers pretend that he orkaed the waves to be baltinadocd, and fetters to be thrown into the lea, to let the waters know tliat he was tlK\r mailer. Having caufed a ftronger bridge to be made, the army fecretly pafled over it : however, he was unfuecefsful in his expedition, no part of Greece, except '1 hracc, fubmitting to his arms •, and Leonidas, a Spartan p.rince, difpiited his pall'ane lb br.ively at the pals of ThermipyliE, between Sicily and Phocis, that 10,000 Perlians were llain in various allault-, thou'^li Leonid.is had only 4000 men under his command. At length a treacherous native fhevved the Perfians a way up the mountain wliich commanded the Strait. Leonidas perceiving ihis, ji'dged it would be impofTiblu to defend the pal'<, and theretore determined to die upon the (pot : he accordingly difmill" d all his troop;, cxcepi: thre; hundred, who chofe to fliare bis late. Before the attack began h.- invited them to dine with him, telling them at the fame time, that thev mull fup with Pluto. The attack was then begun j Leonidas and hi; Spartans fold their lives at a dear rate, all being killed except one, who el'caped and carried the news to Sparta, where ha w.is piinilhed for cowardice, in not Ihiyin ', and dyiu':; with his companiims. This avilion, however it may have been admired, appears to have bordered more upon ralhncfs than real cotirage, and to have been founded rather upon abfurdity th.in true heroifm. (Jn the l.imc day that the ,,hove a:lioii happrneil, the Grecian fleet, confiding of 41-.0 fail, defeated the fleec of the Perlians, waiJi conliilcd of full one thoiifand fliips. Xerxes, however, proceeded to Athens, when the Athenians fent their wives and children to Peloponnefiis, abaiuloiud tlieir city, and retired to their Ihippincr. Xerxes entered^ Athens, « hieli he firll plundered, aiul then burnt. The Grecians, however, t.btaincd ano- ther fign.d vifloryover his fleet at Salamis ; and a report at the fame time prevailing that they intendid to cut oft" his retreat by deftroying the bridge over the Hellefpont, he therefore hailed back, and found the bridge dcllroyt,!, not by his enemies, but by a (lorni. He, however, con- trived to pal's with part of his army, leaving 300,000 men behind to continue the war, who wcig defeated the '^ tnluiinT 1 M A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPHY. I-. i w *;l 'fM n t. .;! ■• 6i eiifiiiiij cainpnii'n liy AiiftiJcs ami I'aul'anias, and their gciKr.irMniJ.iiiTuswj4ll.iin, In thd'c variuiis ixpcili- tion> XiiMs li.ui iiliovc two ihirds of his vail arniy ile- ftroycii, and was to ch.nrincd by his rrpcutcJ dir,ip|)<)int- meiits, tliat he bnrnt all the Grecian temples in Afia, the temple ol Diana a: Kphcl'us excepted. Soon ali.r .VIitliiiJ.it.-5, an eunuch, and Artabanus, a raptain ol the Perlian guaids, lormed a conCpiracy, and niurJeied th s unhappy rnon ircli, who was Succeeded (A. M. iSi^) by his third Ion Artaxerxes, the two elder having been deflroved by the above mentioned regi- cides, whom Artaxerxes put to death loon after his afccndiiig the throne. 'I'his nionarch ful-dued E^yp', wliich h.id revolted, and aflided the Jews in ribuihiing the walls of Jerul'a- Icni. '1 he (irecians, how.'ver, continued the war, and carried it into Alia witli fuccels, when Artaxerxes thout;ht pioper toconrliKle a peace vj'ith them ; and thus terminated a war which liad raged lor the Ipace of fifty yeais. Artaxerxes died in the 4qth year of his reign. His funs, who were iiunrTous, difpii ted each their title to the throne; at length Ochus, or Darius, prevailed; but dving foon, he was fucceedul by his Ion Arlaccs, (.■\. M. 36C0.) who ruled the whole empire, except Lellir Afia, wliich was ber|U'Mtled to a younger brother. Arfaces was b«in belotj Ins lather was kiirg, but his brother Cjrus aftci ; the younger prince, therefore, imagined that he had the greateit right to the whole empire. To fupport il.is cl.iin, he railed a numerous army of I'cifians in his :v>veinmeiit of Leiler Afia, and having piocurcd the aliill.iiice of a body of auxiliary Gieci.n-, he began his niaich to difpollefs his brother ol his Clown. Arfaces met him with an army of 1,000,000 of Pcr- fians, at the dillancc of about leventy miles from Baby- lon, when the army of Cyius was defeated, and himfelf flain. The (irecian auxiliaiies, however, made an ad- mirable retreat, under the conduct of their able and learned general, Xenophon, whofe narrative of that cele- brati-d tranfiClion is one of the fined pieces of ancient hiftory that the moderns are acquainted with, v\rfaces was I'uccecded by his fon Ochus, A, M. 3642. This prince fubdued the Egyptians and Phoenicians, who had revolted, dcftroycd all the fortified places and tanples, and carried many of the people into captivity. Amoni; the refl was an Egyptian eunuch, called Bagoas, of whom Ochus foon grew exceedingly fond, and heaped innumerable favours on him. This, however, did n(.i prevent B 'goas from confpiriiig againft him, and poifoii- ing him ui the 23d year of hi> leign. Not content with this treachery, he in a very fiiort time poifoned his fon Ochus, who fucceeiled him, and contrived to place anoilur Oehiis upon the throne, who, it is imagined, was not ill t':. h'all related to the royal family. It was not, however, loiig before he was dilpleafed with this nionr.ri'h alfi, and, :is nfu.il, had prepared a cup of poifon for him ; but th'- king dilcovered his intentions, ■ind obliged him to drink the poifon himfelf. 'I'hus was his repeated treach' ry ^nniflied, and the law of re. fali.'.tion piopeily exercilei!, Oeliiis then .Uumi ' t!ie name of Darius CoJomanus, and (A, .^:. '•jt'6b) was invaded by the Grecians under the conduct of Phi'lip king of Macedon, who was ( i.ofen general I Oiir.o of the confederate armico of Greece ; bill being niiiidercd, his Ion Alexander, afterwards known by the runie of AlcxandL-r the Great, fucceedcd him. This prince leingonly twenty years of age, pafied the llelkl'poiit at the liead of 30,000 loot and 5,000 horfe, Slid d.-fcaied Darius on the banks of the Ciranicus, fhoiigli his army conruied of ioo,coo I'crfians and 10, coo auxiliary (jtccks : when Sardis and many other cities lubmitted to the co;,i|iieror. During the enluing winter, Alexander vifited the temple of Cjordiaii, where he cut with his fword the c.ieliratcd (lordian knot, vvl'.:cli fo many had in vain attempted to untie, on arc.;uiit of the tradition, that whoever could untie it fliould c.)iu|uer Afia, As foon t» the fafon pe milted, Alexander marched to the tt.iit: uf ilius in C.licia, when Darius very imprudently attacked him at a time the filuation of his army w.it admirable. The Perfians were again defeated, ami Darius'snibthcr, wife, feveral of his childien, and joo of his concubines, wir.i.ken priloners. All the cities of Paleltine and Phuenicia now lubmitted to the con- i|ueior, except 'I'yte, which fuftained a long liege; but being at length taken by llorm, all the inhabitaius ueic put to the fword, except two thoufand who were re. lerved for crucifixion ; which cruel lenience thty after- wards luft'ered up^n croliis creeled for that purpole along the lea coaft, (o> no other rtafon than having bravelv defended their livis and properties, and performed the parts of worthy e lizens and h;:roic foldiers. 'J'his de- tcllable affair will . . a lalling lligii.a up ,n the charafler of Alexander, anil . lall his laurels will, ■ufaniy : Syria .md Egyi't fiibniiti. I to the K-nijiieu,: Alexander now vifited the ti n pic of Jupiter Aninioii, whi-fe fon he preteiulcd to be. After having built the city of Alexandria, he penetrated into Palefiine, pafled the Euphrates and Tigris, and in the plains of Arbela again gave the Perfians a total defeat ; the confequcnce ol which was, Babylon, Sula, and Perlipislis, opened iheir gates to the conqueror ; the latter of thefe, which was then the fiiall city in the univtrfe, he burnt at the inftigation of Thais, a Grecian courtezan. Akxander then continued to purfue Darius; but that unhappy prince was murdered by one of his own generals named Beflus, whom Alexander aftci wards put to death for his treachery. Thus ended the Peilian monarchy after a continuance of 209 years. Alexander :h.n earned his arms into India, fubdued Porus, a pow ..jl mtnarch 'f that country, and ind;ed conqi.ered the grcateft part of the then known world. He .ilLeiwards married Statira, the cideft daughter of the unfortunate Darius ; and at the fame time obliged his ofliters to intermarry with Pcrfian ladies. Return- ing to Babylon, elated by v.inity, and intoxicated by fucccfs, he gave himfelf up to all manner of debaucherie , and at length fell .1 martyr to excels, A. M. 3681. As Alexander had not named a fucceffor, his generals (bared his dominions among thein. To Ptolemy fell Egypt ; Seleucus, the fon of Antiochus, polllircd Baby- lonia, and Syria ; and Caflander reigned in Greece. In the year of Chrift 630, the Saracens, who fuc- cecded Mahomet, made a conqueft of Perfia. The 'i"urks conquered it in the year icoo; and Tamerlane the Great, chan of Tartary, iubdu ' Perfia and Turkey in Afia, in the ytar 1400: after the race of the Tartar monarchs Sophy or Sefi obtained the regal dominion of Perfia, lomc of the defendants of whom arc at this tine contending for the empire. He was fucceeded by his fon Shah Thamas, an inhuman prince, who was depofed by his fubjefls. His brother Coda- bundi reigned after him. This monarch was fucceeded by Shah Abbas, a powerful prince, who greatly en- larged the Perfian monarchy by his conquers. Having reigned glorioufly for the fpace of forty years, he was fucceeded by his grandfiin Shah Sefi, who was a tyrant and a drunkard. He dcfiroyed his queen in a fit of inebriation, and at length fell a martyr to repeatetl ex- celles. After this piiiicc. Shah Abbas the fecond, his fon, reigned one and twenty years, but, like his father, deftioycd himfelf with hard drinking. He was fucceeded by his fon. Shah Sefi the fecond. The country in his reign was gieaily dirtielFed by war and f.iminc ; he died July 29, 1694. Sultan Hofiein, his fon, was his fuciellor, a weak indolent prince, who, by his vices and fupinenefs, gave great ofience, not only to his own fubjeefs, but to the neighbourini; Tar- tar chiefs ; one of whom, named Mereweis, furprifed Candahor, penetrated a confiderable way into Perfia, determined to march to Ifpahan, and even al'pircd to the throne of Perfia itielf. He died, however, before he could carry his plans into execution ; hut his Ion Mahamood, who fucceeded him, purluid his niea- fuies. He made alliances with the grand figiiior, and gieat mogul, and prevailed on the liallii of Bagdad to invade the Pcrfian frontiers, and the Ruffiani to attack the provinces to'.v.uds tlie Cafpian lea. The Perfim coiit were now ^11 the utmoft confter- iiation ; MaliamuoJ was, by hafty inr.rthcs, approach- ing EIY. latiun of Ilia army w't e again ilcfLatcd, an^l hib cliiUlrcn, and 300 rilonutb. All tlic citicj I'ubmittcd to the con- aiiied a long liege ; but all (he inhabitams \mic thoui'.ijid who wcic rt- uil leiitiMcc thiy afttr- d fcr that purpule along 1 than having bravely cs, and pcrfurinrd the aic loldiers. This de- gii.a iij' n the charaflet els wit;, infamy : Syria iciuiiicu,: Alexander :cr Arnmon, whi'fe Ibii ^'ing built the city ut ) I'alelline, pafl'cd the I the plains uf Arbeit cleat; the confequcnee and Per((,p< lis, opened e latter of thel'e, which univerfc, he burnt at :ian courtezan. 0 purfue Datiu' ; but red by one of his own lexandcr at'tei wards pnt hus ended the Peiluii f 209 years, ms into India, fubdurd hatcoumry, andind;eJ the then known world. the eldeft daughter of t the r.inie time obliged 'erfian ladies. Return- lity, and intoxicated by manner of Jcbaucherie , eels, A. M. 3681. a luccefl'or, his generals hein. To Ptolemy full tiochus, poflllled Baby- r reigned in Greece. the Saracens, who fuc- iqueft of Perfia. The coo ) and Tamerlane the ' Perfia and Turkey in r the race of the Tartar d the regal dominion of i of whom are at this e. lie was fucceedid inhuman prince, who His brother Cuda- monarch was fucceedcd rince, who greatly en- his conqucfts. Having s of lurty years, he was Sefi, who was a tyrant his queen in a lit of martyr to repeaic execution ; liut his lim, (.urlutd his niea- thc i;rand fignior, and the B.illa o! liagdad to ^ the Kufliars to attack n k.'.i, •:i the L'tmi^ft eonder- rty nu.rthci, approach- ASIA.] Empire ing towards the capital, where the pufillanin-.-ius monarch oftcretl to rcfigii his crown in favour of his eldtlf fon j but thefon having been educated ineU'eminacy and never out of the fcraglioin his life, was more Iriglitncd than his lather, and declined either accepting the crown or com- manding the army. Piince Thomas, however, a ynunger brother, having more I'piiit than the itll of the family, dettrniincd to put himlclf at the head ot the lorcis, and to oppofe the rebels ; but when he came to take a review of the Peifian troops, he found lliem fo eU'eminaie, undiftipline ', and dilpirited, that he was Icniible he could not lepoli: any trult in them. He there- toie Willi Jrcw hiir.felf liom the army, and retired towards the Cafpian fca. Mahaniood fliortly after entered Ifpahan without op- polition, in the month of Feb. 1721-2, and imprilbned the king and all the royal family, mofl of whom \u after- warils delirii)ed. He beheaded tiie prime minifter wiih molf of his iulierentJ, and f;izetl upon the i.ll.ites and prdpcrlies of all who were ciuioxious 10 bin. j the nholt conqucU being eli'ecled with only 5000 horle. In the mean tine Sliah Thomas, the yo.ing fultaii, adirmb.ed a body of troop.-, and be ng aily joined by a great number of royaliih, he detern.ned f.i(' of all to rcpti the Turks, who were ravaj^iig the Iromieisj when intelligmce was brought him, that the ufutpei Mahaniood w^s afl'aiTinatcd by one of his officers, nai.,cii tfriff, who had fucceeded liim. Upon this information the prince gave an iiwitation to Kouli Khan, who had been tfrongly recommended to him, to join his forces. Kouli Khan, at the head of fome Ufbec T.artars, ac- cordingly joined the a.niy of Shah Thoma.-, and march ing immediately againft Efritf'; he defeated his trojps, took him pril'onrr, and put him to a very cruel death. He then lurned his arms againft the Turks, aiid wrefted from them all the places they had taken from the Per- fiaiis during the laie troubles; and aftei wards compcllid the Ruflians to evacuate thole provinces, towards the Cafpian fea, of which they had poflellld thenil'clves. Llated with repcatco lucccfs, he afpirtd at the imperia! digi'itv, and, lliiiiulated by his ambition, he not onlj depofcd, but murdered the unforiunate Shah 1 hon. .s ; for that unhappy monarch was never heard of after bis having been deprived of his throne. As Kouli Khan's ailions have been the fubjcft of unlveifal converfatlon, and the confcqucnces of which they were pioduiftive are the moft recent particulars on which we can with certainty depend, relative to the aft'airs of Peifin, we (hall be rather circumftantial in what ccnccnis that ufurper. Among the mountains in the neighbourhood of Mcflicd there is a petty principality called Chalat, which is ruled by a chief wiiu in always a native ; this chief acknowledges the empcior of Perfia as his fovercign ; that monarch, however, has not the leaft real powei over the abovementioned little ftate, but the court of Ferfia winks at the nominal fubjection and real inde- pendance of the Chalatites, in order to preferve their Iriendflrip, othcrwife they wonld prove very troubltfome neighbours ; for, fccuic in their mountainous retreat, thty could, at pUafure, make excurfions into the ad- jacent pIovlIlce^, and plunder the Pcrfians with im- punity. Kouli Khan, or Nadir Shah, was born at Chalat in the ytar 16X7, and was heir to that little principality. His t.itliei died when he was onl\ nine years old, and an uncle of Nadir's was inveffed with the government till he fliculd become of age. The uncle aiSted wiih luch prudence and mnderation, that lie became exceedingly popular, and the people unanimoufly confirmed to him the gnvernment during liis life : for yuung Nadir gave fueh early proofs of a haughty, turbulent, and tyrannical fpirit, that the Chahitit.s in general prefagcd the moft fatal confequenccs when he fliould be invefted with un- controuled power. As this trcainif nt was exceedingly difgufling to young Nadir, he left the place of hi-^ nativity, repaired to Cho- raffan, ard entered into the Perfian army in 1712 as a private (iildicr (uily. His llrcngth, courage, and military capacity, of which he gave (iequent proofs, occafioned him to be promoted 10 the rank of colonel in 1710, OF PERSIA. 63 The Ufbec Tartars having invaded Chora/Tan, the governor of that provice thought proper to appoiat Na- dir to the command of the Peifian troops, though by {9 doing he difgulted many fenior officers. Nadir's conduit tended to heighten the great opinion which the governor of Choralliin had entertained of his military talents. He adted with great coura^ c and pro- found policy, and not only defeated the I (bees, but took many thoulaiuls of them piifoners, wi h all their tents, ba^,;age, cattle, and the plunder which they had taken frcni the inhabitai's of ChoralVan. The governor greatly carelled Nadir, loaded him with favours, and proniifed 10 recommend him fo ftrongly to Shah I'huiiias, as to engage that prince to make him a jjCneral ; a vacancy however falling foon after, a young nobleman related to the governor was promoted ; this fo cxaf|>erated Kiuli Khan, that he npbraid.d the gover- nor in the moft iiilblent terms, and i;rew fo exceedingly icurrilous, that the governor was under the neeeflity of Older, ng him to be baftinudoed. Kouli Khan now inediiated nothing but mifchiefj ind aj foon as he recovered Iron' thec*iedts of ihechaftife- mcnt, he fled to the mountains. Having put himfelf at he head of a band of robb-rs, he continually ravaged th? country and plundered the caravans. His uncle hearing of his condii<5t, wrote a letter to him, ftrtnuoufly exhorting him ;o refrain from fuch a way of life, and that he would undertake to piocure a pardon from Shah Thoni;. - for a. he had hiiherto com- mitted. Nadir aliinted to his uiiele's propc fals, and a pardon was proiu.ed. Naiiir, unJer a pretence of re- turning his grateful ihanks to bis ui.cle, n p ir:d to Cha- lat, with a low of his fohowcrs, w nere h.- vas cordially received b) ihat ge Jcman. He Ind previt. fly hiwever ordered fome liiindrtds of his men to aeivai.ce privately towards the place, and ; 1 be ready to attend to a crtain (ignal, when they were to rulh in at the f>n'y gate be- longing to the liirtrcfs. Earlv the eniuing morning N.idir murdered his uncle j while his followers within fcized the gate with little or no refilfance, an.! foon admitted their companions. Thus did Nadir with very little trouble become poflcU'ed of a place deemed hitheito impregnable, and whieh had fre- quently withltood the whole power of Peifia; for with- in the perpendicular and inaccefiable rocks which fur- round it, there is land futlicient ro feed their cattle and produce ail kinds of provili ins lor the maintenance of 12,000 men. Thus they are in no fear of a famine, and the place|being'accefnble at onlyoii.- fmall avenue, which is ftrongly fortified by art as well as nature, they are able to put all the troops in the ui iverfc at defiance. After Nj'lir became emperor of Pcifia lie always depofited his t.cafures in Chalm, as the ftrongeft and moft fccurs plrce in his whole extenfive dominions. B.:ing now poflcUed of his nati.c patrimony^ with the addition of (000 well dil iplined, bold and hardy tioops, he became cxceedingi) loimidabi . He then took it into his head to recover the city of Nechabar, which the Afgans had taken from th« Perfians, and fucceeded by the following Angular llratagem. He f( nt fome of his men to the mountains, who having feized alarge party of ftiaggling Afgans, they were imme- diately put to death. Nadir's men then liLi-ing drefled themf. Ives in the habits of the deceafed Afgan-, pretended to drive a great number of their companions before them, as if they had taken them prifoners. The centi- nels threw open the gates to let in the fuppofcd captives, when the Afgans were all put to the fword, and the ancient capital of ChoralTan was recovered. It was after this exploit that the unhappy Shah Thomas court- ed his afnitance, when he joined that monarch at the head of 6000 men. In the year 1728 he was appointed commander in chief of the Shah'sforccs, foon after which he received the title of Tachmas or Thomas Kouli Khan or Kan, the higheft title the emperor could confer. He then made a very rapid progrcfs in the recovery of the empire, as hath already been mentioned, and by carrying fiic and fwo d wiierever he came, he was at once the admiration and terror of ngt only the Perfians but all the furrounding luilons. After ti''!* "^ A NEW COMPI-ETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPIIV. ■1 AruT ihc rcuioval of the imfdrtunatc Sh;ili Tlionuis, Kouli K;iii iliil not preCitme to nuniiit the tludiii.', Init to feve ;ippe.!r;incc-, li.::l Ahba: M\r7..i, :!M iiil'.uu cit' fix iiioiitb.'i olil, ami foil of the- Amvc moiimcli, dccl.ticij emperor. He, however, took care to keep ;ill the power as well ns the trcifurcs of the empire in his own hnnd.s and to fill all the grc.it offices of ft.itc with his own creatures. Yoiiri;: Al-'bas now being confiJercd as emperor, Kouli Ran determined in his n.ime to c.irry on the war ai.iiiill the Till lis vi^oroullv ; but lird married an aunt of the late em|Kror's. Then thinkini; of his own f.iniily, he appointed his eldell fun ^'oveinor of Cho- F.nihn, and his youngetl governor of Herat. The w.ir ai^;inft the Turks was fuceef-.fully bc^Min, Kouli Kan diovc them all before him, and laid fiege to ti.;:dat. However, Topal Ofman, an able Turkilli gcuerul, niarched to the relief of it at the hiad of !00,ooo incn ; Kouli Kan drew up his array, which confillcd of 70, coo men, and on the 18th of July 1733 a mofl binodv lialtle enfued, and Kouli Kan, lor the firlftinie in his life, was defeated. Kouli Kan being joined hv one of his fons with a ronfidcr.ible army, iie again m.irehed againft the Turks I'he I'eifi.in army was in this engagement repulled, and K)lt 4000 men ; but on the 2bth of Oi^tober another bliMiJy bat.Ic was fought, in which the 'I'urks were totally defeated, lulin ; 40,000 men, all their ailillery, tents, ammunition. Hole-, iVc. and the g.dlant Topal Ofman was fl.iin 111 the .iction. 'I'o the credit ol' Kouli Kan we niuft not omit to me;itioii, that he ordered tlmt great ceneral to be buried with the utmoll pomp and niagnilicence, and with all the military honouis due to fo great a eliaraeler. Kouli Kan now marched fo Schir.is, 'o fuhjugatc th.it ci'v, and crtilh a p iwerful rebvllion which hap- pened in rhole parts ; t"-! he foon effe^ied, and f|:ent the enluiiig winter in reciuiting h f army, and making pre- parations for tarrying on the war againll the Turks in the lollowing Ipii ::. Kor it was importible that hi-- rnttrprizing Ipirit could ever be (lill J nor could his am- hitioiis foul entertain any idea but that of war. In the year 17J4 Kouli Kan was exceedingly fiiccefs- ful both againit the Turks and the Tartars, who at- tempted to join tluni, and before the end of the ve.ir Ciiiu|uercd all the open country ol CJeorgia and .Armenia. In 17 J5 Kouli Kan dcltroyeil great part of the Tiiikifli army ,11 Aipa Kavi. Jn Ijj') (he yoiMu .Shah Abbas died, wh.-n Kouli Kan coiiveiml the I'eifian ihiefs and nobles, and told them that they were at liberty tochufe an empctor. They iluriluic uiianiniDiilly b;gged him to accept of the crown, being indeed .ili.iid to do other- wife. Having mounted the throne, he ruled the Fer- fi.iiis with .1 iikI (I iron, ilertro\ing many of the loyal family, and putting 10 death all the nobility cx- Ci t thofc who weie deemed ulmt , or wh'ile underlhind- ing he difpifed. He then fci/ed many cll.ites, pjiticu- l.ii'y thr chi.rch l.in K, and h.aving concluded a pe.iee with the Turks and Riilli ins, he compelled the revolted Ativans to fubmil to Ins own terms ; thui marching into tlie territorie-. 1 f the (Jirit .Mogul, he dcleatid the armies of that monarch, ii;a e himlelf inafler of Delhi the capital of Hindolljn, took theCireat Mog il hini- fi'lf priloncr, put miiltitiidn to the fword, and plundued the empire ot jewels, gold, and oth«r valuables to the amount of 87,^00,000!. Ileiling, a grealir tre.iline lli.iiiany other monaith in any age or nation ever belorc pollHUd. Among other articles of inimcnfe value wis the im- pen.il throne, comnionly called the |kmc(" k throne, fiitirelv (it with the rniiit jewels j indcpeiuleiit of the above lie look joo elephants, io,oro hoi.es, .is many ramib, a gieat mmiber of caniiun, and » vaiiityot other wall ke (lores. I hcie imnienic ticilurrs he hiHged in his hereditary principality ol Ch.ilat, but dn' not tiiid the gii.iiding of ihcin either to I'liikH or IVrfians, but In 11,000 Cjcorgiins, all ut whom w. le Chnlliaii^. He Ih. n (ubdiieil the I'llec laitats, and broii|i|it their country lu be tribul.iry to I'llia i alter whiili he leluriud to lijuhan, and leMiely ii|;iiinan tawny, .iiid ihcii lips thick. The men duve iheir he.uN, though many young rcntlemen lud'er a lock ul hail tu giuw vii each liJc by way of ouiiimrnt, aiiJ MIV. atifcncc. The vMr •il iiifiirrcifiion^. In uiihi-a'd of criii-ltir:, n prov.-il one, for ho pcd til! the yiMr i 742, iiu-r t(i his father, aiiJ hilt nioniirch. low i'.\irciri.d Iioth on .1 iin.nrireJ, are aiiHolt c recited : in (hort, he iv..l(c fcitile [noviiiccs, iiiid nuirdercd fiveral 'trfia, and the iieigh- t-44 fet up a pretender \e out th:it he vt.is :i Sh:ih Thoinas, Nadir cad ot an ainiy agniiiil- s dcfeat.-d, and taken ifornicd < t" thin, in \i orders tint he might lel's he di-ecled tliai 'che.ided. l:i the year le Ttiiks and defiatcj was entirely ciiiploved Intidiiic rehellioii!!. y hviked upon to Ik- is were ufiially al'.fnrd tinu's a picam of genc- 1 to direct Ills iiilti'- inrid ciuelty at moil nwcvcr, i>n tlie I'teond ivc of the principal event liappencd thus : t about one o'clock in thimhiing cner fome of lah waked, darted up, ' )W cut oft the head le then ftruck the next :e that the f.ibrc l()dj;(d uck (o l.iK tliat hcfoiir auininj; adadiiis dif- eid, which tlicy took heir companions, tlicy ileath tliey weregrently to diath hr. blind fou his v/onien, kit anv of 111, lo much did thry nd bloody tyrant, wh(j nnd all the inhuman e. d geographical fyftcms, r to the lime of Koiili give the public no true at empire ; for they vA ngcrcxill, and dcferibn ent are dcldit. 'I'h y iiliinated, and of niag- ■vellcd with the nround. and coiifufion in that . above nienliciiud ty- Several ot In, lamily, mil. of the fimily ot' iig lor the empire j but llie Ijte II volutions art not pioprilv antheim. hillory ul I'crlia. IV. tn, Ctnmtmti, Capa- , Lurnt.l Afrit, P,iprr, nil, Divtrjieni, Supii. of a middle (ii(>, fmall . they hAVC ufiully l.ick luir : 'I'hrir eity, till t!ie hounds fei/e it j otheiwileii (ouKI n.t be t.iken, for the antelope is much luiltei thin anv hound in the uinvrile. The method of ti.'.in- ing li.iwks to fly at antelopes is thus executed ; Tlicy (lult'the Ikin. of thole animal', and feed the hawks be- tween their lioin.i hence they are accudomeJ to fly towaids, and hover round, the heads ed iho!e ..inmals, 'The Tatlais tiain li.iwks 111 the lame manii.r \o ll^ at woltes and loxcs. The I'm alls .nc f.'iul eif fwinging in a Ir.iy, fafli ned by tiipei li\ ,1 In lour | nees ol wnod ; but this iluv are compell'd to elo more liet|ucntly through ncceinty than for auiufinient 1 for in many provinces, duiiiig the liul wcailii, the taiaiilula diups n> vciiuin tipeii the V PERSIA. ec, fNin, which immediately penetrate;, and cccafions the nuA\ dieadfiil fymploms to appear ; to ren.eilv which, the patient is obliged to drink a great e]uantity of new milk, and afterwards being put into the tray, mid Iwung about, with great vcliemenci', a iiaufea cnlues, veliich carries olF the dilbrder. Ill many eif the principal cities and teiwns, but par- ticularly Ilpahan, the I'erfians aie fond of the udlov. liij, aniulcment: In kaue fpacious place a pole is fixed 111 the ground, on the top of which they put an apple-, a melon or a trencher, containing money; they then ride up and ilowii, and dioot at it on full gall.'p j if any of the money falls, it beloii;;s to the feivants, and the winner is obiig.d to give an entertainment to the com- pany. They pl,iy at cricket on loot, and likcwire on horfc- back J th.y are fond of baiting w ilu be.ilt.';, encouraging mimics, iiigglcrs, rtjie dancers, &c. With relp.ct te» liui-t:n;, hawking, ami horfemandiip, they eejei;il irolt n.itions, -.^mA exceed all at prefeiit in archery. 'I'hey tliieiw thej.uelin with great dcxtc.ity, nnd are tolerably exjiert in the life of fire arms. The I'erlians, tluugh exceedingly ccrcir.onicus, arc U'fs I'o than the Cliinefe, but iidinitely meire polite. 'They do all they can to oblige you, and always aeeom- meidatc the Trariks or Eurojieans, with fteols. They aie, however, taxed with diltinuil.ition, and infinceiit\-, and not without fome reafor;. 'They arc uncommonly fond of tobacco, particularly that from Americ.i, wluclt lli.y fnioke in great eiuantities. In f.iioaking, they ule a glafs decanter, called a callaan, filled about three parts with v(:'.ter. 'i'he tobacco is ledl.d up like a ball, and put lato a fm.-ill lilver vcfl'el like a tea cup, to which a tube is f.idened lh.it reaches almedt to the bottom of the water j another tube being fixed above the water to the neck of the veliel, the: liii'ikc is drawn through the water, by which n.earis it b^'comes co il and pleafant. Mr. Ilanv/ay fays, that ;n Peilia there is a cudoiu which to an European tia- veller ni.iv appear exceedingly ilil'.igreeable ; that is, if he gives .mi entert.iinnunt to any capital perfoii of tb.e^ ciiiintry, he is obliged to prov.de a gieat e;uaiititv of !w etmeats, not fii iiuich to entertain the mailer, as 10 diiliibute aiiicing tlie lervanis, The i'erfians are fuperllitious to the l.id degree; the twilling of the featuic;, the hands laid acrofs, the; fingers inteicli.inged, and oilier particular geiluies e)fthe; hi dy they fancy are full of magic power. Meteors, or \vh..t are commonly called falling liar-, they fuppofe te> lie the bleiws of aiigel.i upon ihe heails of devils. Cats they venerate, but dogs au held in the grcatell dd'cflccm. Sneezing is a good on. en, but yawning a bad one ; nay, a perii'ii who was li lit fen by oixof the emperors, fancy- ing h s life ind.iiiger, afiiiied an Knglifli gentKinaii, that Ills falc depended iipni the repetition of .1 ceitainpraver, when he came into the piefeiiceof the Sh. ill. I'or, faij he, " Il I repeat it perfeiilly, I (li.ill rfeapc w ih my lifci but if I dioulel happen to i>mit a fingle f)!l.ible, or even to pninouiice a wotil imprupcily, 1 fhall ceriainly be a dead man." 'The I'eili.ms are romintic in their thoughts, and cii. thiifi.iltie in their manner. They aie all fond of (mjiiv, but their poetry is all hypeibolical j yet, thoin'h .1 voluptuous piiiple, their writings upon love are delicate', and the fentimcnts they inculcate refined. Their poetry has ige'iieially a moral turn, .tnil iluir elegies anil padorals ufiially inlinuate, that though their law permits them to m.iiry four wives, )ct re.ifim lliailJ ciiifint; them to one that the cnjouiunt of a beloved woman U aeirtue, bce.. le natiinli but that celibacy is a vice-, bec.iiife it operates againd the grand active principle of n.ilute, which is to cncieafef the human fpcciei. There the poets have more leiifc th.in the piielts, md the lower clafs of people are p.renter phileifiiphcis ih'ii the legiflators. 'The I'erfians, indeed, think pi.eti) iluinod luTdiine Icieiue, and Inieiaking tobacco the moll i.iiional .imiilcinem. If they are condemned leielii, the) e. hear ihemlelves with a couplet, .md then meet iher laic wilheiut the kail fear ; and when the fineiaking of il tobacco hath been piohbited by ilie e I'trlinns have left their inan\' oiintiy uiid Icttkd in foieijii H p'ft» .f^fl^^ '!: ' I 66~ A NEW COMfLETE SYSTEAF O !• ' G EO C R A P II V. il'piivcil (if this fomnifcroiis plea- ■'!■ vx parts fooncr than I: lure. The Pcrfian il.inciiig is not difngrrciMc though irregu- lar, but the uuillc is iiitolcr.ihle, ;it U-;ill to an Kuropean car. After the mufic is fimihed at any cntirtainmcnt, the principal nuifuian prcfents an orange to the com- pany, which is a civil indication of his cxpec'ting a hanJfome graluitv tur hunfelf anJ band. At thefc en- tertainments the company ufually drinlc (Iron!; liquors in tea cups, till thi •/ arc (juiic intoxicated, each having a pi .te of fwCLtmeats hefirc him. There are nut anv people in the world who think Icfs ol the future than the I'eifians i they are fciiul of enjoying the prefcnt minute, and trull: entirely to Providence for all that is to eufue. Their genius is penetrating, and their fancies lively. Their capacity is gr.at lor arts, fcicnces, war, and mechanical employments ; but their profiifencf , luxury, and indolence, countcraifl their natural abilities ; and the unfortunate policy of their ruleis, is a ijrcat bar to every thing ufeful and liberal, and militates ajainft every prupenfty to improvement. 'I'heir "old and filver laees arc admirable, and picferve their lulbc long. They unJcrlt.uid potteiy trlerahly, nial^e "ood porcelain, and are famed for their l);;ll in china livettinp. They arc aciiiiainteJ wiih tlie gla!'s muuifaLloiv, hut not fo well as to be able to make loiiking glaiits. The I'erfian lilk weavers arc equal to thole of anv country in their lilks and fattins. Their filk, mixnl with cotlo:i, camel-, upon garment'-, carpets, cufhion , and eur- tiiii!-, Ill an adniit.ible inanni r. T"he exeelleiu y ol the I'eilian gaiineiils confiltsin iheir being light, any, and flimi : l!ieir JuIj (.onlequeiilly dots not impede Iheir jiaturil .i>l,vily, nor give lli'in that air ol indolence iu.d ertiminaey, of whnli the lonjj flowing robes ol the Turks are piodiidlive, Their (addles ate fu; crinr tn any in the iinivprfe, With irfprct to the woikmanfliip in geiiu.il, and ihi rmbioidtiy nil llitchin)> in p.Li'.ii.'ular j the Itiirupt lire Ihi^Ml. but very beautiful. llllll til U 111; Tlltll >*>l|l>U ■■>■« I tllW Illliivi ) l(l\. leaiher finely embroiuered with filk, pold and ill, iVc, the ie.ither is exai.'lly the (aine as that The Perfians are exceedingly fond of all kinds of or- naments made of jewels, fuch as little coronet', pluincs in imitation of fe.ithers, and knots rclembliiig tiowers for the heads. In fome provinces they wear a riiM- through the nolhils let with a variety of (fjncs ; an i many young ladies adorn themfelvcs with a fpleni:;d mcklace of diamonds and rubies, whii h is fufpcnded bv two gold rings that arc run through the ears ; iiicir arn s are decorated with bracelets of jewels or pe.irls, or with little manacles let with precious Hones wlieie they fhut. rhcii necklaces fall into the boli>m, and have a liltie gold box containing niufk or amber banging to them. All who arc able load their lingers with lings ; the lapidaries' polifli the ftones in a tolerable manner, but the jewellers fet them vcrv awkwardiv, nor arc the gold and filver-lmiths better workmen. Mechanics in Petda arc indeed much rifpcilcd, and a merchant is placed on the looting of a ptrfon of the firll rank ; but the Pei- fians in general confider the matter more than the man- ner of every article, and value it for its intrinlick worth, more than for the beauty of the workmaniliip, which renders their artills very carelefs about making impiove- nients. They are fond of watches, but not one of their mechanics knows how to make or even to mend a watch ; they admit e printing, yet never attempt to in- troduce that art into their couiitiy, though they conlVls its utility as often as they mention it. I'cw work in a (liop or have a fViop-board ; but the generality of aitiheeis and tiadelnu'ii go to the tioules of th i.e who have otca- ficii to emjd'jy them, and fit U|on the ground, or do their work i:i any other polliire which is molt fuiuble to the bufinefs they are upon. The wire-drawers are good, and the tanners excellent, not only at tanning leather but (hagieen, which is made of the ri;iTip of .tii afs ; fdt and gall fcrvc them far rdl the purpolcs of t.innin;;, baik being unnetdlaiy on ac- count of the drynti> of ilie air. The briek-mikers niit the clay with chopt Ihaw, and then make the hricki in wood-n moulds, of ei il.t ireheslong, fix bio.td, and two ami a half thick. They then dry them fingly for three lieu s, and alterwards to- itether for a much longer fpae;. Ihcfe biiiks arc drad ill the fun, but thole which they d v wi'lifire, are mm h larger, and are likewilc made in moulds, the compofitii'i being two paits clay, and on of allies ; ar.d the kiln, m whiih they are diied, i- uli.ally about twenty feven cubits in height. \\'e have already n.eiitiondl t!,c ^-reat fi anitv of tiin her 111 I'erfia ; it is therclire not to be wondered at tiiat in their buildings feaieeany thing is nride of wood ex- cept the doors and lalhei. 'i'he lioules in general con- lilt only of a ground floor, the bottom being caith, 01 cement, though fome aie paved, and the roofs flat, as they arc exceedingly fond of enjoying the fiien.ty ol the evening on the lops of ihnr hcufes, which arc ufually fitiiated in the midll of pleifiiit gardens, and excluded from public view by hi.;h w ill-, if the mailer has oeea- lion to iranfai'l an) huluuf-, he does not introduce a (Iranger into hi^ huufe, but fellies the aftair in haml un- der the piaz7a in the liont of it ; for no Perl'iaii lioufe is without fuch a pi.://a. Next to the pi.r//a of n of! hoiifes Is a hall of entertainment, wiiieh is always arched or vaulted, and conlrqiifntly forins a dome ; aid indeeil no country in the world Ins fo tn :ny llately domes beh iijong both to public and priv.'te buildings as I'erfia. .Scviral doors i open into this hall, which in hot weather nrc all fet open in oi.ler as much as polTiblo to diaw the air, and encreale the velocity of iH circulation. The wills are built wi'h buck", the roofs are Inrroundcd rithei with a vi.ill 01 balultraiirs, and the I'etlians not liiig Howe;.', CCS tlicy wc;ir a riii-r :iricty v( (tjiics ; art elves witli a rpU'iiiiid whii ti is liii'|icndcil Vv :h the c;ir3 ; tiicir arns xch iir pc.irh, or with tones wlicK- tlicy fhiK. iim, ;tiid have a litlic licr ha'.igiiij; to them. iigers with lings ; tlic toU'r.il)le manner, Init ardlv, nor arc the golj Mechanics in I'trlij incrchant is placed on rll rank ; but the Pei- rr more than the nian- for its intrinfuk worth, r worknianOiip, which ibout nuking impiovc- chcs, but not one of iiakc or cvri\ to mend ct never attempt to in- y, though they comIcI'! m it. I'cw work in a e generality ot arliticets t th i.e who have otca- on tlie ground, or do which is molt I'ui'.alile id the tanner'! excellent, lagictn, which is mu'i; gall fcrvc then r,.r .;11 cnig unnecc iLiy on ac- :Uy with chnpt lir.iw, iod;'n moulds, of ei 'dt uul a halt' thick. Tlicy ius, an,) altcrwards to- rhd'o biiiks arc drad il: V wi'h lire, are iniih noiilds, the compoliti-'i aihcs ; ar.d tlie kiln, m ly about twenty le\fii ic ^reat d an itv ot' lini to be wondered at tii.it g is mide ol Wood c\- lioulcs in general con- I'otlom Icing caith, ed, and the roofs flat, njoying the firen.iy ol icufes, which are ulu.illy gardens, and excluded It the inalKr has ok a- docs not intrinlucc a s ihe aO'air in haiul iin- lor no IVrlian houle I houl'es Is a hall of arched or vaulted, and d iinlred no country in mcs l-cloinnng bolh to I'crlia. Scleral doon weather nre ull let open aw ihe air, 3[v\ i.ncrealc I he w dl . are budt wi'h I riihri wilh a w.dl oi t oiiiv lake ih'' nir on I', hut I'cqurntly rartv ht. The kitihens anil talujiis ; the Inc place , where a rhaicoal lire ■vcrcd with a carpet is funs lunii limes put their t i;. t ariicil away under aie very tew chimniei )i» are Imall and inenn- t Ihiijcs, bcini; falleiie>re correctly in foiiie pro- vinces than others. The Turkifti language is the polite or court lan'^uage, and the Arabic is the learned lan- I'UJse, in winch all liic books on fublime fubjCcts ate written. The IVrfian alph.abct confilts of twenty eight letters, livine of whi li are vowils; their accent ferves in lieu th leol' and points out how the voice is to be ii.oJulated, ail 1 ti-.e coiilonants pronounced; they have no Ibips, but begin evciy fcntcnce with a capital letter ; but in wli.itcver language they write, they always make ufe of Aial'ic char,K;crs ; tliey write Irom the tight hand to the lUi, hk'-- the HJjreu . ; and inltcad of quill=, they ule lecds to ni.-.kc pens ot. The l'erli;'.n paper u a compofition of cottr'n and filk ra;s, whicli is glazed by the comprcliure of a fmootli iloiie; tluir letters are nicely rolled up, lor the paper bc;;-.g excecdir.glv thin, will not bear folding as the Liiui|e.ui paper does ; they are then tallentd with gum, and Uaicd with a cypher or fonie yerfes of the Koran, which are iiluallv en.;tavcd on the Herlian nn^s : the impiclhoii is made with a thickiihink, coinpolL-d of galls, gum, anil burnt rice. As there arc no priming predes in I'crfia, the books arc all maiiufcripts ; but the writing is beyond dcfcrip- Iion beautiful and correct ; they write eight diU'erent haiiJs, but cilcein that moll in which the Koran is writ- ten ; this hand is called the Ncllcy. Tlie feiences flounilicd in I'cilia before they lid in Euro|ic, but the modem I'eifuns fill very (hort of the Euiopem. in every braiieh of learning ; they are very Uiilkilllul in the arts of tuition, while fupeillitiun fct- leis, and afl'edtation degrades, literature in its pro^refi. Tlicy are exceedingly fond of alhology, which tlii\ term the key of lutuiity ; they place an uiiplicit conh ilencr in their altiologers, who are all natives of Cho- raflan, and pretend to be dcfcended from the ancient M.iri. They life an altiol.ihc to find the fitu.ition ol Ihe liars, and can name the figns of the rodiac ; hut t!.' y know little of cither the terrcdrial < r cclellial ;;1' lie ; and underftand nothing more ol arithmetic than llir lour fundamental rules, 1 hiy calculate celipres tolcr ihly well, but dread the llui ighis of comets. Then Almanacks are an aldurd II ixlure of nltronoiny and judicial allrolojiy, morality and p'edictions. I ii ■ ,;r.ind Epoeh.i ' ;■ which they date all cvcnti, is the lie ,,ra, or fliplit of Mahomet from Meci which took •jilr.c A. I), hi:.. 'I'hey t'ckon twcnt\ ..uir hours to x\\n\ dav, hut do iint fubdivide it into day and night as wc i' I. ,\3 they bcji.in thcii week o[\ Sutuiday, Friday is their Sabbath. Their year Iwgins at the \eiHal equi- nox i tiieir I'oUr and lunar yeari ilitfcr in the fpace of twelve days, becaiilc thry reckon but twelve moons to then liiii.ir year, riu- rciliins haie great natural parts, but inake a bad life 1 I them. Their genius is but little cult vaied hy iilucatioii, and lels by experience, .is th'y nc.cr travel into l.>rci ;ii countiic-; and the famenels ot cultonii and I nianiiiis in their own, docs nat afford a fufficieiu variety I tor ohl'ercation. Thtv have however univerlallv a talle I for poetry, as all people of figuic keep a pod in the f,i. 1 indv, who |i;oJiiCcs the ctTulions cf hl^ fancy at all en- ' liitaiumciiis, in order to divert Ihe company i and in all cnrtce hou A^ pouts are to he met with, who omit no spportunily ol givinu 'i>'vinMfn» of their «biliti«ii, In- 67 deed the l^;rfians excel! more in this fcience than in inv other, which is ov/ing to ihc livelincis of their imagi- nations, the fertility of their inventions, and the natnr .1 foftnef. of their language in writirg ; ihcy always niinglo poetry with their piofe, and frequently uter rhymes in their common ccmverl'.iiion. Tliey thinL that all philo- I'ophers and moralitfs fhould be poets, and fiy that the moll fuMime truths never appear fo ciu:;igir.g as when delivered in vcrl'e. Their hillorians indeed aie rather too poetical, and mingle iiiany fables witli fai'ts in their writings. Phvlicians are much cdeenicd in Perfia ; they pretend to dii'cover dilcafcs by the pullc, as they do in China, and know how to demand a large tec as well as any of their bielhicn in Europe. I'hcy are perpetually at va- naiuewith the allroiogers ; for when a phylician prc- fcribcs a medicine, the patient will not lake it till an art rologcr has confultcd the ftars, to fix precifcly the pro- per tiiiie. If the medicine fails of fuccef>, the phyfieiati blames the atlrologcr for making a niill.ike in his calcu- lation, and the afiitdogcr retorts by acculiiig the phvli- eian of adminilfring what was improper in the cafe. The phvlician is druggifV, apothecary, and chvinilf, but is totally ignorant of anatomy, as well as the fur- geon. Indeed the Perlian lurgcons arc fo:i.c of the molt Ignorant in the univerfe. What little the Perfians know, is iiijured by their art'e.;tation, and felf-conccit prevents th:ir making x greater progrcis. Even their principal vntues, holpita- lity iiiid humanity, are tinctuicd with ollcntation ; and the nobler purfuits of the mind, and emotions of the foul, aic lupprclled by their nuinerou; vices, a ' onf which we may number lying, ch:at ng, fl.itteiy, diflimu- lation, luxury, idlenel>, voluptuoulnefs, iV'c. They arc however pretty teinpeiate in eating and drinking i they have coffee fur brcaklatt, and at about eleven o'clocit dine on milk and fruit, particularly melons, which il ihe only thing that they Ircm tj 1.? intemperate in eat- ing. 'I'heir chief meal, wliiih is at nlyht, confilts of pilau, or b ulcd nee, and fowls or mutton ; they ufe high fcaloning. A cloth is fpre.id upon a cirpct, their handkeichicfs ferve tor napkin^, they fit down crolfed legged, and dip their finge.s into the dith to feed them- Iclves, knivis .,nd loiks not beni;"; iifcd at nie.iU in Pcr» Ii I, as we h !vc already olifetvcd. 'J'hey drink water and flierbct puhlickly, and wine piivatcly, thon!;!i it ig prohibited by their religion. They likewiii; clicw opium, hut not in Inch great qii.,ntities as the I inks. The I'lilians l.dute by an inclination of the head, and p'ltting the right hand to the brcalt upon the In art. He- tore tiie king and great men, they bow with their faces three times toward the ground; but near ril.itions, and lamih.ir companions, filute thus, fic who pays the compliment, pielb s one of the other perfon's hands be- tween both his own, and then gently railcs it up to his loiehead, which is expreflive of the hijjhclt and moil I ordial cllecm. The Pi-rfian bagnios arc ufually round, though fume few are fquari!. I'he ro fs are covered wilh painted tiles, Ihe walls arc cf a beautilul kind of while ftonc ; each is covered with a dome. In the centre of the build- ing is a large hall, floored with maildc, and a capacious baton to bathe, round which arc the apartincncs to dicfs and undrcfs m. When the balhs arc ready in the morning, a feryant goes to the tei race on the top of the buildiiiL', and blo«rs .1 horn, to give public notice of the fanu". The mel» bathe in the morning, and the women in ilie afternoon, Whm the men have done l.ithinr, the n; le attendants all withdraw, and arc (uci ceded by the fcnialis who arc apiKiinted to atleiid the women. No people of anv very lUeat conlideration, however, go the piildic baths, as thry gcner.illy have baths in their own hoiifcs, Ha.hing is not only enjoined to the Pcilians by their religion, but it is particiilaily enndiicive to their he,i||h, on account of their never enlirelv unilrrlliniT ihemlelves when they go lo rrlf. Add tu thii>, they reckon it atnonj their principal plealiires. Helides bting well rubbed by the attendants at the bag- nios, the haiheis (have tlum Willi iiuiedildi; difpalth and Cair, and ihtrv cut the naili both of thi n hands and titt, r^ V "(I •1 , .. il'! I 'i i \ ■ t' ^1 f,9 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOCiR APIl \ tcct, rliafo the flcfti, :iiu! give tlicm a vtiy rough [nill cf hoth ilii' aiii 5, ill urdLi to ihutth the la-rvos. Ill Pcil'ia tiny have iirither whet 1 can iaJ,c^, nor pa- lani|iiiiis. 'I'hc niui convey ihcml'clves aiiii their goods bv ihc means ot' camels, horl'es, ami alles ; ami wluii the Women travel, they are put into a kimi oC lipiare boxes, covered over with cloth, which is lurpemic.l by hoops at the lop. Theie boxes are hung like panniers on each fije r>l ll)C camels. The I'eifian mairl„L-cs arc ulually fojmlei! upon mer- CCiiarv motives; the kgal wife beina; intcmleJ as a I'li- pciiiitemlant ol' the other women. 'J'hey are iiukej al- JoiveJ by law to have lour wives, ami as many concu- bines as they pleaCe, but thry (cldoin marry any more than one; and it is impoHiblc that they fliould ever marry for love, bccaiile tlu) never ice their wives till alkr the Contract is To lirmly made by the parents, or t'liends, that they canni.t r>.cede tVom the ai;reement. The chil- dren of concubiiH'i and llaves inherit eipially wrli the childien of wives: thtieloie there is no fuch i!i i;^ a^ balt.udy in IVrfi.i. The (nil preliminary of marria|.'e is the re^'lleriiiL; the contt.ict before ihe c:m1 ma.^llrates. TIk bri.le- groom then fends a rich piefcnt to the biide. On the cnfuini; eveniii!:, he proceeds in grand procciiiiiii lo the houfe whe:e the biidnrelul s, mounted upon a line horl'e, liclilv caparilbnc'l, and attended by a b.uul of nuilic. Uv the way the bride mecis him, attended bv her friends ; flie is mounted upon a horfe or camel, and veiled fo as not to be lien. I'hc cavalcades having joined lach other, return together towards the bridcidom. The biide beiiii led to the apartments dcii;;iud lor her, the bridegroom loon folfiws, and for the full time in his life is p rmittid to lee her. Hut the PeifLins are iiol uii- ilcr ihc necillity of taking a wife for life, as they are al- lowed by law tomairy fir .inyliniited time. If a man wants to p,.it Iron his wile through mere whim, and ihules to be divorced from lur, tlioujh ftie li.iih not committed any fault, he Is iiiilij_ed to pay the dowrv cuntracled for at the marriage. DivoiciNate lafil) obt.ii.Kd, and both are peimiited lo marry again, liovs are ol :\iic at ihitiem, and confei]iienlly become their own m.ilteis and are legally auihoiiled to contract ma- tnmonv. (Jirls are man lagealile when nine years old. The eldill thildnn ;ue the guardians of the nil; and the ellates of minors cannot be fei'cd lor the debts ot paieiii-.. I'hc ert'cvts of ihofe who die ir.t. Hate aie dif- Iributed bv the civil m.igilliatis among the nlatioiis ol the decialed, aceonlmg to his own dileielion. The I'erlian. m Lieneial bury their dead ; but the gaurs, ( r delccndant^ of the anc eiit I'ei ban ., expofe them to be devouieJ by birds of prey, oi oti.tr voraiious creatures. Whtn n pirfon is on the point of expiring, the Per- fiaiis kindle lire, at ti.e tops of their Koulcs, which ferve as beacons (jr fijiials to neighbouis and travelling llran- gers to oft'er up ihvir prayirs tor tiie patient. The iiiollah or piall bunt; lent for, he exhorti tlu fick pet Ion lo repentance, who ulu.illy fays, Taube, or I di) lepent. The breath is no fooner out of the body, tlwin the furv iv m^ lelalioiis and frunds lit up a terrible fcieaming, and like the irifll, make ul'e of n'.any all'ec- tioiiateexprtlTioiis l^i the dead corple, btwailng bis late, and declaiing their atHitlion to be part remedy, l"he forple is wrapped in a kind of winding (Itcet, on which many pillages of the Koran arc Itampid or writ- ten. Thetolfin is filled with |.erfiinies, fait, and lime. In the luneial citemoiiy, the hotfes, lutlun, and arms c the iiiglit in fad lamen- tations. A multiiude of priells drelied in IdaA attend, who repeat a let of pray v to fur fix, ten, and iweiKy-peiicv each. S K C T. v. Kultfi-Jilad, Civil, Political, ami Military EjhUijn. moils, S.Q. r V. KTK R the de.itb of Mahomet the Impoflor, two L-ompetitors appealed, and claimed the piivilegcof liicceeding him not onlv in fpiritual iiiatleis, but in tem- poralities ; thefe were ll.ili, the liiilbaiid ol his dau.ihtcr Fatima, and Abubckar his wife's father. Several en- gagements enlued between the contending parties with various fuecels. The death of Abubeker I'eimed to pro- mile a celiation of hcdtiliiics, when Omar, one of M;i- homet's peneral.1, ilartid up and revived the pretenfiona ol Abubeker, and had great fuccci's. Upon Ins death, one of his kinfmen named Oiiiian fucceedcd hiin, but dying in ihc ^4th vear of the llegira. Hall became ac- kn;)wledged bv all parties as the liKcelVor of .Mahonict ; hut upon his death ; the ofllcer; ol the army declared the throne to be void, and the crc wn elective, winch mili- laied a^ainll the interell of iIo:;e:ii the Ion of Hali. llollein railed an army to opp oli; .Mchiviah, ni-.other of Mahomet's general-., whom the olHcers had elected. H liiii wa^, however, del.'.it.d and linn, and ilcveil of Ills Ions put todca'h, but atwiitih Ion made his elcape, Ikhii vvlioin nia;;y ot tl»o fucceeding I'dliaii nionarch^i have aliened that they were delcemUd. With tel'pei:! toieligion, the I'erfian feel of Mahome- tans adopt ihe piinciples, and follow the doelrims ot Hali, as the Turkilh doth the commentaries of Abu- beker, Omar, and C)lman, whom the Ottomans deem the genuine lucceli'ors of ."viahomct. Thefe feels are at p: rpctual viriancc with, and even anathematize, cachother 111 thiir prayers. 1 he Mah(jme- tans term thcmlehcs Mulielmcn, wiiuh llgnilies failhtul ; iheir tenets are lo believe there is but one god, and that iMahomet is his prophet ; and they aie llrictly enioined to obl'erve, corporal puiilicatioiis, prayers live times a day, alms, falling, ami pif-rimai-.e : to the above articles the l'erli.ins add, ihat it is ablolutely iKccliaiy t'j believe that Hall is the v icar < f God. 'Ihe generality of Mahometans believe in Iranfinigra- tioii, and in.inv, that no pu: illimenl can be eternal. Their paradife is cerl.imly feiilual, thou Ji many of tin ir doc- tors of altipcrior niuleil! imlni/, aiealhamcd ol that leii- luality, and allcrt, ihat it is only allei'orK.dly io, and that the prophet Ipi.ke to the pairiuns ol men, in older to awaki n their realon. The I'erfians place Ilali far above Mahomet, and dif. tinguilh iineleanneh into ablidute and accidental. Ab- lolute fignilies driinkenne.'s, glutioriv, iVc. Accidcnt.il, what is not of our own will and liekine'. As thev are obliged to pray hve limes dally, they .iic obliged to wafli lluir li.inds asollen, fir it isiineof their priircipal maxims that prayers aic not aeciptable in hea- ven, if the fuppleant's hand, are not wallied btl'jrc-he begins his ijaciilaiions. There aie a vanety of fiipeiliitioiis forma'ities to be obferved in their ;dilutions and purifieitiont, fuch -n taking up the water in the left hand, and pouting it iiilo the h llow of llie right hand, tlun wafliing Iheicwilli then hands, arm-, and Kct, They are likewilcoMii;rd Irc- i|iieinly lo (hav their heads and f.icr^, ami clear thcin- lelvis eiilirelyol all exciemenliliOiis hiirv. Thegciui.d puiilicalioii oi w.illiing of the whole body, is peifoiimd pitvious lo a pi!;jiiniagc, a tail, or fume c\- tuordiiuiy .ict vl dcvuliolli W ih »,*»» mw niouriiii; ' l.'!i , (in!v IcKluiii iii.i:. '. ..'.u-\- th-. V luuiin aiiti'j,''''- It tl.u :uul I'lifiuli, ;m tl:c vi- il hum the jiii^lit ill r.iJ luiiKii- liielitd ill iihuk attrml, , ttii, an J uvc-ii.y-jicixv iJ Military Ejhliijn. omct tlio ImpoRor, t«M l.iniK-d the piivilegc ut il iiMtlei.s, hut ill teiii- h.ulli.iiul cil his iljiLihtcr Ijthcr. Severs! en- (HitcmJing partiis with \huheker leiiiKi' to pio- heii OiiKir, one cf Ma- leviveJ the pictciifi'ini xcfs. Upon his death, nan lucceeiled hiin, liut lci;irn, llali hceaiix ac- ' raceell'-ir of iMahtiniit ; cil the army declared the n elective, wiiuli niili- in tlie (oil of Hali. P'lli^ Mehiviah, nr.dther ihe tiiiicers had elected, and fliiii, and ilevea of lih Ion made his elc;:pe, cding I'ei flail iiuuiarchj ndul. Krliaii kc\ of Mahomc- follow the doctrines uf coiiinientaries of Alm- oin the Ottomans deem ict. variance witli, and even prayers. I he Mahonie- , whieli hgnilies faithful ; c is but one j;od, an I ; and they aie lliictly iiihctions, prayers live 'il;',rimai;e : to the above is .ihlolulely iitceffary lu jod. IS believe ill tranfini;;ra- eiU can be eternal. Their III 'b nianv ot tin ir doe- aiealhainvd i>l that leii- ily allei;orieally fo, and fiuns ol men, in older to lovc M.ibomct, and dif- te and accidental. A'o- K.ny, iVc. Accidental, feekiiiu:, le times daily, (liey .nc ten, fir it is one ol llieir : not aeci ptaHe in lie.i- rc not \s allied biljri-he 1 t:oiis foriiia'ities (o be purifications, futll a> ind, and poiiriiin; it into then wafliinn thciewiili are l.ltewife oMiurd Ire- lacr^, and clear them oils h.iir'. 1iin_' of the wbolcbody, age, ,1 l,i||, or fume t\- Wi'h |.ASIA.] Empire With reCpca to their diurnal prayers, the firft prayer Itnult be when the /.e thee in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Gholl." The oil is made by the patriarchs of aromatic drugs, and dowel s of the hnell flavour, by whom it is fold to the bifliops, who retalc it to the inferior clergy ; it is fold extravagantly dear, and no baptiiin is deemed legal without it. After the child is baptized, the facramental bread and wine is put into his mouth, when it is carried home by the godfather, who is preceded by feveral priells car- rying lighted flambeaux, mufic, ^c. and the day is concluded with the utmoll feltivity. A godiaiher is prohibited from marrying with a godchild ; and even males and females of dittVrcnt fiiiidies, who have had the fime godlathei, mull nut intermariy. The Armenians admit of the ceremony of extreme unction, but do not believe in purgatory. They imagine that alter death, even the viituous will not go to heaven till the reluireClioii, but only le comforiej with the conlcious latislaetion ot ha\iiig fpent their lives well. Concerning tnis and many of their o;her religious tenets, their ideas are extremely conluftd, vague and indtfinite. They hate dogs as much as the Jews do pork, deeming lliem unclean creatures ; and arc as fupciflitious as the Mahometans with rcl'pecl to lucky and unlucky days. The baptifin of the ciofs, in commemoration of the baptifin of our Saviour, is thcpiincipal of all the Arme- nian fellivals. The Moftovitcs, and fomc other Chrifliaiu likewifc celebrate this fail. I'he Mahometans as well :.s Chriliians ufiially attend this (eftival, and many of the Perliaii emperors have been known to aflift at it, though the Perfians have now and then thought pioper to infult the Armcniana upon the occafion ; but tumults arc generally prevented by the attendance of a b.'dy of troops. The ctrtmony is thus : The .■\rmciilaii clergy go in proeelRon to fome river or rel'ervoir of water, with a crofs, banners, &c. After the prayers are read, and the anthems lung, the bilhops plunge the crols into the waier feyetal times, and the people crowd as near as poflible in order to get Ipiinkled with it : and this is the day nfually chorcn for the baptifm of children. The Armenian children are all married while they aic infants, which is a political precaution in the parents, to prevent theirdaughters fiom being fent to the ieraglius or har.inis of the grandeci ; for the Perfians are very particular in nuer committing adultery, or dcprivint; any man of I, is wife: but though the contrail is made in infancy, the co-habitation is not permitted till a fuitahle age. However, alter the juvenile mariiav.e, till the young couple arc permitted by their parents, or otlier relations to come together, the bridegroom aniuiall) makes a prefeiit to the biide at Faller, of a fine filk garment and other articles, fuitablc to her (jualiiy and condition. When the time appointed for the celebration of iha nii| tials arrives, the bridegroom richly drcfled, anil inounteil upon a (ine horl'e, proceeds to the houfe of the bride, attended by his (iieiids and relations j the hnde then mount.-, a horle, and being entirely covered with a veil, attends the company to the Armenian church, where the mail i.it'C i> confirmed, and tlu: bifliop gives the youn^r couple his blelfing •, they then retire to the biiiKgroom's houlc, pieeeJed by torehen, muiic, &c. a grand entertainment is given, and a few days alter the blide's poilion i'. paid. Uii the dsaiU uf an Armcniui, tlit cerpfe ii drencd APHV. be fliut iiplniliochurcli ul)lc.iiRi]i,t<.li,i|)cr(o:ii,- wliicli tiiiiclic mult have i water: but alccond inar- "111 (-iliciatipg ever alu',. of thi; year, wlicii il.c gcd to ahllaiii [,om )■,;, lliiiig till ahcr lun fa'; It iiiuai but tour tinu^ a lation, and never receive tlicy baptize a child iln-y Iter, and then anoint it repeats, "J bapt;/,c thee ion, and Holy Ghoft." i of aromatic drugs, and y whom it is fold to thi ilerior clergy ; it is fold aptilm is deemed legal ic facraniental bread an J khen it IS carried home J by feveral priills car- ;, iSic. and the day is Hvity. A godiaiher is a godcliild i and even f.mnlics, who liave had itcimariy. : ceremony of extreme ill IJing.itory. 'lUcy e \irtuous will not go but only le comforted ot tu\in2 'i't'iit their id m.iny of ihcir (i;her e cxirenujy confuftd, te dogs as much as the incleaii creatures ; and jmetans with rcfpedl to conmiemor.;rion of the iieipal of all the Arme- tes, and fomc other falK hrillians ufually attend IVrlian emperors have i^h the Pcrfians have 0 infult the Armcniaiu arc generally prevented ■oops. Armenian clergy go it^ voir of vvaccr, with i 3)ers are read, and the ije the crofa into the 'plc crowd as near ai 1 with ii : and this ; bapLifuj of children, arricd while they arc Mution in the parent?, iiigrenttothtleragliui the I'erfians arc very iul'ery, or dcpriviiu; li ihecontraift is made not permitted till a 1= Juvenile mariia^e, led by their parents, lier, the bridegroom Jeat Kaller, of a hne uitable to her tjuality he celebration of iha richly drcllKI, and cds to the houfe of ' and relations i the -iiig entirely covered ly to the Arimiiun rmed, and tl>c hifhop i ihiy then reiin- ta ' ton hes, mu(ir, ic. I « fewdayj alter (he tilt corpfe is dreflej in ASIA.] Empire of PERSIA. 71 in linen, but not put in a coffin ; prayers are read over it in the church, where lamps and candles benn' lighted it is left all night. The next morning it is carried to the eatc of the principal clergyman of the place, who prayt for the repofeof the foul of the deceafed, after which {he corpfe is taken to the grave and interted. Belides the above, there is a fed in Perfia termed bt. John's Chriftians, whofj religion fccms to be a jumble of Chriftianity, Judailm, and Mahometamfm. 'I he Jewilh religion is tolerated, and a great numbci ot Jews are fpread over the whide empire. With refpcil to the conlUtution and prefent ftatc of Perfia, liale cm 'je (aid with certainty ; for a modern traveller who was lately upon lome important bufmef:. in . that country, informs us, that when he was there, " Tiie Perlians were governed by no fixed laws, but by the immediate will and pleafur'e of their governors ; they make indeed profetnon of religion, but that was only nominal, and extremely fupertiei.il ; as for culloms, they were altogether aboliflied, unlefs robbery, beating and murdering one another, be allowed to be their tuftoms." It would be however unpardonable to omit the following particular.;. Perfia is an abfolutc monarchy in the utmoft extent of the word, as the properties, and even the lives ot the people are at the abfolute difpofal of the prince. There is no eftabliflied council, but the Shah talces the advice of whom he pleafes. The crown is hereditary in the male l.nc, females being excluded from the govcinment, though the ions of a daughter are admitted to reign. The Peillan laws will not permit a Mind perl'on to lit spon the throne, which i-, the rcaroii why the reigning monarch ufually pii'.s out the eyes of all his male rela- tions. It is death (or any man to loulc at any of the Shah's wives, even by accident. The piime minifter is called Attamaet Doulct, or the dire^or of the empire; and his chief bulinefs is to in- gratiate himfelf into his mafter's favour, and adminiller to .ill his caprices ; to keep from his knowledge all man- ner of difagreeable news, to perfuade him that he is the moft powerful prince upon earth, and that all his affairs are in a piofperous fituation, though at the fame time he is perhaps on the point of ruin, in the fame manner as the prime minilkr depends upon the Shah, the inferior oificers and governors of provinces depend upon him ; thus there is a gradation of defpotifm through- out ihe whole empire. 'l"he nadir, or grand mafter of the houfehold, is next in rank to the prime minilUr; then the mehter, or groom of the chambers, who is always a white eunuch. Beild'3 the above, there are a mafter of the hoife, a grand huntfman or fdconer, a chief juftice, from whole fentcnce there is no appeal, a lieutenant cf the ice in ewry citv and town, a fecreiary of ftate, a hnancier, a royal phyfician, an inlpeaor ot the palace, a mafKr of the ceremonies, and manv kans or governors of pro- vinces, ihe fpiritua! officers .ire the zed.lcr or grand pontiff, fubordin.ite to whom aie the fheik-cl, lelom, and cadi, who determine all icligious difputcs, and adt likcwfe as juUices and attornies ; next to thcic are the pxiiiiamas, or fuperintciu! ints of prayer, and the mou- lahi, or doctors of the law. There is no hereditary nobility in Perfia, every man l-.eing dift ii;uiilicd and lefpeilcd according to the office he holds unJiT the prevailing fiction; ind.td the dc- fcendant;: of Maho'iKt, and the great patiiarchs have a peculiar vcncratinn flicwn them. '1 he arms of Perfia are a lion couchant '.coking at the (iin as he rifis over his back. The empeior's title of Shah fignifics difpofer of kingdoms. 'Ihe Pcrfian iii'Kiarch does ni.t fubfirihe his iiimc to public iiiltru- mcnis, but the deed runs in this llilc viz. '• This edict or act is given by him whom the univeilc obeyn." Litilc can bf laid with certainty relpccting the Perfijn force-, a\ perhaps no two of their monaichs ever had tlieir armies upon the fame foot,ng ; and the number ol trnnpj are u'ually proportioned to the exigencies of ftate. It is however proper to obferve, that the troops arc diliinguilhed into two bodies called kurtlkiet, and {{Oiilans ; thele are cavalry, and upon a peace ctiablilh- mrnt the former amount to about iwenty-lwo, and the latter to aboiic eijrht thoufiind men; they are generally well kept, and regularly paid. The kortflcies arc the defcendants of foreigners, and the goulans are made up of Georgian renegadoes and llaves of all nations. The tangtchies or infantry are compofeJ of the moft hardy peafants, and amount to about fifty thoufand men. The fortified places in Perfia are in general delplcabb ; and they had no great naval power till the time of Kouli Kan, who built a royal fleet, in which was a man of war ofeighty guns. But it is imagined that they are laid up in the ports, and rotten, as nothing hath been heard of them fince the death of that ufurper. T SECT, vr Pirfian A'ltiquUits, he. HE moft celebrated, and fingnlar antiquities in Perfia, are the ruins of Pcrlopolis, formerly a fuperb city, till it was deftroyed by Alexander the Great, to oblige the Grecian courtezan Thais. Tiiclc ruins are at about thediftance of thirty Englifh miles from the city of Schiras. They arc fituatcd in a fine plain which is about 130 miles in length, and only 6or7 in breadth. This plain is overflowed with waterfeve- ral months in the year, which occafions it to be fo exceed- ingly fertile, particularly in rice, that it is covered with little villages, or hamlets to the number, as the inha- bitants aftert, of ti8o, including thofc which arc fituated in the adj.icent mountains. The ruins appear like an amphitheatre, and arc fituated in a kind of f'micircle formed by the mountains. The ancient palace of the Perfian monarchs, which was formerly c lied the houfe of Darius, and which the modern inhabitants term Chil-minar, or the palace of Forty Pillars, is fituated at the foot of a mountain, which hath for linu immemorial been known by the name of the Royal .Mountain. 'l"he walls of three of the fides are ftill ftanding; the front extends from north to fouth 3000 feet, and from caft to weft 1995 feet, to the mountain itfelf, where an alfen' is formed between fome fcat- tered rocks, heyoiid which the rocks fecni to indicate that there were formerly fomc other buildings, as many of the ftoncs appear to have been polithcd. At the fummit of the cditicc, there is a pl.-.tform ex- tending from the middle of the front wall tv) the moun- tain, being about 2000 feet in length. A pave- ment of about eight feet broad is carried aloix' three fides of the wall, which is twenty-four feet in heiijht in moft places. The Hones of the wall are harder' than marble, liiiely poli(hcd»and of a black colour, and many of them are of an allonifliiiig bignefs. The principal ftaircal'e is between the middle of the front and the north-end of the building, and confifts of two flights of fteps, that wind from each other to the dilhmcc of forty- two feet. The Iteps arc but four inches lii;h, and four- teen broad, and in number arc fifty-five on the northern lide, and fifty-three on the fouthern ; the latter being lefs entire than the former. It- is imajiiir-d that there are many fteps as well as part of the w.ril under ground. At the bottom of the above I'.ights of fteps, thrre is ano- ther flight extending fifty-one feet four inches. Above thefc flights there is a pavement of large llones and another flight of fteps leading to ihe giound entrance. Thefe latter fteps arc exceeding n;.ngnificenr, being fe- vcnty-fivc feet wide. There are two grand pnrtafs at thediftance of forty-two feet liom the fummit of the upper ftrps : they are twenty-two feet four inches in depth, and thirteen feet four inches in breadth. Within c.ich there is the figure of a Iphinx uprn a pilalfrr in b ffo relievo. Hoth thele figures aic fiiuiteeri feet and a half high, and twenty-two in length, from the fore to the hinder legs, but they are much damaged, and the faces broken; that in the firft portal f.wes'the (faircafe, and that in the Itcond the mountain. There are fome chara^li rs on the upper part of the pi- lafters, which from their niinuteti.Ms and height cannot be diftinguilhed. The height of one portal' is thirty- nine fci t, and of the other twenty-eijjht , the bafc cf both is five feet two inches. Tht vi A X£\V COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CJEOGRAPHV. :;^ll I ':|1 i km Pl:i III The baffs of tlic columns which appear between the poitals are covered with earth, but the capitals and othc. ornaments are in line prcl'ervation, and indeed the whole are but liitle damaged : they arc fourteen feet in circum- ference, and tittv-lonr in ilevation. Anciently there were two other columns between tbcfe and the laft portal, fcveral pieces of w hich lie half buried in the earth. South ol the I'.iine portal, at the diftancc of fifty-two feet, theie is an admiiable balbn of water, which thougli cut out ot a lingle llone is twenty feet long, rather better than feventien broad, and elevated about three feet and a half aboic tl\c furfaee ot ihe floor. A fpace of ground of about one hundred and fifty pacts in length extends from this b.ifun to the iicuihern w.i'l, and cont.iins a freat many fragments ol large Hones, and p.irt of a eo- linnn of twenty feet in circumference, which isnotfiutid like the rell. Southward from the abovemcntioncd portals there arc two other lliilit< of (H'ps, the une towards the cart, the ether to the welt. Tlio upper part of the wall, befides fulia.:e*, and lonie fniall figures, is orn'.meiued witli the riprilentalion of a linn tearing .1 bull to pieces ; tlie figures ate Kirger than the life, and don ■ in h.AXo relievo. This Itair-cale is half buried under the earth. Korty-five feet in length of a wall extend from hence beyond the lower part of the ll.iir-cafe, between which and the welKrn front, there is an interval of fixty-fcven (ect. I'his Iront correiponds with the lornur, and is embtllithed with three ranges of figures, whieh arc in- terfpeiled with charaiflers ; among the figures, are a lion tcariiiL' an alV, that has a horn projecting f'om his fore- hcail. On the other fide of th. Hair- cafe there are three rangci of (mall figures, wh;ch arc much defacal, being only viliblefrom the waitt downwards. The whole wall is ninety-eight feet in extent, and only five feet three inches in height. The figures are two feet nine inches high. On the fummii of the ftair-cafe, there is an en- trance into an open court, paved with large itoncs, the breadth of whicli is cijual to the didance from the tlair- cafc to thefiill tolumns, comptiling the fpace of twenty- two feet two inclies. There aic two rows of thele co- lumns, each confiding of fix pillars, all of which are damaged. Befides thefe, there are eight bafes, and the ruins of fevcral otheis. At fevcnty-two feet eight inches diftancr, there for- ir.erly itood fix other rows ot pillars, conlilting of fix pillars in each row, which were at the diflance ot twenty- two llet two inches lioni each other ; theie are but (e- *en of thefe thirty-fix tolunins now remaining entire, but the bales of the others are ftill ftanding. Seventy- two Icet eight inches from thek, towards the weftern front of tlie (t lir-cafc, there vveic twelve otiier columns in two raiii:es, hut thcf are only five of thefe remain- ing. The grcuiul about l.e:e is covered with fragments of columns, capitals, omamcnts, &c, among which :rc interf|icrfed (omc ctiiious pieces of fculptiirc, repre- teiuing camels on their knees ; rn the lop ot one of the columns there is likcwifc the figuie of a camel in the ^'jove-mcniioned attitude. I'ow.iids ihe call, a v.iriety of ruins prefent thcr. _lves to vicvv, conlillii.g of wii.dows, poitals, avenues, pal- (ages, t^:c. Ihe infide of the port.ds aic ornamented with figuies in hallo relino. Tliefe nuns fiom call to well are about 450 leet ; from nunh to fouih about 725 leet 1 and joo from the columns and moun- tains. In the niidll, the earth is covenj with the fi.igim iits of leveiity-fix columns. Soultiwaiil t.om iliele, at llu' diilance ol one hundred and eighteen feet, there is an cdifi>.e which appears to be eliv.ited abo»e thi: rdl of the ruins, from its being fi- tiiatcd .veral pcdelLils of pillars; on the cad fide of thefe ruins are the remains of an elegant Hair cafe, of fixty feet in length, the Heps of which arc in general deltioyed ; the wall is dill eight (cet in height, and the figures which adorn it are near as bi^ as ilie life ; on the Iront are the figures of a lion and a bull fighting, and on the wings of the Hair cafe the re- prefeiitation ol feural lions and other figures, with ex- planatory characters ; between this and the lail mentioned edifice are the ruins of fevcral columns, and thi; remains of lour portals, witii the figure of a man, and two women holding an umbrella over his head, on the infiOe of each. '1 o the north of thife, appear two portals with piladers, on one of which are the figures of a man and two women, one (.f the latter holding an umbrella over the head of the former ; above the women is a fmall figure with wings, which expand to each fid« of the poitico ; over the other portal is the reprefen- tatiun of a man filling in a chair with a Haff in his hand, behind whom Hands anothrr with his right hand upon the chair ; above is a finall figure holding a circle in his lelt hand, and pointing to liimethini.r in his right ; beneath this portal arc three ranges ot figures, which have all uplifted hands : above the ihiul pilalter, which is entire, are women holding an umbrella over the head of a man. i'tic giound is covered with a vailctv I af '"^^i li ^'TW e figures of two worrc.i ir kiK-es witli tarih ; ;iii,| tion of a man lioldin;; ., tal, and four open win. g five feet nine iniii:-^, -■ach fiilcof the gnte ih.io a kiml of tiara upon hjs , one of which holds .ui liches on the infidi' nro ncient I'erfian IjngiMj.,', " Strength is the gin oi wo gatjs which are not lamenied within with the bull. The other g.itu i; man, and a winged die i, projcds. Horns wcic >y and ilrength, wh,th n to the fun and moDn j med hv the ciftern wn- af the hi rns of the (\in, or the paits where th.it nd this building arc the ngth exceeds the former out of finglc ftones jnd (kps finely emhcllifhed appear to the fouth. are Ibnie fubterrcncous ;s will upon no account .■d to tont.iin imnienle r which IS an abfmd hbly be made to burn in hardin and MonI'. Lc men were there, entered xtinguifhcd by fomc in- us natives fuppoled they lout a confiJciahlc tini?, :ive accounts, that thcle nd of aquedutl, which ITajcs, arc the ruins of lorth to fouih i6o feet, te'ii port.ds of this rty t.Klolures, wliith window : in the center in 6 r.'.nL'cs. Uenciith ih feverai large ftoncs, leJucls. ■d to the W(rtward of the rums of the wall, feet above the pave. vo of fevcral men with enclolure of the wall cdelKils of pillars ; on remains of an clet^nnt the llcps of which aic is fliU eight feet in orn It are near as bi^ it;ures of a lion and a I the Hair cafe the re. ithcr figures, with ex. and the lali mentioned il columns, and thi; figure of a man, and over his head, on the rar two portals with fi;;urcs of a man anrl holding an umbrella above the women is expand to caeh fi.le Lirtdl is the reprel'cii- r with a Ihitf in his r with his right hand urc holding a circle in inhintr ill his right ( ges ol Mgures, which ihiiil piladcr, which I umbrella over the ;ov<;rtd with a vaiietv' «f ASIA.] E M r I u F. ov PERSIA. of antique fragments. The laft ruins of the ftruaurc , now appear ; th.fc arc two port.ils towards the (outh, ■ under cj.ch cf whxh a man with a ftalf in his right hand is feared in a chair; in his left hand he holds a vale-, liehiiid him is another man, with a reprefentation o( a piece o'^' 'i.-eii in his hand, and the tail of a fea horfe en hir . •'''■■ Three rows of figures, with uplifted hands, .'PI Eir below, four inthefirll, and five in each cf the' other rows. Tiie feared li-uies aic larger than .the life, the itll aio three feet four inches in height: fevcr.il ornamental foliaL,es appear above; the higher parts decorated with the figures of oxen, and the lower parts with liens. On the funimit of the whole there is a little wiii.;ej figure, who hath a glaTs in one hand, and appeals to" be making a fignal with the other. 'I'hefc portals are in depth ten lict f.>ur inches, and in breadth twelve feet five inches ; the pilaller.'i arc near tliiity feet hi"h. Un eaeh of the two wliich are placed northerly, is^thc figure of a man ruung with another behind him; and (Uli farther back, another is lien holding foiiicthiii' that i broken in his hand ; before each fitting fiirure are two others, the one holding a vcllel, the other iif the altitude of falutation. IJelow th.fe figures are five ranges of ;'.rnie,I men, and above, a Hone with a variety of ornaments. Some of the eolunins have capitals, and the ethers rot, which is tlie only diflerence ; the height of thole that remain entire is about 72 feet, and tl;'.' circuiii- ferentc 18 fea 5 inches, except thofe that arc near the portals. The ball.s, v. ' ich are cireiilar, are in circum- ference 24 feet five ia.hcs, in height four Icet three inches, and the lower moulding is one foot five inches in thicknefs : the oinanieius confift of three kinds ol capitals. The drapery of the figures hath no afiinity to the Grecian or Roman habits. The military drels is ngrec- abl'.- to the I'erlian ai:d Median fafhion. The figures in general arc hcavv, ilifi', and inele_'nnt; there is a limi- Jaiity and want of taltc tluoiiglKuit the whole. The floiies arc cither yellow, white, grey, red, deep blue, light blue, or black. N.ar the munntains are two ancient fepulc'ircs of Peifiin monarchs, the fronts of which are ornamented with various figures ; as there is a finiilarity in their ftiucUire, the defcription of one will fuffice. That part of the tomb on which the figures arc cut is ^O feet wide. The luight is nearly equal to the width at the bale. On each tide, the rock extends to the dif- tance of 3C0 feet: four columns fupport the entabla- ture, the capitals of which are adorned with the fii.nire> of two oxen to each, the fore legs being buit on the top of eaeh column. The gate, which is at prefent alnioll: doled up, is placed bi-tween two of thefe columns, and appeals to have been embcllilhed with a variety ot crnaiiicnts. 'I'he enta'.Kature and c rnicc arc adorned with eif'jueen finall lions in ballb relievo, nine on e.ich fide, with a vale ill the n.iddle ; above the lions are a number of aimed men in two ian;;cs, confilling of fourteen ill each range, who appc.ir to lift up their hand.-, as if to fupport tile building above them. A kind of [lill ir cappcl w,th the head of an animal who has only one horn ornaments the fides. Towards thclelt, wheie the w.dl prcijecis, there are three rows of niches, one aliovc the other : in each arc two fii;iires i,f men armed Vith lances, and on eaeii fii!.' are thice others equipped in the fame manner. On the right fide are tiic figures cf two men, wiih tl'.eir light hands placed on their bodies, and their left on their beards ; on tl e fide ol ihefc are three cihcis, in the fame attitude as thofc on the opp lite fide; low;r down, betivrtii thefe figures and a kind of pillar, there is on e.ich lide another de- cayed figure ; above, on thtce llcps, tlicic is a figure with a bow in his leli hand, of a roval appcaranc.' ; he feems ; to point at foiiielhing v.itli his right hand, liei'ore him r (lands an altar, wiih a facrificc on it, and Haines afcend- % inj;, and ab.nc It tlie icptcfciitaiicn of a moon, \\ith a "' myllic figure over it. 1 Two leagues from thefe fepulchrcs, at a place called ''Noxi Riillan, theic aic four olher tombs, whiih re- I'ciiiHe the olliers, only they are cut higher in the lock. 'I'hc place receives its name Coin a gigantic 7 73 prince, whofc ftatue is there carved, and whom the natives ail'ert to have been 40 cubits high, andinj years of age when he died. The bales of the tombs arc 18 feet above thecaufe- way, and are about 72 feet in height and 60 feet wide ; the rock is about twice as high as the tombs. Heneath each tomb there is a fcparate table filled with lafc fii'ures in badb relievo. On two of the tables are the reprefentations of men fighting on horfcback, but the fii;ures arc almoll obliterated. Between the tombs arc three other tables covered with figures, among which is a man on horfcback, preceded by two others, and followed by a third, which is almoll: defaced. Thefe tombs cover theexMitof 1400 feet, and a quadrangular building appears at the diHancc ot about 3CO feet I'lotn the lirlt of them. The figures in general are diell'ed in the Roman manner ; Ruftan himfelf indeed is botli drefi'ed and armed like a Roman, and the figure of that prince and his horfe arc but of the ordinary lizc, though the natives have lo greatly magnified his bulk. Before Rullan there is the fi?,urc of a woman with flowing hair, and a crown upon her head ; another figure is the 'emblance of a military pcrfon with a tiara on his head, and his left hand gral'p:ng his fword ; there are fome fi:;urc^ almoll defaced, which it is imagined were in- tended to reprcfent men fighting on horfcback : the above are all carved 111 the folid rock. There arc two tables on the vvcftern fide of the moun. tain with figures likewife carved in the rock; that to- wards the left contains the reprefentation of two men, one of whom grafps a circle which the other appears to have abandoned; it is thou;jht that the former is emble- matic of Alexander the Great, and the latter of Darius. The tomb, fuppofed to have been that of Naxi Riillan, appears very evidently to have been made by D.irius Hyltafpes, as it cxaiitly correfponds with the defcripiions of Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and Ctcfius in his Perfian hillory. At I'yrmaraas near the city of Scamachie, are the tombs of two Peifian faints. The firll is the fcpulchre of Seid-lbrahim, which is furrounded with walls, and has twocouits likea calllc, within which are many arched aiiartments ; in the firll is a tomb iiiclofed within an iron grate. It has two iUps to go up to it, and is about two feet in height. To the left is a light gallery, with white walls, and the floor is covered with tapdhy. Through a vaulted apartment to the right, where there arc eight tombs, is the piifiagc to the ftirine of Seid- lbrahim, whofe tomb, which is two leet in height, is co- vered with a t.irpet of yellow damafk : at the hc.id .et, aiidfides,aicagrLatnuniberof wax candles in hraf . i.dlc- fticks, .nd many lamps are fufpended from tl'.e ; n(. At a fmall dillance -rom the above ia the fnm- uou3 fepulchre of another IVrfian faint, called Tirinabba, of vvl'.oai Seid-lbrahim wis adileiple. It contains fevc- ral niches, chambers and holes where the pilgrims take up their abode, and perlorm their devotions ; for a great number of pilgrims vilit both thefe fepulchrcs, andhaie done ever fincc the reign of Shah Abbas, who pio. Iiibitcd the pilgrimages of iMccca, and exhorted the I'eifians to repair hither, which would he of equal elfieaey. This he did with a political eicw, to keep within his own dominions thofe vail fums which were aniuially carried away by the pilgrims into the Turkifli teiritoiies. The fepulchre of Shah Sefi, near the city of Ardebil is vifited with great pomp by the I'erfians on Whitfun- Monday. The entrance is through a fpacious court, paved with broad Hones, and furnidicd on both fides with vaulted (hops. The gate is large, and crolTcJ by a filver chain, from which another of the (amc inetil hangs perpendicularly. The next gate has like- wife a filver chain to it, and no pcrlbn mull pafs it with any oti'enfive weapons about them, not even a knife; the thiefholds ot this, and the following gates are round, and of white marble. I'hc next court is long and paved, and hath (hops on c;ich fide ; at the upper end is a large vault, paved with blue and green (lones, and hung with tapellry ; in the middle arc two large iirafs ean.llellicks, which on Whitfun-Monday have Wax li^jhts in them. The thiid gate which has a T filver n A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPIIV, III 'y.iJ " III fe.lip . ! ., n '1 ;i , , , , " i! !';' '; f 1 . h } .\ ' ;i i i filvcr clmiii over it k:'.ils to a court piiveJ wiili fiiKill llulii-s of I'l-vcrul cnlouis. Tlic gate dI the place of llic (Ipulclirc i> built like a tower, and aJ.iriad with various filvci pLitts aiiJ riniT'i. At the ciitraiiec the pavctmnt is covered with t.ipellrv', and all perfons arc here obliged to pull off' their flioes and llippers. From hencg a capacious };allery covered wiili carpels, and hung with tapeftry, leads to another gate covered with plates of gold i' hum whence theie is ;in cntiancc to a large vault four I ithonis I'qiiare, enlightened by a ^.reatnuin- licr of gold and filver lamps, fonie of which are three feet in diameter : this vault is divided front another only by lilver rails, and an afcent of three filver lleps. 'J"he latter vault is liLlur than any of the reil ; at one end there is a compailnient railed about a foot tVo.n the ground, and fenced of}" with lails of irally gold, which cont iiiis the tumb of Shah Sefi. 'J'he tomb itielf is thice feet in height, nine in length, and four in breadth, Iliadc of white marble, and covered with criir.fon velvet : IVom the root" a variety of gold and filver lamps hang down, and on each lide are two very luigc candleftieks of nialfy j;old, contajning wax candles j on the kit hand Is a lault wherein arc the tombs of Shah Sefi's conlort, and fomc other emprelles of I'erfia, and of Shah Ifniael. Near ths I.' a fpaeiotis arched gallery fiiuly gilt, whieh is ufed as a library, and contains a great number ot inanuferlpts in the Arabic, I'crfian and 'I'urkilh tongues, fome written upon p.irchment and others upon papir, but all fupeibly bound, beautifully painted, and ele- gantly covered with plates of gold and lilver. In various uiches on the fides of the library theie are above 4CO porcelain vcll'els, many of them lufiiciently capacious to hold ten g.dlons. There is a kitchen belonging to this edifice, the doors of whieh are covutd with lilver plates : in this kitchen theie is dailv dreji'ed as much provifion as w.ll feed luco perfois ; the poor having three meals a day diKri- buted to them from hence. Adjoining to the kitchen there is a beautiful garden containing the fepulchrcs of Sultan Aider, Shah' 'I'nm.is and levcral other Peifian nionaichs. There arc imn.enfe revenues belonging to this a(fonillii;ig edifice, which have been granted tiom time to lime by many diltlreiit emperors. Very near this theie is another tomb, creeled to the memory of Seid T/eibrail the f.ther of Shah Sefi, who was only a peaf.iiU ; it is of an oval form, raifcd ten lleps, iidorned with glal's of I'everal colours, and furiounded with iron grates ; the roof is of azure gilt, and in the midll of it there is a large tower of blue and green lloncs ; tl'.c floor is covered with lich tapeilry, auJ round the walls theic are vaults or chambers fur the education of childien j the tomb is fix feet high, made of ioincis work, and covered with green velvet ; about it hang two gold and two lilver lamps, in which there arc lights cvtrv night; oppofitc to it is a fiiiall thapel which contains the tombs of many of Shah Sefi's family. NearDcihent there are the ruins of a wall which ex- tend 50 1-agues in length, and the wall is laid to have reached fiom the Cafpianto the Euxine leas ; and on one lide of that city are above 6coo gra\c iiones, inoll of which have Arabic inf:ription!. SEC T. VII. Oj Gombr;on, ihi fjlands of Ormui, Haliara ^nJ Q;ief- mo, r/j/ Perfian (lulph, /ii- Cafpian Sea, IJi. C^O .M H R 00 N is in 27 dcg. 40 ni. north latitude. J Thi:. cilv owes Its opulence to the decline of the I'ortu^uele power in the K.dl Indies, and to the d 'mo- litioii of Oiinus J it was built by the great Shah Abbas, mid by the natives is called Bander-Ahaili, or the court of Abbas , it is certainly a very great mart of trade : the Eiiglilli t\:'\ fettled here in 16 ji, and were very ferviceable to the belorc mentioned monaich in his wars with the Poituguefe ; on v\'hich account he granted th 111 half the cullonis of the port. The town is large Slid populou"--, but exceedingly inconvenient j a wall ei'compalfes it on the land fide, and towards the fca it is liclendcd by leveral fmali forts, a cattle, and a plat- ioxm : thouj^h the town is ri'. h, the houfcs are greatly out of icpaii ; the fliops in genetal ar? kept be Ijania'is, v.'hofe boulis are in better older than iholeol any ol the other inh..bitain:. ; fume of them are Hone edifices, but moll are built of lime .and earth. As the air diiriii" the hot feafoiis is of a very malignant nature, imilt iioufes are furnilhed with ventilators, whieh gre.itly con- tribute to the p;efervation of the liialth of the people. I'lie town is well fupplitd with lilh mid muiton j rice is imported f.oni India, but wheat is fo plenty, that the poor-fubliil principally upon bread and dates; among ihe politer people pillau is the moll falhionable dilh. J'he country abounds in apricots, pi ache-, pome- granates, pears, plumbs, grape>, mangoes, and a gre;it variety of other dilicious fruits ; the apricots aie danger- ous when eaten to excels. A fearcitv of water is leveicly felt here ; there is not a fpring or well in the town, nor within feveii miles of It, for the inh.tbitants are obliged to be fupplied from a place called Allecn, which is at about that diltaiice; camels arc conllantly employed in biiiiging water trum thence. The unwholcfomencfs of the air is afcribcd by captain Hamilton to the reflce'tion of the rays if the fun from a high mountain to the north of the city; whieh oc- c.illons Inch an intcnfc heat, that the litiiation is in- toUrab'e. On this account all who can aft'oTil it retire into the country during the months of June, July and Augiill. The heat even aH'eiits the fca, and "ocealioiis very difagrceable exhalations to arife therefrom ; theie vapours, joined to the flench of a vaft i|iiantity of Ihell (iih that are petfeciiy broiled on Ihe lands cveiv time the waves retire, eee.dion a kind of contagious influm/.a ; gold and lilver, if expofed to the open air during thcfe months, tarnilh in a very flioit time. As :'oon as ever thcle heats commence tlie Kngllli fadoiy leave the city, and till they are over relide at Alieeii, where they have a good houfe, and an excellent garden : in this garden thete aic fever.il groves of excellent Seville oranges, which, though not natural to the climate, thrive admirably ayd are alw.iys in a Jljte of verdur.', bearing blofioms, and ripe and green fuit all at the lame tiii.c. Many ponds of excellent frelh water contribute to the agreeablencfs of the place ; and the merchants have many ingenious contrivances to moderate the excefTnc heat, and render their lltuation as pleafant as poffible. At a place called iMinon, about ten miks diftant from AlKen, an' ixral hot and cold baihs, which have been cxperiei. as inlallible in the cure of all fcro- phulous and amatic diforders. Gonibroon is exceedingly populous .ind rich, by reafon of the fondnefs which the natives have for tr.i ir and the great commerce carried on by the EivliHi aiul Dutch factories. 'I'he Knglilh factory is clote to tlic lea, at fome diltance from the Dutch, which is a con- venient, capacious, and elegant buiL.ing. (Jicat p;o- hta aiil'e to both the companies from Ireighta'^e ; tor ,is the natives have no lliips, their goods are "carried in Englifh and i^iitch bottoms to Surat, and other Indian mart-. The priiiJpal connnoililies, arc, a variety of wines, almondo, railins, kifh-milh.s, dates, prunellas, ginger, piflaehio-niits filks, carpet^ leather, lapi,- tutty, galbaiuim, ammoniac, all'afivtida, tr.igacanth, with many other gums, drugs, ^c. the principal of the abovearticles, heingthe produce ofCarniania, aic brou-ht to Gombroon in caravans. 'Ihe Lnglifh company iiiid once a linall f.ictory in Carmania, for the fake of a iiiic wood produced there, of excellent life to hattcis. The companies pay no cnlloins, but at ccrt.iin tiims give prelenls t) ihe fli.ibander, or principal Hcrlian oftieer, to prevent his being troublefome. Private traders pay two percent, for a pals trom either of the companies, that is, one to the company, and one to the broker. The pal'i admits them to the lame piivileges as ihe gentlemen of either factory enjoy. J'he Knglidi have an agent at Ifpahan who receives one third of iheconipany'.s profit , the chief at Gombroon one third, and the rell of the fae-lors the other thiid. There are three iflands near Gonibroon, viz. Oriiui, Bahara and C.)iicfino, Oimus is about two leagues froin the continent, and fituated at the mouth of the Peifian gulp:i. It is about twenty miles in circumference, but 1 i> AFHV. ift:\l v.t^ kept l>v D.li.:a':s, r than ihnlc ol any o) tlie im arc (tunc eJiliccs, but aitli. As the air duniiu' nialignajit iialwri', innlt lators, which grc.illy t(.ii- nc hialtli of the |)L'(iplo. with lilli .Mid niiutiin ; It wheat Is I'o iilciity, th.it ipoji breaii and dates ; au is the mod la(hioiiabli: a|)rieo!s, pi aches, punic- Ck, mangoes, and a j;re;it ; the apricots ate dan^cr- y felt here ; there is ikjI a or within fevcji miles of igcd to he fiipplied frum s at about that dillanee ; d in bringing water front ■ air is afcribcJ by captain the rays < f the fun from I of the eity ; which oc- th.it the lituation is in- !1 who can afi'oTil it retire oiiths of June, July and ts the lea, and occafions to arife therefrom ; thcle h of a vail i|nantity of roiled on the lands eveiv lon a kind of contagioiu e.vpofed to the open air in a very fliort time. As mence tlie Knglilli failory are over nlide at Alletn, and an excellent garden : groves of excellent Seville ituial to the tlin-.atc, thrive Aate of verdur-, bearing 'uit all at the lame tin;e. I water contribure to the and the merchants have I moderate the cxrcfTnc as pleafant as poflible. about ten miks diftant id cold baihs, which have ill the cure of all fcro- ASIA.] is totally barren, and has not a fmgle drop of frerti water in it. This illand produces Ionic of the molt excellent white fait in the univerfc, and great (|uanti- ties of a black fhining land, which are tranfported to Europe, and ufed in dulViiig of writing. Among the iifli taught upon the coalt there arc Ionic admirable oyfters. This city, which was large and populous, was creeted byfonieof the ancient I'erli.m nionarehs, and cunt.iincd about 4000 lioufes J but in 1507 the Portiiguefe to.>lc it, and held it till ibzz, when they were expelled by ijti.ih Abbns, adiltcd by the Knglifh, and the whole city was denKilinK'd by the exprefs order of that monarch ; no part of ;he idaiui is at prefent inhabited except the fort, in which ther. is a Perfian gnrrlfon. I'lie ifljiid of Bahara is remarkable for its pearl fifhe v, which commences in June, and concludes about ih ' latter end of Augull ; the annu il pr.ilit is computed to be jio,o;:o crowns: the pearls being tlie largelt, brighteft, .uid moil elegant of anv found in the lalt. (^iclino is a fruitful, pleafant, and populous illand. and fupp'ics the neighbouring p.irts of the continent with wheat, barley, and other provilions. The IVrlian gulpli, or as it is otherwife c.illed, the Gulph ot Bidbra, flows out of the Indian ocean, having Pcrlia on the ealt, and Arabia on the well. It receives into it the rivers tuphrates and Tigris, united in one ftream. it w.is called by the ancients the Red Sea, and hath been long famous for its pearl tilhcries. The fiihing for pearls is perkirnied bv perlons, who are let down to the bottom of the f.a in five fathom water, by means of a heavy Itonc faftciied to their toes ; Wlitn they reach the bottom, t'.iey pick up the (hills with all poflible expedition, and put tiiem into balkeis provided for that pa; pole ; they th:-n give a figiial to h. drawn up to take breath, and rc.'refh thenil'elves with a pipe of tob.icco, while others pull up tlie balfcets. All |he pearls which weigh above ten grains are the property of the emperor, and fevere penalties are inllictcd upon tbofe who embe/zle them. The whole produce of the various pearl filherles in the Periian gulph. Sir JoSn Ch.iidiii fays, amounts to above a million ilerling Uinually. ARABIA. 75 ' The Cafpian Sea, or as it 's ufu.ally called, the great norlheni boundary of Perlia, is fiirrounded on every ' (ide by lanil, having no vilibie communication with ! any other fea, and is therefore more properly an ini- i iiHiil'e lake. The ancients knew it but very imjwr- I fecUy, and even the moderns had not a competent kno.vledge of it, till Mr. Vanvarden Curveyed and made an cxail chart of it, by order of the Czar Peter the Great, in the years 17JO, 1721, and 1722. It lies between the 37th and 4Stli deg. of north latitude, but its greatell longitude does not exceed 3 deg. 42 min. it receives into its bofom the vall river Volga, and above two hundred other rivers, and yet it neither ebbs nor flows, cnereafes, nor diminifties. Various conjeilture* have been formed concerning this conftant plenitude j and many have afl'eited, tli;it it inuft have fome fub- terraiieous conimunic.itions either with the Black fea, or the Perfian gulph, though the firlV is above ico, and the latter above 200 leagues diftant. To ftrcngtheii this opinion, it is affirmed (hat oppofitc to y^-^ilan in Peilia are two immenfe whirlpools, which makea dread- ful iKiifc, turn with incredible rapidity, and drawdown uh.itever comes within their vortex, which indicate that lome great cavities in the earth mull be nfar them. .\bjut the latter end of Augull grf.it quantities of wil- low leaves are oblerved to fl.iat upon the waters of the Peifian gulph, yet there are no willow trees on any part of Its coalt, but gre.it numbers on the coall of the Cal'p an lea, which is another reafon for fuppofino- that there mult be a fiibterrancous communication be- twixt them. The waters of theCalpiaii Sea are in general fait, but towards the places wl-.-'-e the rivers difeharge tnemfelves into it tiny have a frelli taftc. The equality of its fulnefs h.uh Icen thus pliild'ophically accounted for. The valt quantity of vapours exhaled by the fun in a climate fo intuilely hot, is a countcrballance to the influx of waters, which is difcharged into it by variouj rivers. Formerly none but Coll'aclc rovers navigated it; but the Rulliaiis, who now pollefs a part of the coaft, have man-,- vellels on it, and carry on a great trade to various places. populous and rich, by he natives have for trade, d on by the Knglifii and ih lactory is dole to the Dutch, which is a con- it buiL.ing. (Jicat pro- s from freightage ; for a> heir goods are carried in I -Sural, and other Indian lodities, are, a lariety of niilh's, dates, prunellas, carpets leather, lapi,- . all'.ifivtida, tragacanth, . i^c. the principal of the ; olCarniania, aie brou dit he Knglifh company lip.d iiii.i, for the lake of a line lleiit life to hatters. The nit at certain tiims give piiiuipal Periian oditer, e. i'rivate traders pay two ot the companies, that iv, to the broker. The pafj leges as ihe gcntletiicn of 'inglidi have an agent at 'I the company's profits lird, and the icll of the Gombroon, viz. Oriru(, is about two leagues from the month of the Peifian ilcs in circumference, hut CHAP. VIII. ARABIA. s i: c T. ijli Exliftl, S!tua:iO}i, li^iiniliin'ii. I. 1:1 Diji/isns ; lis Soli lift Ciim-.itc , :/ th: Antiquity of this (Jiiitttry ; Religious Kctions of the Artibi before t'e Time of Ahhamct or Alahoma, ivilh ih.ir Extent cf Dominion after the Ejlahlijimcd cf his Rcligim. Of the Seas, Capes, Ri- ■ vers, and Mountains; farticuLtly Mount Sinai and its Convrnt. HAving quitted Pcrfia, we fliall pals over the Per- fian (.julph to Arabia, a country equally famous in facred and profane hillory : fur here the queen of Shcba reigned, who formerly vifited Solomon on ac- count of his wifiliiin ; Moles heie received the Icvitical l»w ; and Mdiomet broached his hercfy. The inhabi- tants weic formerly accounted the molt learned people ■jln the univcrfr, but at prefent they arr iultly dccme I fome '^f the mod illiterate. From them the Europeans received any admirable arts and fcienccs, of the names of which e Arabians theml'elves are now ignorant. They have Jreat natural talent;, which they do not wifh to improve j ind a language famed for being equally copious, cxprcf- nve, and elegant, which others admire and ufe more than themlclves. One liaif of the people arc the moft honeft exifting, and the other half the grcatcft thieves on the earth, The fird are morally juil by accident, and the latter are robbers by Sylkm. In one part of the country a flraiiger might fleip with a purfc of gold in his hand on the open plain without lolliig it : in ano- ther, while wide awake he is in danger of havinir his throat cut every moment. Merc are fewer towns than antiquities, lefs cultivation than objce'is of cuiiofity, and more wonders than waters. The face of the country includes all the various foils in the uiiiverfe, the fertile and barren, the ftony and faiidy. There are few clouds ill the element, but many on the land j for in the defcrts (uch altoniniing clouds of dull have fomctimcs been railed by the whirlwinds, that whole caravans have been overwhelmed, and thoufands have pcriflied by fuf- Ibcation in thole dreadful tenipelts ( which Mr. Addifoii I bus elegantly delcribcs in his celebrated tragedy of Cato : " Su.Men, th' impciuou; liiinicanes dtlccrd, " Wlacl iluii' the air, jii circlin:, ciMits |ilay, " Tear u 11 ihc luuls, ami iwcep whole plainiawayi " The hflplir, trivelliT with wld lurnrifc, I " Sets llii^ Jiy ilckrl all around liiin nli-, S " Ami I'liioihci'd ill tin; Jully nlnrKviiiJ Jics, J But ?t i-:< g!! • ■ m I A NEW COMPrJ'TE SYSTEM OF GEOCRAPIlV; Hut to enter iipiin p.iill' iilar- : Ar.ibi;i is one iil llic mull (.xtciilivc prnijirul.is in llu- Itiiowii worlil : it is one tl ouLuul tlnvc Iniiuli.ij iiiiK's Ion?, anil one tlioiiCaini twoluMulreil brunil ; it is fitii it'.il between thirty-tiveanJ lixty ile^;ieci ol' lalkm lon::iluile, S!i(i between twche ami tbiily decrees «l ncithein lati- tiiJe; b^ing bounileil by Syiia, Diarbee ami lMe-Ai..bi, on tlie north; by the liuli.in Oieiii on the luutb j by the I'eiCian Gulph on the eall ; anil by the ReJ Sea, whieli I'epaiates il lioni Aliiea, on il.e well. It is Ui- videil iiriially into thicc parts, viz. Araliia llic Stony, Arabia tile Delart, ami .Arabia tlie Ilap.py ; uhieh dillinel .np|iellalions denote the nature aiiJ nu.Jiiy ol the toil ef faJi einintrv rel'pcillively. Arabia tlie Stony, whieh i.'. the moft wcftern, is the leal! cf the three ; it i;i a wry baiun eountry, btini; euvercil ;ilinoll entirely with toeks ; i;s eapiial, I'elr.-ea, oi Stony, llo^'d on a rock ; and here is the tanious mount Sinai or Horeb, as recorded in the laered writings. 1 Arabia the Delart is a wild, ilerile, mountainous, dreaiy, iiiiI'Lrable country. Aiabia the Happy hath this flattering appellation, on necoiint of the kindiiel's of its own fenl, in contrail to the barrennelb of the otiier two countries. From hence ihe ipieen of Shebawent to bear the voice ot Solomon ; iinJ the Jews had a tradition that this princel's brouL'lit v.Mh her the lirll braneli of the tree of the precious balm of Ciilead. As to the climate, a cnnfiderable part of Arabia is under the ton id /one, and the tropic of cancer paiie. over Arabia the llappy : the air is intenlely hot duriiii; the fumincr. Thele regions, however, enjoy a molt i\ icnc and pure Iky. All hillories agree that this country was peopled at a very earlv period. Dr. Wells fays, the country took its name from its inhabitants, as being a mixed people, compoUd (if lllimatlites, Medi. mites, and Amalekiles; ill lupport of which allcition hi- ipiotes the vvoid Arab in fcripture, wliieh fignilies in Hebrew, to iiii.x or min- gle. Another author lays, " Arabia, or at kail the moll ronliderable part of it, was from remote antii]uity called Arabak : we howvver llnd it freinicmly ftiled by their hirtorians by divers other names; but thole bid the faireft for truth who deduce it from an Hebrew ori- ginal, the word Arab or Kreb having feveral rignilkatinns very favourable to luch a ctr.jeLluic : finm the word Arab naturally and eafily flows Arabah ; and this notion I'ccms Ills liable to exception, .'s Mofes himlllf llilcs the wellern Arabia, Arabah ; which gees a cooil way towards eviiicnK, that from its fituation it riceived that name. Afterwards the Khmaelites, who were pifljli-d of It, graduallv reducing the other part=, carried the word Arabah alorig vvith them, and .ipplied it to the whole pcninfula." We cannot dil'eover at what period their form of go- vernment comnunecd ; whether their knowled;,e was derived from Indi.i, or whellier they aci)uired it tliem- lehcs. It Iccms thiir religion was Sabeifm even pre- vious to their acquaintance with the peop'e of Upper Afia ; they had conceived fome elevated notions of God at an early period ; they p.iid .iJoratii.n to the liars, as luminaries enlivened ai.d beautified by heavenly Ipirits ; Slid though they were entlufi ills, it does not appear t.iey indulged in any particular fanaticii'm tiil the da\ s of Alohammed or Mahomet, who I'llabliflled a new religion, and tound it r.o difficult matter to iiitufe a fpirit of zeal inio his followers j and this zjal led them on to con- quell. They cxiendul their dominion from the w^llcrn ((•as to thole of China, and from the Canaries to the Molucc.ns ; taking with them the ul'cful arts, which they confidcr.'.blv improved. The leas of Arabia are the Indian Ocean, the gulphs of Bofiijra and Ormiis, the Red Se*, and the ftiei-hts of liabinandel, in whieh are the capes of Rofalgate, Miifsleden, and .Mocho. The Red Sea, or the Arabian Gulph, which fl r.vs from ih-: Indian Ocean, runs eallvvard as far as the ilih- inus of Africa, to the town of Suez. It has its name, according to (bmc author, from an orient brightnefs pe- culiar to its waters, being tinned with a red niiii'tai earth i and it has a rcJ f.;nd on its fliorcF, which is tre- the water by tlie flux and lefluN of the li violent in this Gulph, as to tofs it to anil ]uenily iepu:;n int to its quality and nature, miKc] with I, which is fij fro like allies, ml pievini ils lubfuling to tlie bottini by a perpetual vihement a^'jlatior. Sealaring people have conlldently aliened, tint the land, thus biiinc and aLiitated by the turbuKiit wateis, api'iais as led as blood, but that if put into Kill water, it will link to the bottimi. Some wiitcii have given it .is their opinion, that it:i nanic is deiived iioin the Clnik word I'lrythres, lignify- ing red, ifprcially as Krylhros was the iiaiiic of a king who reigmd on the coall. We will nut howuer dwell upon thcIc adverfe opi- nions, but attribute the derivation to both, and aeknow- lidi'e, that fiian whatever its name be really derived, no fea has been more jullly celebrated : the pallligc of the llVaelites through it, .md iis conveyance of all the rich merchaiuli/,e of the eall lor upwards of tinea thoufand yeais, have given it an immortal lame. As to the livers of Arabia, they arc vcrv kw, and none of them navigable ; the Chat, the I'ran, and the Nagiran, are the only ones worth n.entioninfr, and thefe are very fmall .ind (liallow. The wdiole country is fo poorly w tciid, that the polleflion of a fpring is difputcd vvith the (word. The chief mountains arc thofc of Sinai, Gebcl el Ared, and St. Catharine; the forivcr of which diferves a particular dclcription ; it hath two I'ummits, and is called by the Arabs the mountain of Moles, becaufe many rcmaikable things happ. ned here to that prophet, tt was luie, thev lay, that the Almighty appeared to him in the burning bufli ; and the I..Illcr^ (liew a bram- ble, whieh thev atlirin is ot the fame kin. I. Iljie he likewife fed the flock of Ins falher-in-law Jethro; and not far olf he llriick the rock, out of wlrieh water in- llantly gufliid ; the llonc is of red granite, about fifteen fret long, tin bn ad, and twelve high : the opening docs nut refeinble any thing done by a toi.l, and is lomewhat like the mouth of a carved lion : into thi> apcrtuve the .•\rabs put certain medicinal heibs, which they afterwards give to their camels, in cafe thev are difordeied, thinking them very lalutary (or any dilcafc. There is a convent at Mount Sinai founded by the emprefs Helena, and dedicated to the celebrated St. Ca- tharine ; it flands at the bottom of the mountain, and IS an irregular, aukward building, of unburnt brick, walled round, and (lopped up at every entrance to pre- vent the ineurfions of the roving Arabs, 'I'hc only free entrance is by a window that is upw.irds of thirty feet liom the ground, and to whiih people aic drawn up in a machine by a windlas. Within the walls, which aio two bundled and lilty-rue teet long from eall to well, ind tilty-lr.e broiJ from north to fiuth, a;c mills, bake- houles, llore-houl'e , and everv olfiee neeillary to a fc- ijuelltird fociety. Here is the flirine of St. Catharine ; the relies are depohted in a maible ch^ft, wheieoii are carved feveral pieces of folia'^e in bafii) relievo. One of that faint's hands is (hewn to the curious, the fingers of which arc covered with rings, adorned with pearl. Ad- joining to the eall end of the church, wherein thefe re- lics ;.ie preferved, is the chapel ot the Holy Bulh, which tbe monks ad'ert grew in the f.imc fpot whereon now lies a flag of white marble, wliich Chrillians ap- proach and moll devinitly kifs ; nor will thev enter this chapel with their Ihoes on. There are many other cha- pilb about the convent. Here arc two wells; one is called the well of Moles, which hath a very fine cool water, and is drank in fummcr ; the other is called the well of tliK Holy Hufti, and is of a vvaimer temperature. St. Aihai afius was a biother of this inonatlcry, as v^'as Sergius, who afTilled Mobamed in writing ilie Koran. Tlll^ convent is exempted from all iunfdiciion, except that if its own bilhop, who is electid by the monks, and receives Ins his conlirniation liom the I'.iiriareh ot Jerula- lem. Tile monks here live in the molt abltemious manner, and 111 Lent rile at midnight to perform their dcvotiiMi-.. The empi;ror Juftiniaii lent an hundred f. in lies from the Red Sea, and the f..nic number Ironi I'gjp'i tu dive them as vdliils: at that time they were pritty nunierou-, but now conlilt only of about forty or (ilty, owing to dilputcj among tluinfelves, which coll Ic.etal of them llitit •^'i- RAPiiV: mil iMturi', niixi'.l w;;H i ol the I'lj, wliidi is fo i it t,i aiul Iro like adjc, u liointii by ,1 |)i-i|ictiul |Hcii)lc li;ivcj r()iirKli.iitly IMC illlJ ;i;;;l.ie(ll by (li'i.- blimil, Init tiiat it" put tht.' Iidttoiii, .1 tlicir ()|)iniiiii, that it< wcinl iOiythn.s, (ignil'y- was llic ji.mx' of a k\{-\n a upon tlufc ailvafL- rpi. in to botl), and acknow- mt be really cU'rived, no led : the pallage ot the ivey.Mue of all the rich ivaid. of ihiec thuufand I fame. :hey are vcrv few, and -hat, the I'ran, and the ill n-,entio]iin;r, and thel'e he whole ronntry is fo Jn of afpring is difputcd lofe of Sinni, Oibel el orncr of vvhieh d'.ferves h tn-o fummits, and i< itaiii of iMofcs, becaufe ed here to that prophet. Alnii^Jity r.ppc.ired to the f„thc^^ flieiv a br.nii- e fame kin. I, ll,.ie he hcr-in-law Jethro; and out ot wlrich water m- ed iiranite, about fifteen : hi;.'li : the opening docs ii toil, and i>. finkvvh.'.t. into thi,- a|icriu;i. the IS, which they afterwards \rcdifordercd, thinking It Sinai founded by the to the eckhratcd Si. Ca- n of the mountain, and ling, of unburnt brick, at t\ery cntraitce to pre- g Arabs. The only Irtc is upwards of thirty feet I people aic drawn up in iiin the wjIIs, which aio long t'roin eaif to well, to f luth, aiC iiiills, bakc- ■ office neccH'iry to a ic- llirine uf St. Cath.irine ; aible cluft, wheicon are in bafib relievo. One of tic curious, the fingers of domed with pearl. Ad- lurch, wherein thcfc re- pel ot the Holy Buih, II the f.inie fpot whereon c, which Chriltians ap- , nor will they enter this here are many other cha- L- arc two well.s ; one is ich ha;h a very fine cool r ; the other is called the ot a waimcr temperature, t this inonaftery, as was 'd in writing ihe Koran. 1 all iurildictioli, except eleciid by the monks, and m the I'.itriarch of Jerula- : mod abltcmious manner, > perform their devotiiui-,. n hundred f.in lies from iber troni Kg>pt, to luve cy were prttty nunieruu-, forty or titty, owing to lieh coll le.eiul of them ihtir ASIA.l A R A ■their lives. Their vafTiis cultivate their gardens, and 'do other menial otiiccs. A lay-brother, or caloyer, is appointed to attend upon llraiigers arriv.iig here, to Ihew •thcin the chapels, ollices, and the library, in which are dcpofited fomc of the tirll Greek books that were ever nriiitid. The feet of pilgrims, on their arrival here, ire wathed by the lay-brothers ; and thole of a prieit by one of equal rank in the church. Dr. Hoeoeke, bi(hop of Ollery, had the fatibf.iClion of being pnl nt at all their Kailer ceremonies. The church coiit.i hii:; the rclici of St. C.itharine, is called the great chunii ol the transli'uratioii ; it Iks to the north ealt, on the lowcti part ot^tlie convent, and cnlills of a nave, an iflc on each hde, and three chapels on the outlide, lower than the illcs. The pi:tuivs of Jullinian, and his em|ii>ls Theodora, over the arch eif the high aliar .ire wJl exe- cuted ill niofaic i and I'evcral inlcriptions lo he honour of that illiilfrious pair are carved on the bums that fupport the roof, which is of cypijf'i coveted with lead, and is very antitpie. The Turks dellroyed the pavement of th s church, digging it up in hopes < f dif- Covcriiif; trealurts ; but it was elegantly repaired byarch- bifliop Athanalius in the latl century. Mount St. Catharin.: is lituaied near mount Sin.ii ; and it v/as lo the former place that the bo.ly of St. Ca- thaiine was biought, after her martyrdom under the ty- rant Maxeiitius. It over-tops mount Sinai, and its toil is a t"pi:cieb of Ipccklcd marble, in which are ki:n beau- tiful •.onliguratioiis of trees, and other vegetable lepre- fentations. S K C T. II. 0/thi VtjUii!,' Piiiluci' if Jml'iu ; cf tin Aniinats, par- tiiulaiif tie Camel. TH V. moll prolit.ible pieiiluce of .'Vrabia is coffee. 'i'he eoiFee-tree is a native of the territory ot Betel-fagui, a town belonging to Yemen, iituated on a drv find at ihe dillancc of about ten leagues from the Red Sea. It is cultivated in a dillridf Kfiy leagues long, and about twenty broad ; the fruit is not every where in cepial proportion ; that growing on high ground is the fmallett, greenell, and bell. Here are aloes, calTia, fpik-cnaid, frankincenfe, myrrh, manna, and other valuable gums, cinnamon, pepper, cardanum, oranges, lemons, grapes, peaches, figs and poiiicgranates; alfo honey and wax in plenty: and in the feas arc conlidcrable quantities of the bell coral and pearls. In the pl.iiii'i of Arabia Pctraca there are abundance of Acacia trees, Ironi which ill'ues a veiy valuable gum, and is gathered in autumn. Heie are however very few foreft trees. The principal t;rain here is rice and barley, and where they can obtain water, they haie a great plenty of gar- den ftuft", herbs, and flowers. Some of the di Irifts alfi aft'orel excellent pilture lor cattle. \Vith refpedt to the animal creation, here are the iinell horfes in the whole world, wiutlier eonfidcred lor their fwiltnefs, their beauty, or tluir fagaeity. Here are flieep, cows, oxen, mule's, goats, hogs, deigs, i;c. IJut the ir.oil ellecmed and ufetul animal is the camel, which can carry lee en or eight hundred weight upon its back, and with this burthen will travel at the rate of ■ about two miles and a half in an hour : it is therefore the beall of burthen moll in ufe, and is peculiarly fer- viccable in long and tedious journies, which are com- monly performed in caravans, efcorted by guaids, to pre- vent the depredations of the Ar.abiaii Iree-booters. This creature is the moil patient and temperate of the whole • quadrupedal creatiein ; it will travel for m.iiiy days to- gether with only a tew dates, or loiiic balls of bean or barley meal, or perhaps only the niikrable ihoriiy plants it meets with in the laiidy elefarts, wlitie not a drop of water is to be met with duiiiig perhaps a journey of eight or ten days ; where neither buds nor infcels arc to be feen ; in Ihort, where lu.thing preieiits itl'elf to the eye but mountains of faiul and heaps of hones. T his ani- ; mat's power of fudainin^ abllimnce from di inking, i aril'es iioni the conftructiein of its inteiiial parts ; fo that i it ihould feem Divine Providence had created it pur- polcly tor thi fultry foil of Arabia. ISefides the four itomachs, which it has in common with all other ani- B I A. • 77 mals that chew the cud, it lia; a fifth, i'erviiig a? a refer" voir to hold more water th.iii it has an iimiiediate otea- lion for : there the fluid remains without corrupting, or without being adultcrateil by other aliments. When the creature is thirfty, it throws up a e]uantity of this water, by aeontraiitionof the mut'eles, into the other Itomachs, which fcrves to macerate its dry and fimple tood. It can, by its I'ccnt, difcover water at the diltance of half a league, and, alter a very long ablliiicnce, will halleii toevaiels it. The Arab trains his faithful camel, from its birth, to all the hardlhips it is te> undergo during the whole eonrfe of its life ; he accultoms it lo travel lar, and eat little ; lo pifs its days Without drinking, and its nights without fleip ; to kneel down to be loaded, and to rile the moment it finds the burthen equal to its ftrength ; anu jiil-ed it will not futier an ounce more to be put on its b.ick ihan it can bear. Its feet are adapted to the lands which it is to pafs over, their toughnefs and fpuiigy foftnefs preventing them liom cracking. Such is Ihe animal fo often celebrated in the bible, the koran, and the eaftern romances ; and with which the Arabi in robber forms a fociety, for the purpofe of carry- ing on his trade of plunder, in which the man is to have all the protit, and the .iiinal all the fatigue. When the mailer and his camel are equipped for plunder, they let out together, traverfe the fandy dc- farts, and lie in ambulh upon the confines to rob the merchant or traveller. The man ravages^ malTacrcs, and fei/,es the prey ; and the camel carries the booty. The Arabian frec-bootcr qualities his camel for expe- dition, by matches, in which the horfe runs againft him. Ihe camel, though lefs ai^ivc and nimble, tires out hii rival in a long courl'e. The banditti frequently rob on horfe-back, as well as on camels : they will alarm and dart upon a traveller when leatl expeiTled, and gallop away, if uii.ler any ap- prehentioii of a purl'uit, with incredible Iwiftnefs. SECT. III. Oftlh- N„i!i\-; ; their Perfins, Drefs, CiiJIoms, ait.i Man- ners ; their Roving about from Place to Place ; their Mveahle Hal/itatitns ; their Government ; their Food, and their Manner of Drejfing it ; their Soei:ility, Prs- hity, and Liberality, within their Tents or Huts ; their Jiapiitiiiis Depredations when out of them \ their Divir- fiom, particularly the Hufiting the IHId Boar a'd tht Li'n. Slight Remark upon the 'Jealoiify of the Arabs, and their Unmanly Treatment of IVomen. '"O II E Arabians are of low ftature, flcndcr bodies, A and fwarlhy complexions : their voices arc flirill and cft'eminate ; their hair Is of a dark brown, and their eyes are black and fparkling : they wear long beards, aa a mark of gravity and confequence ; f rious and re- ferved, they fpeak little, ufe nogcllure, make no paufes, I and never interrupt each other. Their apparel is a loofe diiorderly kind of drcfs, five or fit yariJs long, and not let's bro.ad ; this they wrap round them, and are forced to gird it with a falli ; at night it fervcs them for a bed and covetliJ. Their upper garment is generally wove in one piece ; it has a cap for the head, is tight .ibout the neck, and grows wide towards the bottom : this garment is on'y worn in cold and rainy weather; under this, and the garb that wraps entirely over the whole, foiue of them wear a long clofc bodied waiftcoat without flccves i their fafli or girdle is of worlled, and in it they Dick their poinards, their inkhorns, or badges of their calling. The women wear a kind of ihort waiilet)at and drawers, but fometimes they have only a towel wrapped round their loins. Whenever they go out, they to cover themfelves with the fame kind of ge- neral inclofing garb as worn by the men, that there is very little to be feen of their faces: for jealoufy, that conllant dillurber of unguarded and impetuous minds, here plays the tyrant in the breafts of the male Arabs. Some of the men go almoft naked in the hot weather ; others wear drawers and flippers, but no ftockings. T'hefe people arcdiftributed into feveral clans; and the whole number of inhabitants are fuppofed to amount to about two millions. They bave (*t leaft the Bcdeuins ii u ot .!!. ' A NEW Complete system of geograpiiv. i«: fi * - '■ ! ' Ui or roving Arahs) no rittlcd place of ;:bodc, but fix at liicii plACCs as uipply them with water, pallure, and fruits, lulifiiliiig upon the ftefli ur milk of then herds and cattle. In this rinin<» life centers all their happincis ; and they loolc upon ''their more fettled countrymen as abject flavcs. 'I'h.'y fleep in tents or hut?, which they pitch in the cvcninrr in any fpot piefcribed either by fancy oi convenience, ° Thcfe moveable habitations, which aie c,i!l.-,l Ilhvmas, from the ftiadc they afi'..id the natives, »re of an iiblong form, and differ ii\ liie according to the numbii of the people who occupy them ; they are covered with the fVins of bealis, and lupported fome by one pillar, fbme by two, and others by three, whilll a'foitof curtain or carpet, made of (kiiis, divides the tent into f.paiate apariments. The pillats are llraijiht poles ei^ht or ten feet high, and four or live inches thick, ierving not only to'fupport the tent, but btiiiLi full of hooks the natives hang upon them their cloaths, balkets, fiddles, &c. When they retire to llti-p, they lay ihemfelves down upon a mat or carpet in the ceiitei or in a corner of the tent. Such as are manied have a corner of the tent divided of!" by a curtain. However, the tents of thele roving inlanders, though they may flielter them from the weather, are, notwiili- llanding, attended with their inconveniences ; tor thecoKI and the di ws to which the people arc expofed, do not incommode half fo much as the fleas, vipers, Ipidcrs, «nd fcorpions. As to the govcTnmcntof ihife people, an heieditary chief, afTifKd'by a few old men, determines .ill debates, and puniihe* ofrenders. If his conducf pioves woilln of the approbation of l.in people, tiny revere him: it he be ):i.iliy ol mal-aJnmiillration, ihey put an end to his exillence, and eleiil another of his fanuly in li,s room. Thele peitv princes are ftiled Xerils and Imans, both of them ineludiOK the offices of king and piitft What tliefe people conlume in cntfee, dates, nee, and tob,.cco, is bought with t'.ie butter they take to the finntieri, and with the ca(h they get by the yearly dil- pot'al at r.ot k'. than twenty thoulanJ camels, many ol which .ire lent to I'erfi.i. I'hcfe people retain fevcral of the cudoms and inan- iiers we read of in fjcrcd as xvJl as prophane liiftory j being, if wc except their religion, the fame peojile they were two or ihiee thoufand years ago. Upon meet ing one another, they fti'l ufc the primitive (ahitatioii of, " l'ei.cc be unto you." Kefoi.; the Mahometan conquells, the exprcflion \»a», " CJod prolong your life." The Intel iers, out of relpect and deluence, kifs th- feet, kr.ecr, or garments of their lupeiii.r.N ; Whilfl children .ind other kindred pay the fame refprif to parents and relations. The pofJure th y ohferve in giving one anmhrr the faliitc, or .-.llemah, is laying the right hand uo' n the brcafl ; while others, who are pcr- hap? more inilmatcly aei)!iainted, or of eijiial age and dignity, mutually kit's the hand, hcd, or llioulder ol Mch other. At the I'call of their Byram, and other pre. t folemni- tic'-, the wife ompliments her liufb.md by kifllng hi^ hind. It is no Jifgrarc here for people of the liighell «h:i- rai'fers to buiv themtelvcs even in the molt n.emil oflien ; lior i. the jreatefl prime or ehiff of thele counliics »fhamed, to turn a drover or butcher, by bringing a lailb from hi. had and killing it; wlnltl liis lady or ■pnncefi n'nkis a fire and puts on a kettle to diel.< it. As to the fond of thrfc people, Ihry eat rice, ami anv ii'iH of flefti, except that of the hog j but ha\e alwav Ih: blood drained c irefully from cverv vein of ibe animal Ihey kill. Tlirir null deliiioiis food ii ihi' flefli ol a joung camel i and, for llnr bread, they make thin Cake, (f flour, whiih thcv bake upon an heirth. They (Irefi thru visual, by digging I'.des in the (jiih, and thin making a fire with whatever fuel the) tan gft, or with the ilric.l dung of their camein ; thev carry their w.iter wilh them, loading their camels with (hit neiefTary artiJe. * rh<- wancieting Arabs p (|iir llieitiftlves on nbrrrving the ftriillfll jirobity towards one another, and maintain the chanictcr of humane, dilimeiilKd, and bemtiveni holts, in their tents ; but, out of them, they arc favage and rapacious, connnilling continual dcpiedatioiis in the different towns and villages. If they are puifucu, they mount each a camel nr horl'e, and make a precipi- tate retreat, diiving a whole troop or rather herd ot camels before them, loaded with plunder. They trequently carry their incuifions to a gieat Jifiancc; and Syria, Alefopotamia, Perlia, and other parts, are not uncommonly the Icines of their depre- datioi.s. Mr. Ives in his tra\els fiom Diaibekir, in 1756, particulaily lavs, " To-d.ay we joined a nation of w;.ndering Arabs, vvnh their lamilies, and numerous Hocks ; -the latter conlilled ol the liiKfl (lieep and molt hairy goats 1 cwi re::, ember to have teen. We wanted to buv fome ol them, but c.iuld not lucceed. 'Ihe Arabs wtiejiilt come In in the Armenian mountain.s.' The lame gciulemaii lays, " 'ihe Arabs are di\ided into tiiiies) and, out ol .is nuiiv ut thele as pollible, it is aJvileabIc, in crofling the delails, to i'elect men ^ for no tribe, of whom you hive a liiigle man, will hurt or iiioU It \ou. (Jr if you met t wi'.h any ot iheir Icuutin > panics, and can pic.ail with .1 ling!.' one to enter their lent and dunk e-lVee, or vat lice or any thing, you will then be I. lie fr.im any ;iifult, either liom thtin vt ihur brethren, it bein:; an iii\.iiiabiu maxim with tlieni never to molelt thole llraiigr.s they have eaten anil drank with. Should any lut-paity cwne u|i w 'ih you, and hang bailc til their mam bod) locominuiiie'te the intelligence ; even 111 that calc, if one of your n.en lan make giealei lialle, and throw himlelf at t .e Ittt id ■.heir X.:if or prince, and impl le pioieclinn, you may rell .ilr.ired of your hie ami pro|eityj lor another maxim with them is, tli.it wholucv^r liiall fly to the poweiiul, a..d lupplicatu alhltance, has a 1 ;:!u t.i receive ii." I'hc cultiiiii wli.eli Hill coniiniics of walking only in landnls, or baretooted, r><]uires the ancient complimentj of bringing water to a Itiangir, upon his arrival, to Wafli his feet, thoi gh water be lo pccioiis an artli.1 ■ with them. The peilon who prelenls hiinlell to do this office, and to give the welcome, is tiie m.'.lti r of the tent and tamily, who dillinguilhcs hiinfelf bv being the molt ofiieious ; and who, alter his entertainment is pie- pind, dues not fit down with the llrangcr, but ttandi up and waits upon him. When Itrangers are thus cuirteoufly treated, the hoU t!iiius liiiiilell lutlieiently rei)ii!i(d, if prifcntcd with a kntie, .1 touplc ef flints, 1 r a fmall (juantityof Jiino- pean gun-powder, which being much ftronger tli.iii that ol Arabii, is held In greater elletni, .ind ukd only for prrming hrc-arnn. A^ to the hoUef>, the thinks lurlelf Will r.waided with a li.ean oi ihitid, a lar^c rreedic, or a parr of (eilliirs. The lulbmiiig j, nn ai count I'iven of the recepticMi wh.ch tome Kmopean iiK-rch.iius met wiih Itorn a tribe of Aiab>, w.uiderrng trom eniintiy to country. *' Tlii* extenliv. cnc.impmciit of roving Arab', fayt the author, was iindci tlu' command of a prmcc, whole tent was in Ihe center ; the relt were pitclxd .ibout ir, not ill a eirciilar toim, but rxniding in length us the plain iipenid, for the conveiiiiii.e of a llieanr ihit flowed lhroiM;h llie encampment. As loon as the nie chains were ,ili 'bted, who had prcvnullv lent Ix-fi.re them lonie iiaiuf Arab,, ili-y were col ducted by fume inr trtc. He lia> no i«ll(h lur domellic |ile«l'urf, air I ('Mom conveilu, with lii» wile «ir children : he valuet luilnnjj lo n>ijcliaslii> liuilr, beini{ I Iclduui »*V APHV. of tlicm, they arc fjv.iire runtiiiu;il JcpiuJaCiuiD ui jcs. Jf they arc puil'uiu, uric, aiul iiKikc a pricipi- troop or rather herd oi itii pluiidiT. ir iiicuifions to a gnat taniia, Pcrli.i, and otlur lie IctiKs of tlicir ileprc- a\cls fiom Diailiekir, in o-ilay wc joiiicj a iiatioii ir laniiliej, and minicrous the IIikA ilieep aiul molt > have leen. Wc wanted .>uld nut luccecJ, The e Armenian mountain.-.' ' 'Jhe Aral's ,ni diiideil nanv of ihcic as poililii'.-, ic delaits, to (elect men , 'c a l'ir:gle man, will hurt wi:li any ^•i ilieir Icoutiri ' a lin.;lo one to enter thejr ec or any thing, you will either (lom them epr tluir e maxim with tlicni neicr lave eaten aiiil drank with. w'lh yoti, and iiaiig baeic .'tc the intelligence ( even .11 ean make greatei lialie, of I heir X. Mf or prince, may relt almrcd of your cr maxim with them is, powerjul, a.,d I'uppjcatc c 11." iiiucs of walkinL' only in s the ancient complimemi >i r, upon his ariival, to io'vccioii.s an .irtul • with eleiit.s hunfell to do this me, is tiic m.'.lliT of the (hvs himfdf by lieiii;^ the his cntertaiiinieiit is pie- ti the Itraiigcr, but Itaiidi irteoufly treated, the hoft imd, if prtfcntcd with a I Iniall ipiantity of Eino- ing nuieh ftrongcr tli.ui tcr clleim, and uUd only I the holicf^, fhe thinks iLean ol tliicid, a laij^c It iiiven of the reception u.< met wiih Itiim a tribe iiiiy to country. " Tliit ^ Arab', lavs the author, niicc, uliole tent was in ehid .ibdut It, not in a in lcii:^th us the plain of a Hi earn that flowrd is (onii as the nic chanli viciilly lint Ix-tore iheiit Ol ducted by fume iif the •.'ft lent pitilud next to lilted thuii, (livin;/ ihcm ■eniii<; a flipper was pro. pilau or boiled tier, and ely. Next ('ay a grand c ul 'he prince's nobles, H, ns did the nirrib;inlj, )l two yonni; ramds, a ip, and (cveril d, flies of .(iidui'ted with tolerable eiilivi kiiivi, forks, nor nflrumrnis n^tdc ult ol," onr cnnliiiued round ol pnllime talK liim obrodd, n pipe, 1)1 Krclchm him- re. He has no lehfli Iwr onveilo. With hit wife of muiliailiia huilr, bein({ ieldoiii '^Ai iSIA.] '! • '• ■ ' ■ feldom fo well pleafed as when he is hunting : and in this divcrfion they are excellent ; for mod of them will hunt down a wild boar with aftoiiifliins!; expedition. We find upon one of the medallions of Conftantinc's arch a very beautiful rcprefentation of this (port, as performed at the pivfeiic time by the natives of Arabia ; who, after they have roufed the boar from its place of retire- ment into fome neighbouring plain, endeavour there, • ' by frequent overtaking and turning, to tire and per- plex it i then watching a proper opportunity, cither IraiLsfLK it with their lances from fome diftance, or elfe, coming clofc by its fide, fix their fpears in its body. At the hunting of the lion, great numbers of the natives allbmblc •, who, forming themlelves into a circle, inclofc 1 large fpacc of ground, of three, four, or five miles compals ; then the people on foot advancing firif. rufh into the thick.ts with their dogs and fpears, to roufc the game j whiKt the hortemen, keeping a litll.- behind, are always ready to change upon the fii/i lially of the beall. In this manner they proceed, iti 1 eontrading their circle, till they at laft either clofc to- •cther, or meet with game to divert them. I The accidental paftime, upon theie occafions, is fomctimes very grc.it j for the fcveral dilTercnr forts of »nimals, fuch as hyscna^, h«rc8, jackalls, 6;c. that happen to lie within the compalV, bcir.g driven to- gether, ufFord a variety of excellent diverfion. The lirit perfon agamft whom the lion flies, receives him on his fpear, which fiirnifhe.s the others with ;in opportunity of attacking him b.'hind ; the lion tiiidiiig himfclf wounded in tlie rear, turns that way, wh ch •4VCS the ftrll ni.iii time to lecover. Thus he is attacked •n all fides, till, at lalt, they uifable and difpatch him. , The eyes of a lion are always bright and tiery, and be retains this afpc^t of terror even in death. The roaring of the Jion, when heard in the night, ■fid re-echoed by the hills, refembles diltant thunder: this loar is his natural voice hiseiy of ans;cr being aditferent growl, which n (bort, broken, and reiterated : his cry ©f .iiiger 15 alto much louder and ii.ore formidable. He then lafhes his fides with liis long tail, and his man. fscms to (land like biillles round his head ; the mufcles gf his lace arc greatly agitated, and his huge cye-brow.s 50ver a great part of his glaiinj; eye-balls. It however appears Irom variou.s accounts that ilic indignation of wis anitnal is noble, his cour.ige ni.ignaiiiinous, and his difpolition grateful : hi- courage ii ten.jKitd with meuv, and he has been known to (pare the weaker animals, as If they were beneath his attention. '("be Arabs aite.'t to harbour a notion that flu lion Ijlires the tender lex. 'I'his aiii .lal was ccmlccratcd lb Vulcnn in Kgvpt, on account of its liery conltiiuiion. ^"he poets yoke two lions to the chariot ol CylK-le, as •ppcars by feveial medals ; ihtefligy of this animal was lilfo c:inied to the lacnliees of that goddels ; becaule the galli, her prielts, had dilcovered the feerct of fold ning fend even tamiiH' lions, to fuch a point as to touch and C«rcfs them without fear, according to Varro. The Leonlines adored the lion, and ilampcd its head on their coins. Kowlinj is a favourite diveifion of the Arabs : they to net Ipring the im\k with dog«, but (lude them- IUvcs with a piece of cloth painted, llretcheil upon Bvo reeds, and walk thus covered through the fc\'eral buaks and avenues, where they expert to ftiul game. In this painted cloth aie leveral holcN for the fcwicr to look through, in order to obfervc what pallc itfore biin. The Iporilman, on light of game, rrlts M> (hhde upon the ground, and dirrc'ls the muz/.le ol Ilis gun through oiieol the holes, and thus dilcharges it. •' It has been obfervcd, that the rubnc pallion ol the ^rabs is jciloufv. The niairicd as well as unmarried >'omeii, are fuljeCled to an outiage on the vutuc ol llhrir (ex, which delicacy foibid.t us here to mention. it IS laid to be lioin the Atil>l,iiis that leveral nations .•rAfia, Aliica, and evm I.uropc nlcK, ha>e borrow- •d tho(e contemptible pieoauiioiiii which jraloiily prc- Vribes againll a lex ih.ii ought to lie the guardian and iot the Have of our pleadircs. Polygamy is allowed, Miough with certain limiutiuns ; and divorce it alto •ciiniucJ. A k R A B I A. 7^ The civility and refpeft flicwn to the tender fex, in fome of the more refined nations of Europe, are here looked upon as extr-ivagancics, and fo many infringe- ments of that law of nature which alTigns to man the pre-eminence. SEC T. IV. Of the original htrsdiillion and pi efent Slate of the Scltnctt in Arabia ; of fane pretended wife Mm, and the Im- pojlors who prai^ife Sorcery; of the Language, both the corrupt and pure Arabic. Of the Commerce of the ni're fettled Inhabitants. WHEN the power of the Caliphs was manifeflly on the decline, the Arabs, after the example of feveral nations they had fubducd, i.htew ofl' the yoke of thele princes, and the country gr.idually relumed its ancient mode of government, as well as iis primitive manners. At this period, the nation being, as originally, (iparated into tribes, under the controul of different hiefs, returned to their original chara.£lcr, Ironi which auihition and fanaticifiii had caufed them to recede, riuy introduced into the countries, which they had conc|uered, feienccs which they h.d pillaged, as it were, in the coiirfe of their ravages, and all the arts cflential lo the welfare of a people. An able writer, treating on this (uliject, fays, " Witii regard to the ("cienccs, it mult be coiifelied that the Arabians made a molt amazing progrtfs ihercin : it was however Lite ere they began to cultivate them, thmigh the fire and vivacity of their genius rendered thcin very apt for the purpole. The truth is, the firft Caliphs were utterly ignorant of every ihiiig except the koran and the art of war; but under tlie government of the del'ccndants of Abbas, a taftc for the fciences prev.iilrd throughout the whole nation, and men o! learning appeared on every lidc, who being lavouied and protcvitcd by the princes, wcic improving .irts and (tienees, and compoling woiks in dift'erent kinds of literature." And the Abbe de r'leury fays, " I'hofe Arabians, I mean all fuch as called tbemfelvcs MuHiilmen, followed two kinds of Itudv ; one, which was pmpei to them, and another which they borrowed fiom the Greeks. i'lieir pr. per Itudy was in the hill place ielii;ion, that i.-, the koran ; the traditions which they attributed to M.ihomet and Ins firft dil'ciples i the lives ol their pretended faints, and the lables they rcl.itcd ol thtni ; cafes of coi'.fciciice touching the prac- liec of their religion, .,s prayer, purifications, falls, pilgrimages, and their fehoid divinity. Other;, treated the koran and its comnunlaries rather as lawyers than divines, na;iiely, to luriiifli tlieinreJvcs with pree-dents lor det' rmining their dirteiences and difput :^ ; for (bat >ook IS tlieir only law, even in matters temporal. ;)lhers ^ain applied tbemfelvcs to the Itudy of their hillory, which had been carefully written, from the comnKnccmeiit of the.r religion and empire, and con- liniieil down lom time to time; hut they had not the leall knowlcdgi of any hillory more ancient than their own government, defpifiiig all mankind who weie before iVIaboiiiet, and calling all thole d.iys the days of i^no- r.iiice, becaule they did not know tluir religion. rhcy were contenleil with the antiquity of their countrymen, .IS eontameil in the works of their ancient poets, vihich lerved them for an hillory of tliofc times : In which it cannot be denied they followed the fame principle with the ancient IJiecks, of cultivating their own tiaditions, howevii f.ibulous they might be. Hut It mult allii be acknowled:;ed that the beauties of tbcli poetry were ever nieie'y fiipeiliiial, confilliiig imly of livclinels of lancy and boldiiels of cxprellioii j they did not apply tliemblves to that kind of poetry which Is bi It calcu- lated to move the padinns. Their poets wric ufelul in the lludy ol the Arabian tongue, whuh was then the l.uiguage of the lilciati, and of molt pari cil the people In thai gicat empire." The lame learned author further lays, " the itudy ol mtdicine, among other things waa not forgotten by the Amhiani ; but they ••lounded itchr.Hy up. n gciicial lealoiis touching the loin qua- litie* or aicidciit.1, the voiillitution ol the lour humours, and upon fome traditional remedies which tiny h.id not taken the tmuble «)uii iiwiliunii, Ai to aiuioiny, which to A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OP' GEOGRAPHY. I irff u^ i hliich came to them in a very imperfect condition from the (irecks, they made no ptogrcCs in it. It is however certain we arc obliged to them for ihyriiiftry, in which they made very great iinprovementb, if they were not the inventors of it : but they alio mixed with it thofe tiefcds which wc find fo much uiiBculty to feparate from it, even at this time, viz. dclulivc arguments, fiipcr- ftitioiis oiicratioiis, and whatever clfe hab furnidiud out the whole race of quacks and impolKirs. I'rom thence they fell cafily into nia^ic and all kinds of divination, which mankind naturally follow who are not acquainted vviiS phyfics, hirtnry, an.l true religion, as may appear from the example of the ancient (Jrceks, Alliology, which was the chief aim of their mathematical lluJies, was in fuch high eftecm under the MulTulinan empire, that princes made it their chief ftudy, and by its direc- tions regulated their moU importantc11terpri7.es. With refpeil to allronomy, they were mailers of the lame a:ivaiitagos that had exiricd the ancient Egyptians and the Chaldeans to piofccutc that iJudy, and were ac- quainted likew'fc with all the oblervatioiis made by thofe feniors, as .ilfo with alt the additions the (irecks had made to them. We are indebted to the Arabians for algebra, as alio the nine digits and the cypher, which hath fo greatly facilitated arithmetical operations.'' The fciences in Alalia at prclent are at a very low ebb I the Arabs afford no monument of genius, 110 producli'His (if inJnIlry, that entitle iheni 10 anv rank in the hiltoryof the human mind. Phytic, philolophv, allronomy, and the matliematics, for which they were once famuus, are fo loll to them, that f.arcely the traces of them arc remaining : we, howcvir, mull fay (hat the preleiit Arabs have llrong intetlniU, and that n.iture has in general given them a p^iiiius , but appli- cation and imlination are boih wanting to inipiovc ir. To remove a dilouler, they frequeiitiv ulc charms and incantations, or haie it to contvinl with nature. I'hey pour hot Irefli butler into fimple and giin-flioi wounds, and this renujy lometimes lucceeds ; an ap- plication of the prickly pear, roalled in adK-s, is giHhl in fuppuralions. Time IS in thefc countries mcafurcd by hour-gliflis ; and in fome parts of Arabia i'etr ra, they have calendars that were left them by their ancellors, which arc rather curious, .ind in which the fun's place, the femidiurnal and noClurnal arch, the length of ihe twilight, and the houri of prayer, arc inferred In their propc 1 columns, and calculated to a moment. They know nothing of algebra, or numerical arith- metic, though their ancellors fuimfhed us with the characters of the one, and with the name at Icall of the other ; yet they have a way ol reckoning, by putting Cheir hands into each other's fleeves, and touching one more than thirty leagues, or cllc to Lohia or Hodeidj, whieh are nearer, and from whence it is tranfported ii) lodda In fniall veH'cls. 'I'he Egyptians fetch it from tin: la<'<.'nenlioned place,and all other nations from theforniei. The quantity of cofl'ce exported may be ellimatid at twelve millions five hundred and fifty thoufand weiidit. The European companies take oil' a million and a half ^ the Pcrfiaitii three millions and a half ; the Suez fleet lix millions and a half; Indollan, the Maldives, and the Arab an colonies on the coaft of Africa, fifty thoufand ; and the c.iravans a million. The coffee bought up by the Europeans and caravans, is the bed that can be pm, cured. And here we cannot omit to mention, th.it the roving Arabs raife a contribution on the caravans ; thulc which travel from D.imar to Mecca, procure an un- interrupted journey for the confideration of an hundrcj and fifty thoufand livres, to which the Grand Seignior IS fubJeCled. Mocha is fupplicd by AbylTinia with mufk, (hcfp, elephants teeth, and llavts j by the eaflern coal! uf Alrica with gold, amber, ivory, and (lives ; by the Pcr- fiaiiGiilph with corn and tobacco ; by Suratwith linens j by Pondicherry and Bombay with copper, lead, rnj iron, carried thither fro.n Euiopc; and by Malabar with rice, ginger, and other articles. Non ■ of thiie branches of trade, howver, thus carried on at Mocha, can be laid to be under the management of the n itives ; the warehoufes are occupied and managed by the Banians of Surat or Guzarct. I'o the port of lodda (which is fituatcd near the cent r of the Gulph of Arabia, about twenty !>-.igues ficni .Meeca, and where the Grand Seignior and .he Xerift ol Mecca fliire the authority and revenues between llicni) Surat lends annually three fliips, laden with filk^., cotton, linens, and fhawls j and the Englifli at Bengal alloeiatcd with the Armenians, fend three flnps alio an- nually to the fame port, laden with linens and a varieiv ot other articles. S E C T. V. 0/ Ihe Reli^ioi of tlx Ar.ibs ; of thi PiallicN mJ Imp^f- /«»V( «/^!'d by (ome of the fetthd n.itivu on the lea-ioa(l«, and is taught ill ihe lehuolj, a. well at ufcd in placet of wor- fhip. XV'rflnll now quit ilieie inland rovers for awhile, and treat of (he cumnivrcal connectiuiit uf the niorv lettlcd inhabitants. It ha* bcrn alieadv obferved, thit the cofFec-trca, is ciilfivand at Hcicl-faftui. None t> rich titiTcn' have the fatiilailion of taliiiig the berry itlelf. The cummo- tialitv mull be cnntriKnl with the hulk, wliich hovf^vtr in.>kes a liquor of a very agreeable talte. At Iiele|.f.t;>iii is filil all (hr roller (hat comes out ut the country by land ; the icll is t,ai(icd tu Much* 11 the dillinee ol was alio at that period a religion in Arabia Dcfcrta m I quit: lo iati he might be then ihiid iJviiy. But death put alf'|j 10 hit alpiiing vicwt." Thtr Ife to Loliia or HoJciJh, icncc it is tranf|ic.'rtcJ tr) ryptiuns fetch il troin ihi; cr nations from thefurnici, ted may be eftiniaud ,u 111 filty thonl'and wiii'lu. off u million and a hail ; a hull' i the Suez fleet li.t I, the Maldives, and tlu- >t' Africa, fifty thoufand ; rhe cott'ce bought up by < thebcft that can be pro. iniit tu mention, th.it the n on the caravans ; tliolc Mecca, procure an un- ilidcration of an humJrcJ hich the Grand Seignior rffinia with mu(k, fliccp, by the eaftern coait ul ', and (lives ; by the Per- co; by Surat with linens J with copper, lead, r^iul uiopc ; and by M:ihibar articles. Noii of thcie hus carried on at Mocha, inagcnient of the nitivcs ; d managed by the ISaiiiaiis I is fltuatcd near the center out twenty Ii-jgues hem Seignior and .he Xcnft y ajid revenues between rec fliips, laden with filks, ind the Englilh at Bengal , find thri'cfliips alfo an- I with linens anil » variety r. V. of tbt PraliUt! iiiiJ linptf. \fn exit (me Aiabian Fami- oinct cr Mahomed j eftht keligiin requirid ty tht and clhtr Rtli^hui Ctrtms- 1^1 ti tht Tiniflt if Mecca, and Citaia, and tht Cirt- in the fnfl fcJtion of lat the ancient ielii:ion oi hey had formed fome luh- head, and that they wnr- lions ; though indeed it been remarked, that there ion in Arabia Ucfcrta ml om ciu' Ity is the former, g of human fjcrifices tu y In: jiiliified in our idi^, I' religious profiflioni in id with iruelly, in pro- clinute of the country iii llranity was pradifcd here dilciples i fu that it ri- vcry early ; but, in many d, if no( tulally e'.'lipleii, , Mahomet, their coun- ) and u|Hiii their l>ciii; braced his I eligion. Bu:, ueic all idol.ileu : hcue III his head to attempt the be w"i Clipped b', tliim iuIkis III ihiin liail an e\- niliirnt and oinniptelent kiuiwlidgtd two deitir , the lotmer they Hi i'>l " lleii..e, favi. .inulli.i r wiOird tu ci'nqucr lh< iii, 1). but death put a IKf ARABIA. Ther iiASIA.] v They arc accufed by fome authors of having wor- a.fliipped the two eoKlcn antilopcs lb often mentioned in ■'•their hidories, and which were at length prefented to the 'I'emrle of Mecca. " However that be, (ays one writer, .the Arabs arc divided into Gentile and Mulhilman. 1 he former are (tiled Arabs of ihe times of ignorance, and ■the other the faithful and true believers; tor that is the •MiK-aning of the wc.id .Modcni.^n, which we commonly, ■ ihou-h crroncoullv v.'iite Mun'jlman." \lany of the moJern Aim1>s carry about with them a iparagraph of the Koran, «h!ch they place ii|'on their brcafls, or few under their c.nps to prevent (a(cinatioil ; io addielcd are they to Cuperltition. They have a gre.it viiKratirn for the Marabbats, who arc deemed faints a" J "re perfons of a rigid and aullcrc life, continually employing' tliernCclves either in counting ever thiir beads, or elle in prayer and nuditation. The above fiintlhip goes by l'uece(rion, and the fon is entitled to the fame reverence as the father, provided he can keep up an c.iual gravity and decorum. Some ol them have the reputation of being blelled with heavenly tifions, and comcrling with the Dodhead ; while others, Whoaie fiippofed to work miracles, pretend they are endowed with gifts which Maho.nct dutll not pre- -tenu to. . Such is the fatal prngrefs ami fucccfs of praiiticcs rn- IroJiRcd and fuppoited'hy iiiipolliire i and thus is the •human re Ion p.-rverted by abliird prejudices : for as |b':n as an error in religion bcce^ms general, it become', tllo the talis of an entire lyllcm ot woilliip and nio- > Can we read un- agitate.', or can we contempla.e un- iptoird, !lie lanaticilMi of thofc wicti hcd Arabs, who, on Ihedia.hcd their memorable impollor, ran fir.ntic into the l(:eets of Mclirii, civing out, " VVIicic is our mediator and faviour? Where is the divine Mahomet? XVh. re is our great .-po.lle ? How ! Can he he dead • Jmpusihi.e ! 'He is not dead, b.it only ge;i;j fer a Hvhile, as Moles, the fon of Amran, was gone fronr the ■ icople ot llrael loi ty days, and then returned t.i tlieni." t So inf.tiiated were thcle people, that they would not fuRVr the de.id body I'f tiie inipoitor to be interred, till <>kbubcker, the lacceedi",:; Cabph, produced iVveial ■^.\\- fcges from the K, ;an, coiiviuriir; the deluded nuiltitmle that aecoidii ' to the ii.,turi; of things Mahomet inrrll be fcallv and .ihluliruly de.ul. The four fundamental points of religious practice feiiuiied by the Koran, arc prayer, giving of alms, l.ilU llig, and llie making a pilgi image to Mecca. Under •rayer aie coiipreheiided thole leg il walhings and pu- |ihc.iUoiis whieh are pieparatoiy tlureui; of whie-.h there lU'c tv/o degrees, one called Cihod, being i total im- tieilion of the body in water j and the i ther Wndi'i, frhich is thi. wadiing of their laces, hauls, and fe^l. fl'he liill is teipiired in Ionic cxtiaordinaiy cafes i«mv \ .the other is the ordinary ablution in comnuin cafes, .md kefoic pravir, and mull nccellaiily be ulVd by every |lcrl'o;i l-eloie he can enter upon that duty. S. me nf die InuUiilinen pretend that thele puiilieationi were obfervcd In the days of Ahiali.im, who, tlie\ aid, w.is enjoined 4iy liod to pr.ichle them, and was fliewrd the m. inner of fnaking the ablution bv the angel Ciabriel, in the f'lrm tf a heaiitrliil youth. Oihers carry the cullom Hill igher, .md lay thcle religious ceremonies weie taught 0iir full parents by the angels, Hil'iJes thell walhings, there is another purification, terloimed by defiication, and which is enjoined in the fih ehipier ol the Keran. It is called Al Tavamon, df noting prop ily the ai'ticm of t.iking any thing from the fuiljce, as line find liom the earth's fuiface i whenei- he paits e.'f the body are loimtimcs rubbed with fine laiul, inlUad of being wafhed with water. The words ■^f the Koran aie, *' tf ye he fick, or on a journey ; or If ye have louchcd women, ami ye find no water, take Biieele n fiml, and rub yourfeUes therewith." UefiJes llietc purifying leier.ionies, there is the Cerc- iioriy (if circumcifion ( w'ul', though not direilly re- luircd in the Koian, is yet held by the Mahometans to lave been originally ol divine inllituticMi, and is rxer ,'i(el on children ii» loon „,, they are able to pronounce ^e pm;. lion of their l..iih, 1 !I It is a maxim, too, with the muniilmcn, that as comb- ing the hair, paring the nails, and [ducking out the hairs of the arm-piis, arc all points of ckaiiliiiefs, they are cfTentially neceflary to interna! ]nirill;r.tion ; and thcfe therefore are looked upon as indilV'-iii'ihle duties. Kvery (triel and confcientioiis mulTiiiir.an performs public prayer five times aday, in confe.|iiencc ot th? di-" vine command pretended to have been given to Ma- homet for that purpofe ; this he dees either in anio'que, or in fome other place that is clean, after a preferibed form, and with a certain nu.nber of praifes or eja- culations. The muniilmcn of Mecca, when in a mofiiue, niufl-, when they pray, turn their faces towaids the temple of Mecca. The Mahometans (or Mahomcdans) do not attend diviae fervice in elegant appaiel, but drel's themfelvesi only with a becoming, and coiifiltent decency. Some of the Mahometans will not fuller their women to attend the mofque j and the illiterate think that thu female lex have no claim to the joys ot heaven, is having; no fouls t,) be laved ; but the more enlightcneil, gciii - lous, and candid, allow, that women are as well entitled to heaven ns then. en : and, aeeonling to an able wiiter, m.ir.y Mahometans think tiiat there is a manfioii in heiven fet apart entirely for the fouls of good wo'iirn. 'I'he M.dioinctans arc fur the nudt part predeOina- rians ; for one arlicle of faith in the Koran is God's ab- loliitc decree and preJellination of both good and evil ; that whatcier hath or fli.ill come to pafs, whether good or bad, piocceded an, I will proceed from th.c divine will alone: a feci called the Motazal it,- s, however, contra- I de'tedthis do,:trinc, and iraiiil. lined that God could not be the author of evil, and that man was a free agent. or the abovementioned article in the Kor.iii, the iiijiolt T Mah'i;i-,et made a very poliiic.il ufe, efpe- lally at the battle of Ohod, in which he was lepulfej by the Corai;' hltes. He calmed the mlnd^ of his party, a''ter their deieat, by reprefenting to them, that the time 0,' every man's death is decreed and predetermined by God ; and tiial, therefore, thofe v.'ho fell in the battlu o!'(Jhod, could not polTibly have lived, had they (laid at home : for the inevitable hour of their dillbiution wai .trrived. There is annually a iiioft n imcrour ariJ folemn p'l ■ grimagc of the Mahometans to the Masjad-A!-Maran, or S.icred Te:nple of .Mecc.l ; which li'lj;int..^e W33 inllitule,! by .Mahomet. To this holy temple, in the ancient citv of Mecca, a prodigious concourfe refoit. The temple It.mds ia the center of ihe town, and hath a famous Caaba, or fiiuare (true'turc, peculiarly hallowed and 1' t apart for wiirlhip : its door is of filvcr, an 1 a golden I'pout c irriea ort the water Iroifl the roof. 'Ibis Caaha, from north to Couth, is twenty-four cubits long { twen! "-three broad, from cr.lt to welt J and itslaighth io iv .-feveii cubits. The filver door, which is on t' e.i(t-fidc, (taiids about fourcubits from the gr(nind,anu is afcended to by a flight of (tops. In the corner next !.) this door is a famous black (tone, laid to have been brought ,lown from heaven by (labrii I, at the creation of the wjrld, and which w.n originally white, but contrafted the Maeknels that now appears en it from the fins of man- kind. On the north-fide of the C.iaba, within a lemi- circular inclofiire fifty cubits in length, (tands a celc« bratcd white (tone, laid to be the fepulehrc of Khn.ael, which riferves the water that falls from the golden ("pout. TheCiUiha has a double roof, fuppnrted within hy Ihe o,.'langii!ar pillars of aloes v.ocid ; between which, on iron bars, hang hiver l.'mps : the outfide is coveieei with lich black damalk, adiuned with an inihioidercj hand ot gnld, which is changed every year, being pro- vided hy the Cirand Seignior. At a (m.dl dillancc from iheCaab.i, on the calT-fidc, is the datu n or place of Ah-aham, where is another (tone thit i, in high edcetn withthc Mahometans, and on whieh theypietoid to fljcw hisjipotdeps allerting, that he (tood on this Hone when hcPiiilt the Caaba. At a fmall dillance alio the Ciaba IS neatly (utrounded hy pillais, joined towarils the bot- tom by a 1 iwbdlurtradc, and tow.irds the i..p hy filvcr bats. Jull without ihii inclol'ute, on thv fjutli, north, X and 1 1 i *i 8» A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF CiEOGR AI'IP,' ami vreft ri.'oof theC;uli3, arc tlirco buiU'.ings, in which three p.i;ticulai lech all.:mble to ptrlurin iheir ilcvotioiis. Tow;iriJs the iV.uth-tail is an eililice coieriii-; the famous well Zemzeni ; all'j the ireaUiiy, aiiJ tlie cupola of Al-Abb.is. But hcie we iiiud nut omit to nbfeive, that this celebrated well is f.,id to hr.vc been the f.ui^e that Hagar fat I'.e.ir lo when eomfortc J by the an;,el ; tlie pilgrim^ ihink of its w..tfr, niiil attribute many virtues (o it. At fome dillaiice the whule of thefe builuir);^ we have been defcribin;; is furrouiulej by a giand piaz/.a, confiliinsr, acccirding to fome writers, li upwards of four hundieJ ami fortv pillars, and has ;li!rty-eight a,alC3. It is covcied wuh fni.iU dor/.es or cupolas, Irom the four corners of wliich rife four gilded lleeples, i he Caaba made no very fplenJid appear, iite in the days ot itiahoniet, nor even in the reigns of his two luinie- di.'ie luccefibis, Ahubeker and (Jmar : b' the ihuciure has been fiiice raifed, by tlie munificence of fuccetding princes and great men, to its priiuit magniiieent (late ; though its primitive or ori.;inal form has not iindergiiie anv material change hi'.ce the year of the lleigira 74. The Mahametaiii pretend that this Caaba is nea;Iy coc\al with the creation, allerting that Adam, aft.-r hio exprllu'i from Paiadile, ohuincJ peiiiiillion o! the Almightv to erccl it i that, howcvir, it wa. dellioytd hy the deluge, and that Abraham rcbjilt it in the f.uiie fpot and alter the fame mod.l. To the above antii|ue and ciLbratcd cdilice it is that the pilgiim ill piod.^^ioiis iiunibcis rniiuaUy nloit, when iluie is a fan held lor ail loris of meuhandi/.c -, people, m crowds, (toil) , and the caves of nelglibuunng iiiounta.i.s, are (iored with licli eiiiiniodiliis. It mull he oblerved, that the holy temple is opened four time, in the jear i but 'tis ut ilic folen-n Icalf ot iheB.nrani, or hallcr, when the gre.Tteft ii:ultitud^' aHenible, v.ho purchu.'c relics of the old hlatk camalk covciinj, p;euous to its being lu^ceedcd by a new one fr..m the (jiand Se i;nior. The pil^i in.s peifoini many of the mr.ft abfurd rili- glous cireiiiouicb i " and," fays an author, " at a place called Lahboik tliey (Irip thiiiif.hes aliimil naked, havii g iMily a napkin round ilnir nnddle, and ;.nother round their neck ; in this cor.dil.i n they enter Mecca, but neither luiy nor fell -iny Ihiiij; ftn eight days." Dr. R. l'i'C!n:ke, howeve:, fpe.ikui.i of the pilgrimage to Mecca, l.iys, " I"!!!.- pil^iims bound 'o Mecca com- monly wc.ir .1 fort of hluk cloak, with a c.iiil ; the p opie of Jl.ibaiy wi.ir limn white . it is filkned about the neck With a huig 1 op, ani hangs loole beliin I. The canicL are ornanuiiud, ifptcially llie le.iding one ol every comp.iiy, wh.ch h.th 011 its bead a pliiivie of feaihcr.i. .Many I uiks go Uns journey often j but it is oblerved, thai they aie rjlher woilV alccr it than bc- foie, and this is a coininoii fa; mg, "• If a man ha^ been cntc at .Micc.i, take caic of him ; if he hjs bem twice thrrc, have nothiinto do with h.ni j .-.nd if lie has been three tiine> at .MictJ, reino.e f.om his nii^'hbouihood." This is r.ot to 1 e thought an obfer\ation of the Maho- mrtansi it is only remained by the Chiillians and Jews. The leP-tlon h.ith at leall gicat ftvirity, and coirc- fponds with the aciinionioui remark ot another author, who, Ipcking of this f.iiiious p.lgi.inage, fays, " After all, or.e would think thtle wcic a very pious people j rnd yet a rcneg.ido, who went to Mecca in pilgrimage, vlFirins th..t there is as nnieh dduiuhciy prattilcd (here as III alinnll any part of the unimlc." As foon as the pilgrims have got into the city, they proceed 10 the ho'y temple, and walk loiind it feveii times, th; three firll times in a very quick pace, to manifeft '.hcif rcadinef^ to (Iglil for the tiuc Woifliip ot Ciod. They accompany the r prayers with many llraiigr gel) 11 res of the body, imitating the Haniirag, or high priell ; and, alter having ni.idfii lacr.ticeof Ihcrp, repair 10 ihc vale of Mina, and ihiow Itunes at the devil's hr.1,1, who they lay templed Abraham in this vale, u^eii he was about to faciilice hit Ion ((hmul, nut llaac : IQiiiiatI, tliiylay, wa'' the iiitriideil victim. On the me.urtain of Mir.;'., which c fupply M i'.i < '.;i, wliicli cv nftliunf •' . rftuM.', vi 'lii'icd ij|)w.i;,i. ;it lUvi,,.- i-.-.tli ollin", tin; till t!.. _\ li.i|)pcnL'J by nuif llvj t()|i of iliis nioiiiii.nn, ilcvil's iu-;nl, fW 111, h. . .111(1 tclliiiji; lur, tl);it ih uiIrt woman wilii wl; .ii, ii'fh deliver tlii-ir pinu!. i-.i. c vale make trf/li Ikrilia-i > !;ivci\ to the poor. I lie \\.i3 in this piiit otihc J piTloiis belonpiiv; tu o:;. '1.111 Cairo aru) Alocca. 1- • lilies ; and Uut tlic t.ri--c.. •>l!5. L' liil>j>cUoii to the Tuik; tfidir^ aniori'^ll tlioni, tin.) . l:oni the tJiaiiJ 6i.ij;iijur um llie roLiijcriLi of ihci; !.<; accMintoi till,' tfli^iioiii lif:c pio; I.-, Iijj octdlion t iiicntion <.t the jrcli ini- w pr.kiit o:.t rea.icrs vyi . uprciiic liipornto ; whuh liillory of tlis Cnlipl'i I, » to a ilk'kupiioii ot" i'm:li 01 Lliy ill: rtulci'j afteiUi-iii, ■ (iicr. libr v/as Alnilici^v , i| two \t.iis, made hinil!.:; .e coiii|uclt 1)1 tli.it couiilrr (JiiK.r (iic liiccecdiii'f ca- iig into K^jypt, tciiijucieil 5mar, trod in I lie (lops of ied lii^ riii'ji liy teats ol ■il into I'nlia, and alter- tovv.iidi. Liiropc, itiluccj all, aiiJ til,- ili.nuls iu ih; i» celebrate J hypocrite and and ttuir reli^.un over lUs nJ Lcnipe. '. VI. l,.liCTiiet, icil, as ftiltd liy tite Ai,i. C3, in t!,o ll\tn rciitiiry, mprror .( ConPantinnplV. I of IDC. r. b.Ti',,, poO;,;,!! I'.o w s l.-tt an CM|)lian at Alinti ieb his tiule tick auc 111 HVLMv he I. ted ior, fiiil altcrwi: 's ci'» hynrrehant, HJioiIyin •, o Caii.ga Ins v.idow, and ■ wa! in the Tervite of !■ > :iliiK', and Ki;ypt, whirr "• un the print vatieiy "I a?,ainlte.n.li ..thrr lec'in.-l t III iiuiiv points Ihc iir.. rid. «Ii;a.i, hi- eonliniinl I. t me years with prrnt Ciu - lurniinjj a pn.jeet ol in- i'lii, troie i..neral tluii tal.lifhed. 'eiiiiik ol liii ciiintn ni'Ti, inc hopes ol luecels : hr ere fond of lu vrlty, an I nil and ei.iluiliRlm. lii^ j'.rainl lUfii'ii by Si r ^ MiJialo, liiid rrliiuiuidi. d "as a l;rvaiit iiiidcr Ca- narritd hfr. Thin monk tJt I7 hii o/Uililion, to fupplf ASIA-l A R A B I A. 83 •%upplv the dcfe-as of his illiterate mafter ; and when the iyaiter'had maturely wei-hed the chivf articles ol the wor- ^'ihip he intended to cltablini, he made a bei-innnig in ' ^;|iis own family j he was linnble that no religion wonid ■'ie looked upon as trueth.it was not founded on revtda- ■Ition J hii firll ftep therefore was to make his wife Ca- ',; diga believe, that he had m intimate correfponduice ■;fetvilh heaven. r t r >% The better to bring this about, he m.idc an artlul ule '^'f)( an inl'irmity to which he was fubjeii>, vi/. the epi- .'ijcpfy; whenever he was attacked with fits, he uled to caution Cadijja not to form any erroneous opinion ol 4he convullive Ifiue in which (he law him ; for that, lo far from b^ai^ a c.ilamity, it was a blcfling from heaven ; that thel'e ti;s v/cre trances, into which he was miracu- Joufly thrown bv the divine Ueiiig, and during which he .recaived inl!rui!lions from him; which inllrui^tiyns he W.is to make public to the Ions of men. . Cadiaa, cither really bclievin;..', or aftcaing tn believe this curTous itory, propiigated a report, that her luilb.ind jurasinlpired ; aiid the impollor living very r.bllemioufly, acquired a char.icl.r for fupcriof finctity throughout his pcii'hbourhood. '1 he vulgar iniplici;Iy believed, that fce really hiUl a converfe with the Almighty, and th.y looked upon I'.ii ii-il p'^c tits as an iocoiitellible evidence *f his infpir.ition. In a little time M.ilionitt boldiv de- It i. alio rail. d fimply .Medina, or the city, as inciiting f> be honouied with that name alone, from it, h.iviiig b^iii 1 aryluni ft the great prophet, 'lo the lin-.c of the above llight to Medina the fol Jnwers of Mahomet have fixed their grind epoeha.whnh jjliev c»!l.d Hciger.i, or flight ; and thence loirmenced (then cuM-.n.oii ara. ,:' .MihriiiKt got vaft numbers of difciples at Midina ; 3^0 whom he dei larcd that there w.is one (Jod, whocii aled tliewoiM, and governed all things in it ; that ho h.id lilt levir.l prophets into thewoild, the molt tmiin ill i^t whom weie Moles and Jehu Chrillj but that a.s Hhe endia'.ours o( thel'e h id noi been attended with fuc- '^riV, (iod had now lii:nt his l.iil and grealcll pruphet, '0liiU w eominiiriun tjr more full and e.Menlue than what igtilii 1 Molis or Chnlf had ' een veiled with. \ .M.l'.oi.it '. en finding hunklt very lormidabK', and !*Jccure in the attachments of the foldiery as will .i- '|i«)thers, meditated an attack iij on .Mecca, Hia dilciple ;: lipiuoved ol his dtlign, ae.d aceordin;ly he fent forth a i.tiinfidi.taii.0 foice under the command of one flam/a, i-MViiyiieir relation of Ins, (an uncle) and whom Iu Itllioiight woithy of his conlideiuc, in eonlideralioii ol [he '/.eal ;he latter hud conD.inlly Ihcwii for his doctrine. H-uii'/iiy who to the blindili /eal ioiiied the molt ron- Kununate natural br.ivcry, ni.uilicd at the head ot a nuiMcion . bode, and l.iid licgc to Mecca, but wai le. puibd With vonliderablclol.s. '1 hit npulfc, liob\i:i«r, was Iu l'«r fioni dircoiicfrtini; the bcfiegeij, th:it it fpiirrcd them on to the rciolution of a fecond attack. They improved tin uilehes in li.e inilitarv art with the utmoil alliduitv i lor it was rcllglf 11 that they meant to fight for ; their. .,;ood prophet had lolj them that he mult, in conl'orniii\ to the will of God, convert the people of Mecca; ihji lie mull fubdoc thofu who relii,i..l to obey him ; for l!ir.t he was tocAaMilh 3 kingdom upon e.-rth which lliould jiiop.-ig.itc tl.o divine law throughout tlr.' wnrld. They accordingly :. fecond tiivc began their mr.rch ''•.» Mecca, and on their ro.ad IMI in with a carav..n of Coraifchitcs, v.diom they furioudy attacked, defcnicd, plundered, and killed thole who refufel to cnibrncc the e'odtrine of the holy pruphet, who then proceeded on to Mecca, and forced tliat city to finrender ; but he wa? afterwards defeated at the h ttlc of Ohod. Abu So(i.in, his implachle foe, having put b.imf.lf at the head of the Coraifchites, caul'ed his trorps to ad- vance towards Medina, End iiolUlibd hiinlelf of .Mount Ohod, diltant about four miles from that cify. R.'a- hornet made a niolf fin ious attack upon hlii', to drive him from his polb, and in the heginnin;; ol the ; itoii obtained Ionic fmall .Tdvantage ; but being wounded, was obliged to fjuit the field. His difciples, finding their prophet had lel't them, were ihuck with a generil pr.iiic, and a tenible ll sughter We3 tlieconleqncncc. Numbers ot them however got la'e back to Medina ; fir the viitoij, infte.id of pnrfuing the fugitives, eniployed thenu'elves in mangling the bo- dies of fuch OS had fallen in b.ittle. The women in pailicular were cruel beyond example; for women, in thelcd.iys, ufcd to attend their hiilhands, and frequently beat the drum at the head of a tribe. The women, as hath been hinted, were moll inhu- manly bdibarous ; thev cut and ripped up the bellies of the wounded as they lay groaning on the ground ; and it is rel.ited of Hondah, the wife of Abu Solian, that feeing the body of HauiT.a lying r.mong othirs, Ihc lipp'il hi !i up, and with her teeth tore out hisliver. The above battle was a terrible llroke to .Mahomet ; and he felt it ilill more fevcrdy when he difcovercj liimfelf expofed to the repronehes of manv who had loft their relations and friends in it: his im.igination how* ever, always fertile, foon fug gelled to him the means of lilencing the munnnrings and complaints of the people. How he ctlVi-tuatcd this, ve have alreadv nuniioned in f.',ilion V. It was by the following cunning fubter» fuge ; " He cr.ln-.cd the minds of his ;aitv, .i.tcr their deftcl, bv reprefcnting to them, th. t the time of every man'., death is decreed and piedeli:iniiicd by God; and tlr.:, thertforc, thole who fell in the batt'e cf Ohod, could not poflibly have lived, had tiny Kaid at hoinc : lor the inevitable hour of their dillblution was ariived." » The minds of the r.ealots thus made pcrfei.Tly cafv, they appeared more heartily difpoled to ferve him than eicr; and of this indeed they g.uc many proofs on dillertnt occafioiis, when the piophet was attacked by Icvei.il tribes, whom he dcfcalid and malfacnd. W'hilll Mahoniet was engag. d in luhduiiig his couf.- trymen, hi- geni.r.il oflkci , inhisnime, obtained con- i|uelts in diltant countries ; and he was loon ni.iller of iVIediiu, and m:iny oth r cities on the lionticrs of Syria. The feviial tribea came to pay him hom u'c, except the Cor.illchitcs, who however laid down th.ir aims for a tiucc, to which the prophet nllentid, and a truee was accoriliiiL'ly concluded for ten years. It may appear lomcwhat lurpiiling that he did not endeavour todippiefs Ihc only tube vvhiili refiled olie.iience to him; but hi: thought il better policy to deler it till n more eligible opportunitv (hould oHVi ; befules, this ttuco hi 'hlv fa- vouud a proirct he li.nd lormed of ell.ibliftiiiii; a pil-ri- niage to the C'aiha of Mecca; to which e.ul, he illucd an edict, lonim.iiuling all Inch as had emhraced his religion lo repair lo Nifcca to pcrfoiiii their devotions. He alio HKfd the time for ilicir letting out on this pil- trimagt, and prefrrihrd the eercuKuues to be obferved onMie occahoii : and that he might not give any um- br.igc in the Coraifchitos, he ordered that all the pil- glims Ihoiild ^o unatiiied. A> luuii a« It Wit known «h«t Miihomet wm -^n fuch amicable 84 A NEW COMPl.liTE SYSTEM aF CEOCJRAPHY, ,: .1. :1!, i rrnio.iWc term- with tlu: Coiiiilchncs, crowJs of dilci- ples 111 ckid to l-.mi. Thck- wuc tlic events of thj Ic- vciitli UtigMa, Tl'.Ji^s ill; i r.ir Cuiicil mi, M;ihonu't took up arms ii-aiiilt llic Jews; indcc.l he li.ul ;\Lt.ick.d i1k-r- ik-oj)Ic- fifcvHius to "his Jjtcat at Oli.-J, but w.is tlitckcd in i)i» caiCvT of vicliirj Uv thiit hit:! .itiair. lie fu-fcj fcveral ct the Jews town?, r:iJ amongll others K.hb.ir, one of the ll.'jii;;.ll ■, but altvr that h.ul lii:t to huvf met with liis ikv.th. H.uiiij; t.-.keii up lii,- lod:;iii-s at the hoiife of one of the priiieiinil citizens, \vlir>fe name was Harc'.b, aiiioiv^ other tliii.^s a poifoiicd Ihoul.'er of muitoii was Icive.l »;) at table, u( whieh the ()!ojiliel ent, and was foiui taken ill : piopcr remedies were however applied, and \u> h!e pielerved, though the pi i Ion was ncvir totally eradicated. Who committed thii atrocious oilvnec liobo'iy kni.w, and it was not the prophet's inteiill to ccn;;dain iinieh, or buly himlell about iIk matter; howc\cr, after bis death it was ilifeo vered, that Z. inab, daughter of Haretli, had given him ilie poilbn, on this principle, that if lie wa^ the great prophu he- prvtenued to be, the pi ;:on could have no irt'ecl on iiini, I'ait of the poilon luikin_^' in lilc hojy of the pro- phet, luitwithllanding many remedies had been applied, he at iiiteivals v.as much indilpoi'ed : thi.., howcier, did lift prcvoiu hiiii from ptirluin;; the vi^ioiy ot hi:, amis ; lie carciud a.-a:nfl the Cireeks, and 1 j.htcd up the firlt fpark of til. t i„!.d war whieh his difcipks fo rijjoioully cariiwd < II for leier..l centuries, Authois dilfer in opinion as to the catife of this war. Be the caufe what it would, certain it is, that the war was b.'aiin with all the fuiv that biviry .nJ vciv^caiKc could infpire, Mahomet did PHit lic.id his t:oops himfeh, but save the command to a I'tiural ol experienced v;.loui and u'tiep-d'ty, naiiid K.red W'alid, who was of the tiilx- of tin Ciiraircbite?, and had ihl'ingii llied hiinieif gf'Mtlyin their feuicc, but aff iwauL Hew to Mahon.el, mid became his liicnuous diiciple. Kbaled be;;.-.M his march at the liea.l of only three ihou- fjlid troop.',"^ and had the bolcincfs to gue battle to an aimy of near twerty thoiifaiid. The action happ.ci-.til rear .Mouta in S) ria, an! bo'ii ainnes engaged with the utmoll f.iiy J but the full Hiock » as really fatal to the Mahonula'ns through the inciiualiiv of their numbers. Ah-..o;l all tlio i,.Ticci.s fein^:; k.lled, the troops loll their cour.ijre, .ind Wi re on thjiuiintot Living j^rouiid, when Khaltd yiafpin;; tUe llanjaid of ihc : reliamn, and flying fioin rai.k to lark, cried, "Now will we break through the battalions of theltf Ciieeks, and wn.ll the v ctory fro:ii t'aci." hai.d.-, tr rcc,:!>c a glorious ciownot niartyi- doiii." Ibis i.ltcrn.itive, fl.itterin;» to bi.;otj, levivcd their courage. Kh..!ed f.dii'g luiioully on the enemy, the troops lollowed bis c\.',mp!e, i.iid oblaMiid .1 vitlory. After the ..boic battle .\l.ihoinct went in pilnrmiage to Mecca, attended by a \all conconric ol Muli'ulincn. '1 he pomp and magnificince he difpl.;v<.d in his joiirnrv, and the lurrejititioiis flicw of religion with which he vlfited the Caaba, made a gri.it iniprellion on the inha- bitants of Mtcca, and cfpen.illy the C oraifchites, num- bers of whom einbracid hi', religion : the example i', tliefc, howevei, did not f.'Juce the rellof the CoraiVhite tiibcj j they on the contrary broke the truce th>t had been made, and gave M.dionict battle, but were totally dueled I and fueh as dd no:, in conleiiuence of this defcif, ciiibiace hii religion, were malficied on the fpot. Mahoiiut caufed hiniklf to be aeknowledged tovereigii ■ f .Mecca J and the bi;:innin;> of the year followini', which wa, the tijjhth of the Heigcia, (oinc few lc.it- tercd diliidents, who had efca^w d tiic fwnrd of the tyrant, contrived with gieat judgenu'iit and diligence to lorni a ronlide.'. be paily , and, as fixjii as they lound thenilelves riifrieicnily lotinid.iblr, took tl«; li' Id, lavaging many of thofc pirts that had (ubmittedio his power. 1 he prophet, ciiiaj;ed at the inlofiue of this pre- fuinptiious taction, put hinifcll at the Ive.vl ol his forces, ail.l inarclicd logive them battle : accordingly a blood) cnga.',.:mcnt cnliied, at a place called lloiiaim, in which ihr: Hoops of MaliMDct, though lupeiior in numlMr to the enemy, wiie v..,ijMuriy lepullcd : upon winch the priipliet, flying to the yicliiinjr r^itki, miij rc-atiiiii.iting ihein wilh liis pcrfonal courage, rallied then-, and ob- tjiued a moll dnil;,,- victory. This put a liiial end to the .Arabian liberty, and Ma. hornet cauleJ himfelf to b: acknowledged loveieign of«il Arabia. Uo deltru\ed all the idol,') and iromimcnts ol paganilni, and luilcred no other rcliijioii to be profclini hut hi.s own. He now made a fecond pilgrimage to Mecca, confi- derablv more fidcmn, and magnihccnt than the fiill, and peifoinied all tbj ceremonies with great appcaranco of devotion. He erected courts of jullicc, appointed proper otiicers, and coultitiited a pontiff or high priell. He no- longer appeared the dieadful coneiucror, but ilie mild legillator, and the Arabians were foon rccontilid to his government. Mahomet tork a proper advantage of this gcncr,.! tranquillity; he Ihen^^thencd his armies, and cxerciKd tlK'iii hiinfelf : and the good policy of fueh precauil. ii was foon apparent ■, for the Circeks, who ill brooked ilie difgracc they had furi'ered at the battle of Moiita, refolu'd on revenge, ar.d ..dvanced to ii.lka, a city on the fron- tiers of hyria. Mahomet, at the head of thiity thcu- fand men, went to incu them ; but the fjreiks, alarnud at fo numerous an arniv, thought proper to retreat, anl the prophet eiiiploytd the rcmair.derof the ycir, whieh w.i-- the tenth < f the Hcigera, in levifing the fevcral lawi he had made for the government of the Itatc. He then made his third and lalt piLrimage to Mecca, which f r excecd.'d the two lonner in pomp and niagnilicencc . fomc of the moll coiilider.ible perfons in .'\r. bia ac- companied him ; and Its wives (for he had more tli.;n one) alio atteiiiltd h;in m ilalely liitcis, bo.ne b/ camels. To infpire the ]!C( i!c v.-itli tl'e mifl awful \cncratioa for hi- doclrine, and at the lame time to evince to then that he was the fupiemc head as well in Ipirituals as ten,- peials, he now himUlt pcformed the ollicc of poiuili ; lie picichcd in the t.mple, and concluded h'n harangcc With the propofition ol new r.gol.itioiis, which he aher- wards publilhcd, touching the rites and ceremonies ut the newly-cllahliflit.l religion. He caulcd leicral camels to be flain and offered as facrificcs ; which kllival was concluded by a general farcwcl that he took of the people, \l: lound his health much on the decline; the poifon that he had fwallowed fome years before, now operated with greater viidencc than ever ; he perceived that iiisdillblution w.is not far ill, and took a foimal leave of his people in thj lalt religious har.iiipiie he made to them. On his return to Medm.;, his illiiefs confiderably iii- crcafing, he repaired to the houfc of Aicfka, who wa; his favourite wife, and there died at the age of fi.xty- thrcc. That he was dead, however, many of his difciplcs couU not be peifuaded to believe, notwithllanding the null evincing proofs was given of the f.ict, Onia-, one of tlu- moft zealous of them, was paiticularly violent in that ridiculous opinion, and tvtn threatened to run the fiilt man ihiough the bod, who fliould dare to lay that the holv prophet was dead. All Medina was in a Hate ot tumult and confulioii : at length, however, Abubekrr, a perfoii of gieat circumlprction and prudence, foliciied leivc to haraiuuie the diKurbcd inultittule ; and pcr- niiffion being granlcl, he with very forcible arguments filenced the clanuniis of the molt vehemeni amonult them, not excepting even Omar liimlelf. He prov.d manifedly, fiom llie facied koran, as well as by the lomir.on evidence of iiatuial reafon, that Mahomet w..s really dead. The tumults of the people then niadually fublidiii;, tliiougli (he wildciii and piii 'ciicc ot this man, the onir (dijciit ot conl-iitioii w.is now the place ot burial kr hull ; fome infilled that he Hioul' .i ■ iried at Mece i, bccaufe it was the pl.icc ot ht> .. t v.iy j others laid In ou|;ht to be bulled at Medina, as liaviiij' been the jd ici of tiis relidenec ; and others aigued that Jeiuliilvni ou.d-.f to be his huiial place, as beiii^ the tiuc city of the prophets. The leiifible Abubiker, put an end to the difpiitc, by lel. ling an expr i.lon which he laid he had heard lioiii Mahgmct's own inuuth, and which was, that pruphei> ought 1 , gp, rnllicJ then-, aim ^s. •■ Arabian Hbcrty, and Ma. knowlrilgcd lbvi.itij>ii ol'.il !'(-■ idols and ii-omimcnts ol litT religion to be proi'ciioj irini.igc to Mecca, conll- Tiagniticent thjn the fiiii, nits with great appcaninco u ts of jullicc, appointed L-d a pontiff or hlgli priciK icadCul conqueror,' but tlie biiins were Coon rceontilid idvantagc of this gcncr..! h;s armies, and cxcrcilul policy of lurh pricauii, ,i jreeks, who ill brooked ilii; le bjtileoCMout.i, rcCoKi-J li.lka, a city on the J'ron- thc head of thirty tlicu- i but tlu-Grcik';, al,iri;;cd light proper to retreat, and i^nr.derof the ye.ir, which in roiluig the l'cvcr;d lawi 'nt of the rtafc. He then lagc to Mecca, which f.r pomp and niagnifuentc . le pcrfons in Ar. bia ac- es (for he bad more tli.;n it.uely liiteis, bo.ne by tlv mud awful \cncraiir)n nie time to evince to tl-.e a 13 well in fjiiritii.ils a. ten.- rmcd the niHec of pontilf: id concluded hii harangue giil.itions, which he atier- e rites and ceremonies ut to be flain and offered as IS concluded by a f;cnera4 people. II.- |„„iVd hji (he puifon that he had now operated witli greater I'cd that his dillblution v/.is leave of Ins people in th: e to them. 'lis illncfs confiderably in- mufe of Aufka, who was ■ died at the age of fi.xty- many of his difciplcs could nutwithlt.indiiig the niort le t,ie(. Onia', one of ih,; itieularly violent in that h.ealtned to run the fir.'l ould dare to fay that the •lediiia wa-i in a (f-,ic „, ;th, however, Abubeker, ni and prudence, (oliciicd td multitude j and per- h very forcible argiimer.f, niolt vchemeiu amoiii^lt nar binilelf. He proud oian, as well as by tin- ;alon, that Mahomet w..s then pradually fublldin.;, ICC ot this man, the onU r the place <.t burial ti'r il' .). c. jried at Mecoi, ■ .. -'■''.ly . others faid he- as having been the pi iti ued thjt Jciulal^iii uu.'hc niij the tiuc tity of the t an end to the difputc, le laid he had lieard lioin vlin.li »aa, tliat piophit. OllelU A P A B I A. ASIA.] ht always to be interred in the places where they id. All fubmittcd to the decifion of Abubckcr; a v'e was accordingly dug, and the prophet was buried Medina; fo that the opinion whicli fomc have intained that his body was placed in a fepulchrc at !ecca, is entirely erroneous. •i The reader, from what has been above related, will fable to form a pretty accurate idea of the piophet, nqueror, and legiflator : we (liall now offer a few jrds with regard to his general mental faculties, |ild fliall then clofc the fedtion with fuch remarks £i are jlkceflhry relative to his fucccffors. k) Added to an eiigr.ging countenance and well-prnpor- -jioncd figure, Malionut poffefl'ed a molt comprehenfive Snius, and a firmnefs of foul ever capable of cncombat- g the grcatei' ditfic iltics : tteadfaft and refolutc in the purfuit of the mod amazing projcifs, he was poficfled Jkf the means of procuring tuccefs ; b.is deep penetration, his excellent judgment, his never failing courage, his t»>weaiied perfcvcrancc, and refined fogacity, fupported lUld diredted him to a Ihite of profperity and triumph bi almoil every thing he undertook. -!.M..lio;i et made no fcruple of acknowledging that he il$ii r.i.l received any education, th.iugh author of the ko- ■II ; he was however one of tlie fuiefl and moft eloquent Seakers in the whole counlry. He had not only a veiy Mild memory and lively conception, but wr.sof a chcar- pl and even temper: lie could luit himfelf to all times, Srcumllaiiccs, and difpofitions ; he was as familiar with e nobility as he was popular with the commonalty, Ir'I CMild lend an ;ar of real (oi atieCted) coinmiferation % the fijpplicatioiis ot the diUicU'ed. «i It may not be unworthy of remark here, that after tie deeilive battle of Il.inaim, when the prophet made ■■fecond pi!griin.ige to Mecea, a poet, who had fcverwly hmpooncd him, lolicitcd the honour of being intro- ,4uced to him, that he mi, lit repeat fome vcrfes he had ffritten in his piaifei for the face of things was now fonliderably changed. •■ The prophet could not forget the fevcrity with which ,%e had been treated by the poet j to (hew refentment, iowcver, would have been a degradation of dignity ; he iberefolo granted him permiHion to approach. 1, 'I'hc poet came trembling to his new fovercign, and im his knees imploring forgivencfs for the raOi freedom ke had taken in his fatires, h'-gan to pronounce his vcr- its, being encouraged thereto by the niildnefs and com- placency that fat on the prophet's countenance. - The verfes were fo mafterly, fo graceful, pathetic, ■ fulogial, and elegant, that Mahomet not only .r.oll ficoly |nd rcadilv pardoned him, but prcfentcd him with a tich mantle lioin off his own back, and which he hini- fclf placed on the back of the poet. So fiiigular and dilHnguiflied an honour immortali/cd Caab, (lor fuch was the poet's name,) who wore it till his death with all the exulting pride and ainbition natural to a human being on fo leniarkablc, fo memo- table, niul fo great an oecalion. Mahomet w.i^ much addicted to women, but had iht ,^rt to prevent this vice being of anv prejudice to hi., doc- ' trine J on the contrary, be would f.,mctiiiies make a erit ol ii, pretending that it excited him to devotion. There are two things in this uoild, laid he, which ..Jlre equally plt.diiig and neccll'iry to mc, women and iterfuines; both delight nic, and llir mc up to fervency fiy piayer." iHillorians do not agree as to the nnnibrr of his wives : (1 Arabian author lays be had fvLiitecn, bcfides concii- ines. It is certain be had mnrc than allowid bv the ■'ptoran J bit be had privileges gioiindcd even on revela ption J and the fame koran wdiieli made a particular deed s.cr ailtioii eriiiiiiial, and f( rbid the Arabians in general '»{ the practice of it, gave fiec licence to the Icgiflator to 85 ,U ^- • Thc(;ii<.iinilt:inc« cf ihu .ndMlina Ion are r.ithcr (iiij;ul.ir. A ^^p.utvp it i'.'tiM n.uiut! Imuhi;, iilj|inUiIo vim t^J.illuwi' aid Dinar. 1 lie man i'i|ilirit, ilini he h.iil ilmc. " Vi r\ 'f ». ,,, iiMi',1 till- cali|ili, ihiii jiaiiiii- laxcd veiy iiuuli-iattlv." !■ 1 iglvn/, licwiviT, wlio (oirtdid a mult wicktil anU vimliilivi lu-l, ■■•ii cxercifc. Cadiga, his firft wife, died three ye.irs before the commencement of the heigera, being in her fixty- fifth year. Aicflia, another of his wives, and who was daughter of Abubekcr, furvivcd the prophet, as did Haifa, who was daughter of Omar, and to wdiom tlie care of the koraii was committed after her hutband's death. As Mahomet died without male iffue, and had no- minated no fiicceflbr, different parties rofc, claiming an exclulh'e right of appointing one. Abubcker, however, who had always been the friend of peace and good order, propofed twoperfons, Omar and Abon-Obeid, for their choice of one of them ; but this propofition created ftiU greater divifoiii, and theclcclicn remained undetermined, till Omar, to the aftonifliment of every perfon prcfent, addreffed himfelf to Abutektr, and killing his hand, dc- fired that he (Abubcker) would affume the fovereignty himfelf; and the latter was accordingly chofcn, amidfl: the acclamations of the allcmbly : but he icfufed, from an inviolable veneration to the memory of the holy pro- phet, to take on him the title of fovcreign ; he chofe that of Caliph, ligiiifying fucceffor ; and which was after- wards ;Iie title of all who reigned over the Arabs. JJut if Abubekcr wns indebted for his dignity to the prcfciice of mind of Omar, it is to be prefumcd that the hope which the latter entertained of one day poffeffing the fovereignty, fuggefted to him the happy fentlment. In being tl e inllrument of nominating Abub.kcr, who was then far advanced in years, he had a view of ths crown for himfelf: nor was iho clciflion of the former accomplift'.ed without occafioning fome murmurings ;;ftcrwatds ; for Fatima, daughter of .Mahomet by his wife Cadiga, had been married to a coufin of the pro- phet's, named Hali, who was not preftnt at the elcefion, and who, of conftqucnce, was cxcccJirgly diiratitfied. liefid ■, it was aflinncd that thofe linenlly related to the piop'ut had the gieateft light to the crown. (.)in,ir, thcrcfirc, at the requcll of Abubckcr, went to ihj houfc of Hali, ufing his utmolf endeavours to pre- vail on him to afler.t to an clciflion that h.id been made in due form by tlic concurrent fuffrai'cs of the nation ; but no pcrfualives had any clfc'l ; Omar thcretbre found himfelf obliged to make fomc very feverc menaces, and Hali at length came and did homage to Abubekcr, not however without cxpreffing his allonilhment at what h:id happened. Abubekcr, fenfiblc that Hali ought at kaft to have been prefent at tlie election, and that bis complaints therefore had been well grounded, proceeded to a juf- tification of his own conduct, by relating everv circuni- Itance that had happened ; and Hal', convinced that Abu- bekcr had been actuated entirely by a luve of his country, became quite rcconcikd, and latiticd the homage he bad paid him. On the death of Abubckcr, Omir was circled caliph wi-|u.iit oppofition, having been nominated by the for- mer ; and C)m;r, who was all'ailinated*, w.s fuccecdtd by (Jthnviii, who alio met with the hkc fate. Hall, after the refpiiitive rtigns of Abubekcr, Omar, ind Othman, obtained the Caliphdiip,, but had no iconcr afccndcd the throne th.iii he quaneikd with every perfon about him, and at length becr.n e fo generally obnoxious to his people, that he was forced to quit his capital. A revolt rnfiied in Syria ; anil Moavviyali the [:overnor thereof, declared H.,li nnvvdrihv of reigning, .in. I cjufrd himfelf to be proclaimed the oi;lv lawful cii- ln h, fixing his fcit at iJainafcus. H.ili took up arms, but was defeated, and even was happy that by niians of a treaty he could feciire the poll'elRon ol the title .-nJ pierogalive of c.iliph In Arabii. He was fonn after af- liilhiiaied, Ivaviog two fons, on tht tIJcIl of whom the Arabians bellowed the crown. H.iiV.in, Ion and fucccflbr of [hili, after a reign of only iciing the mofipu a few ilavt altcrwards while ihe ciliph wai dure, tiiek an o|i|ii)iliint|y of Ital.biiij; liiiii in i|ii\e iliti>iiiit | iin ol li.s I'liiiy wjili 1 kivilr. liidanilv llie wrctili was (uiiiMnukil ; Inn lie iltlcndc.) hi.iiiJI wiih Ihe l.lioHy mdnimeni, anil It ilil.ul ihiiiitn "ihfr>, I'lvcn i>f whuin ilnd m iiKw hnurs. K.i Ih iil,.ii«, Ih.viivit, weiT ni.ulc to lecnie him t aiid ihe alTadin al len ilwlilirniinj; he Ihoiilil he over I'ovMieil, pliing.d ihe kiiilc inlu his uwn bowtln and <'iil>iii-il. " Y »b*ut I © i "I I .; 11 '^■tli 1 . '♦ h » 96 A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. about fix months abdicated his throne in favour of Moa- wiyah, who liad bicna continual terror to him ; fo that Moawiyjh now became fole pod'ciror of the throne : he was ackncwl.-il^cil by all imiiri;luii.ii as the true and law- ful caliph, and was thcfiift of the- dynalty of the Oiniiii- yaiis, (0 called from Ominiyah the head of that prince's family. As loon as this prjiicc was firinly feated on the throne, his firll grand object was to augment his glory ; he prol'ccutcd fueii ciuerpriits as former caliphs had be- gun auaiiill the Greclcs ; he drove them out of Armenia and Anatuli.i, and adopted meafurcs to render the dig- nity of caliph lieiedit.iry, which had been bcfoie elec- tive, and fuccctded in liis ilefi^n : his crown defcended to liis fon, and after'.vjrds to the reft of his pof- terity. That dynafty of princes maintained thcmfelves with great glory for fourteen rucceli-ons, though not always in a right line ; for biothers ol'icn afcinded the throne to the prejudice of their nephews, when the latter were not of due age, or llicrc were any othci reafens that ar- tifice cculd adign ; but the fuccelTion was always in the hciufe ol Oinniiyah till the time of Merwan the fecond. The hnufe of Omnry.;li however was deltroyed by the Abbailai'.s, princes fo denominated from their being defcended from Abb..s, uncle of Mahomet. They took up anus againft the Uniniiyans, under pretence of re- vciifiing the death of Hair, whom, they allcdgcd, had been murdered by them, and Abu! Abbas was accordingly proclaimed caliph. Abdallah, uncle cf Abu! Abbas, caufed an aSi of grace to be p ,bli(lied, in the caliph's name, fir all the Ommiyaiis who fliould appear b-forehim, and take the oaths of allegiance to the new culipli. A day was fixed f r a meeting of the chiefs or prmces, and Abdal- lah attended them i but while he was preparing to tender the oaths, a party of loldiers, appointed for the purpofe, drew lip behind them, and dclhoyed them all on the Ipot, except one, wlio cfcap.d and fled to Spain. Immediately after tills bajbarous deed, the foldiers put to the fword u great number of muilulmtn known to be devoted to the houfc of Ommiyah ; and Abdallah, having put an end tn the llaughter, completed his bloody tranfadtions with a moft horrid entertainment ! 'l"he above infernal monltcr caufed the bodies of the Ommiyans, who had been flaughtcred by the foidicrs, to be phued clofe to one another, and covered with boards, over which he or.lercd carpets to be laid ; and upon this flooiini;, formed by dead carcafes, he gave a fumptuous f alt to the ofliccrs of the army, " Perhaps, faid he, all (.f th.m may not be ijuite dead ; in that cafe we ihall have the hapjunefs to hear them groan." Such was the beginning of the rei^n of Abu! Abbas, who however was not accufed of having any fhare in the above malVacre ; nor d:d he enjoy the throne long, foi he »as I'ei^ed with the fmall-puN, and died at the a^e of eighteen. Tlie above prince was fuccceded by his brother Abu OialTer, funiamcd Alinan7.or, or \'ictorious; and foc.n jfler liehad aliumed the diadem, his uncle, the infamous AbJiliah, was crudied to lieatli, with leveral other.'., by the I'udJenly falling-in of llic floor of a chamber in whicii they were litiiiiy. Almanzor built the city of I^agdat, which was the capital of the empire till the lare of Abbas became ex- tinct ; on which account the Abbafliaiij have been com- monly called caliphs of Syria, on account uf their con- ttiut abode in that country. Ihe Abbadians, who lliled thcmfelves the true chil- dren of the houle of the great piophct, pofl'elled the dia- dem for mote than five bundled years, under lltirty- feven princes. '1 he ruin of the lioufc of Ommiyali was folely owing to the uiilimi'.ed autliority with which they cntiui!ed the govi rnciis of their prcivinees : the defecndants of Abbas fell into the fame emit ; iliis however fiipported iheii dynally longer than the Oinmiyans, but with lefa I'plcn- doiir with ie.>ard to tlie extent of their authoiity. During th'ir riigns, part of their tmpiic was at feveral timrs giaiited away) and the teniloiies, tluu difmembi'rcil, were eieilcd into as ni.iiiv I'ynatties ; of thefe were the 'i hafciruiis, aiid (he woHaridi s, who relgncJ in I'eilia, Tranfoxtana, and Turkeitan j as alfo the Tholan.iit. and Afchidiaiis, who ruled Kgypt under the title uf fultans, though at the fame tinic tliey acknowledged ta.- fupremacy of the caliph of I'agdat. But the Afchidijns weie I'uccceded by the Fatiinitcs, who pretending to be ihe true and rightful fucccfl'ors of Mahomet, as defcend- ed from Hali by Fatinia, all'unud the title of calipl, n Egypt, Thence the name of the caliphs of liagdat waj fuppielled in the public prayers thioiighout the while extent of their dominions ; the new dynally pollelled the lull .nd entire fovcreignty for almolt thiee hunduJ years, when, however, the Egyptian f'atlmites wire at length totally ruined by the caliphs of Bagdat, who re- covered the pofleflion of Egypt and Syria, owing lo the mafterly conduCt of Sal.iheddiii, or Saladin ; to whom, on confidcration of his ferviccs, the caliph Nafler folemnly confirmed the fulianfliip of Egypt and Syria; and in the bellowal of this grand atit of favour, Nall'ti acquired a conftant protciitor ; and while the Mull'jI. men of Egypt and Syria were fighting againft the Chrilfian armies under the banners of Saladin, NalUr quietly enjoyed at Kagdat all the honours due to il,o caliphate, being acknowledged foveteign in all coun- tries then inhabited by Muli'ulinen. After the cxtimflioii of the Fatimites, a new dynafly arofe, called Gengilkanians, from Cicngilkan their founder. 'Jhis prince, who became highly renowned on account of the rapidity of his exploits, put him- felf at the head of an army of Moguls and Tartais, and foon coiujue ed an immeiife irafl of land : his fuccen'ors, who inherited his bravery, as well as hi> antipathy to Mi.lTulnien, added to their crown almoftall the if.iej which had been feized by the princes cf the other dynalliis, and at length made iheuilelvcs maltcrs of Bagdat, maiiacrcd the call, h and his children, and by their death put a final end to the illuftrious houfc ot Abbas, which had fat on the throne upwards of five hundred years. At this period the liillory of the caliphs properly coneludes ; for we cannot include, among the caliphs, Ahmed, wlui was three years altir- wards proclaimed caliph by the Mammalukes of Egypt, under the name of Moilanzer Biilah. They called him the foil of Daher ben Nafl'cr the Abafl'ian j and Bibars, who was then fultan of theMammaluke,', caufed him to be recognized in Egypt ; fc that a fecond dynafty of Abbartians w.ib formed, if the name of dynafty can be allowed to a race of piinccs who were only looked upon merely as the head of the church. 1 his pretended dynafty fubfirted t>l! the end of the reign of the Mam- malukes, in the nine hundred and twenty-thiid year of the heigera, and the one thoufand five hundred and levenieenth of the ChiKtlan leia ; when Seliin, the firit emperor of the Ottoman Turks, annexed al! Egypt to his em pile. We fliall now prefeiit the ieai!er with a chronologi- cal account of the caliphs, from Mahomet, founder of the Arabian empire. Chionological Account of the Caliphs, Succcllbrs of Mahomet. Eleventh year of the hei^cra, and 633d of the Cliri- ftian .xra. Al ubeker caliph. Thirteenth of the htigeia, and 634th of the Chril- tian xia. Umar, (Jhriftian a;ra 643 Othman, Heigeta 3S> ''*'"''• ^ta 655 Hali, kinfnun of Mahomet 40, 6fir Uaflan 41, 6O1 Moawiyah, firft of iho dynally of the Ommiyans. Heigeri to, Chrill. lera 679 Yczid 6K3 Moawiyah II. 64, 64, 97. 102, 104, '25. lib, 1J7, ■27. thii raec ul the Unmii^uiU, 683 Mirwan 6H4 Abd.dnielck 70J W.iKd 716 Sofmaii 718 Om,.r ir. 711 YiiiJ 11. 7J3 Hefchain 742 WaKd II. 743 Vezid 111. 744 Ibrahim 744 M'.rwan II. the laft of ■4 Hemeri A r II Y. ! alfo the Tho!.t,i,i;e> ■pt under the titk- uf llicy acknowledged ta..- t. 'But tlie Aftliidijiis wlio iirctciiding to be Maliomct, as dcfctiid- i.i ihc tide of cali|i!, ;n c.iliphsof Bagdjl wui th:oughout the while ;w dviiaily polk'llcd the alniolt thice hundiCi! tiaii Fatimitcs wuc at hs of B.ij^dat, who ic- aiul Syria, owing m jdJin, ur Saladiii ; tu /ices, the caliph Nafli.t ) of Kgypt and Syrij ; 1 nH of favour, Nallct and while the Mulfal- :e fighting agair.ft the iRrs of Saladin, Naflir he honours due to il.c foveteign in all cuun- n. itimitcs, a new dynaily from Gcngilkan their came highly renowned lis exploits, put him- Moguls and Tartais, fc trai5l of land : hi> bravery, as well as hi. ;o their crown almoll all hy tlie princes cf the iiade ihciiiltlvcs ni.iltcri h and his children, and the illuftrious houfe ol throne upwards ot fuc jd the hilloty of tlic or we cannot include, 111 was three years aftir- Manimalukes of Egyi't, hil.ih. They called liun |e AbalTun ; and Bibar^, maluke^, caufed him lo t a ficond dynafty ol me of dynafty can be were only looked upon rch. This pretended he rtij:n of the Mani- d twcnty-thiid year ol af.ind five hundred and when Selirn, the firlt annexed all Egypt tu ailer with a chronologi- Mahomct, founder ut Caliphs, Succeflors oi and 633d of the Cliri- ind 634th of (he Chril- li, kinfnun of Mahomet Allan oawiyah, firft of the Yciid Moawiyah II, \U rwan ^bdaimek'k WaUd ol mail Omar H. Y>i:d a. Heleham Wakd II. Vezid 111. Ihrahmi Mvrv.an U. the M of Heijiti ASIA.] Heigera 134, Chrift. ara 752 Abul Abbas, firft of the houfe of Abbas. Heigera 136, Chrift. sra 754 Abu Giafiar Almanzor 755 Mahadi 78s Hadi 786 Hiroun al Rafliid 809 Amin 8 1 1 Mamon 833 Motafien, who was born in the eighth month of the year, was the eighth prince of his race, the eight Abbafli'in caliph, afcendedhis throne in the two hundred and eighteenth year of the heigera, commanded his troops eight times in perfon, reigned eight years, eight months, and eight days, died in the forty-eighth year of his age, had eight fons and eight daughters, and left cxaflly eight millions of gold in his ARABIA. 8> treafury. Heigera 227, ■ 232, ■ • H7. .' ». 248, ■ -. 252, ■ 25S1 • 256, 279, ' 289> ■ ' 29s. i 320, ■ 1^ 322, •» J ^9. "■ .H3' * 3:i4. » 3^J. •■;. 381. * 422, i 467, •■ 487. > 5 '2, '•• 529, • 530» Chrift. iera ^j^% Wathek Billak — — — — 849 Motaw.ikel 86 1 Montafler 862 Moftain 866 Motaz 869 Mothadi 870 Mot.imed 555. 506, — 575. — 622, — 6*3. — 640, r "t". vrand AbbaiCan caliph. 892 Mothaded — go2 Mokiaphi — go8 Mocktader — 932 Cahcr — 934 Rhadi — 94.1 Motaki — 944 Moftakfi — 945 Mothi — 973 Thai — ggi Cader — 1031 C.Virm — 1074 Mofbdi — 1094 Moftadcr — 1 1 18 Molhrchcd — 1 134 RalVhcd — 1135 Moktaphi II. or Lecm- rillah — 1160 Moftangcd ■ — 1 1 70 Moktadi — 1 1 39 NalTer — 1225 Dhahcr — 1226 Moftanfer 1242 Moftazeni, 56th and laft • We ftiall now, as we propofcd, give an account of the cities of Arabia, and of the ruins of Palmyra. SECT. VII. Pf th Ciliei nf Mecca, Mocha, Aden, and Medina ; 11^'iih an Jaount cf thi fuinous Mofque and Tomb of . Mahomet in tht latttr city. TITE ancient city of Mecca is fituatcd in a valley, and furiounded hy mountain?, from whence the ■jftonc of which it is built was taken : it is about two jlniUs in length, and a mile broad. The temple is in 'Ipie middle of tl'.e town, and is cilled Masjad Al Haram, llr the lacred tempi'', of which we have already given a Jfcfcriptinn : the houfcs heic make no great figure; nor p it a place of any ftrcngth, not having any kind of for- jfTications. The principal lupport of the city is the con- ffeurfc of the pilgrims will come hither. TheXerifof Wccca griicrally rtfidcs at his caftle of Marhaa, about Ihree miles diltant j his troops arc entirely infantry, mllcd Al Harrabali. There are fcarcc any fprings in pr about this city except the Zcmzcm, the waters of which cannot be drank for any continuance, being rather brackifti, and caufing eruptions in thofc who drink too wecly of it i fo that the inhabitants are forced to ufe Sin water catchcd in cifterns. Many attempts have :cii made to convey water to the city by means of IqucduiSts, but have all proved ineffeilual. 'Mocha is a large, populous, trailing city and fca- bri, iltualcd at the entr.ince of the Red Sea. Itcon- lins about one thoufaiid inhabitants molily Mahomc- fcns ; and here arc jjreat imdibcrs of Jews ) but thefc are obliged to live in the fuburbs. The (jity, which is furroundcd by a wall, has four gates and feveral towers, fomc of them mounted with cannon, and garrifonej by foldiers. Th; ftreets are fpacious, and the houfts arc of brick or ftone, confifting of two ftories, with terrafTes on the top of them. The fliops are judicioufly built for trade, and flored with all fort, of commodities. Here arrives annually the great fhip Manfonri, fent by the Grand Seignior, laden with the richeft merchandizes, and carrying back fpiccs, filks, calicoes, and othiT valuable articles. Caravans alfo arriv "-"re yearly from Turkey and Egypt. The port of hi. is formed by two flips of land, on each point of whi^.i is a fortreb, at the diftance of about three miles from each other. A confiderable branch of cnmnierce of this city is coffee, which is cultivated at Betel-fagul in the territory of Yenen. Mocha was no more than a mean village of fifhermen, till the king of Yenen drove the Turks IVoin Aden, and removed its trade principally to the above- mentioned city. Aden is a large, populous city, containing about fix thoufand inhabitants, and was a place of prodigious re- fort till its trade was chiefly removed to Mocha. It is fituatcd between the Perfian Gulph and the Red Sea. .\den is fo called, according to the Ar.ihians, from its founder Aden, the fon of Saba, and grandfun of Abra- ham. It is furroundcd by mountain?, the lummits of which arc fortified with cannon; and from which an aqueduft conveys water into a cap.icious refervoir, about half a mile from the city. There are many handfonic houfcs, with terrafTes on their tops, in Aden ; and the place is well fccurcd, by its advantageous fituation, and proper fortifications. The Turks brcarne nufters of this city, through treachery, in 1538, and with their ufual cruelty hung up the prince of it: they committed further afts of inhumanity, till the prince of Yenen, as we have mentioned under the article of Mocha, extirpated them. Medina, which is about fifty miles from the Red Sea, is fituated in a plain, and is furrounJed by a w.ill of brick. Ilete are the m'fiiue and tomb of Mahr.mct ; themofiiue is fupportcJ by four hundred pillars, and fup- plied with three hundred filver lamps, which arc kept continually burning: near the tomb of Mahomet there is alfo the tomb of Abubekcr. Medina has feveral other grand mofqiics ; but th:it of Mahomet is ftik'U of barren iininli.ibitable I. nds. Nothing however is more certain, than that Palmyra waj for- merly the capital of a great kini;doin ; that it was the pride :u well as the cmpuiium of the eaik'tn woild, and that its merchants dealt with the Romans, and the weflern nations, for the mcrehandi/.es and luxuries of India and Arabia, Its preient aUerid liiuatioii, tli le- forc, can he accounted lor only by nntuialeaufes, which have turned the moil fertile trac(^ into barren defaits." As Palmyra is htuated in a dreary defart, quite from any coir.mon road, and be}ond the Grand Sti nior's protviliun, there is no part of a tour through the Kail i) difficult as a journey to it. An enquiry, however, into the ruins of this place was rcfolved on by the in- genious Mr. Dawliins, who was foon joined by Mr. Wood, and Mr. Houvcric, the latter of whom died before the defign was carried into execution. The fourth peifon who had engaged in this pe- culiar undertaking, was an Italian of experienced ftill in aichiteeturc and drawin;^. 'i'he rendezvous of this liientific Incicty was at Rcime ; where they fpent a winter in itudyii g the ancient liillory and gcogr..phy of the places they intended to \ ifit. In the fi'r'ng enfuing, thefe g-. ntlemen fct out for the kinojom of Naples, where they met with a fliip from London for their particular ulc, having on board her a collevlior, of deck hiflorians and poeis, befides many voluii cs ( f antiqeitics and voyages, f^vcral mathemati- cal inftruiiients, iic. which it w..b piefumeJ might, as prefcnts, be of inilnitc ferviee. As foon as they had embarked, they made fail for the Archipelago, and vifiied every thing worthy their obfer- vation there, as well as part of tircecc, Europe, the coafts of th; lleilefpont, Pr. poaiis, 5;e. up to the Black Sea ; alfo as the inland parts of Afia Minor, Syria, Pha-nicia, Palelline, and I'^gypt. They copied every infcription they happened to ineet with, and bought up all the Syrian, Greek and Arabic manufcripts they could poflibly get. The chief defign of .Mr. Davvkms in this tour, was to compile an hillory of the three G:'.ek orders (.f architciilure, at leal! witli rcfpciSt to the changes fiom the djys of Pericles to thofe of Dioclefian. The difficulty of a journey to Palmyra, on account of its peculiar fituation, has been alreatly remarked on : no difficulties, however, could deter our adventurers from profccuting their truly laud.iblc plan. In the courfe of their peregrinations, during which they infptcted eery piece of antiiiue aichitedure, they vifited Damafcus by the way of mount Libarnis, over which they crolTed, .nnd were here informed that neither the name nor power of the bafhaw of Damafcus could be any lecurity to them. Palmyra beinr^ entirely out tervcning building, or wall of the lead folidity. In this venerable, this folemn, fplendid, romantic fituation, our virtuofi ftaid fifteen days; during which time the Arab inhabitants entertained them in their huts with mutton and goats-flcfh. " The walls of this ancient and dupcndous city were flanked," fays NV- Wood, " with fquare towers in many parts, particula.l^ on the fouth-cilt, but nothing of them exids j and, frotn tb? beft computation 1 could make, I imagine their circuit could not have been lefs than three Englifh miles, provided they include ths iireat temple. But as Palmyra mud, when in its flouriih- ing date, have been much more than three miles round, it IS not improbable that the old city covered a neigh- bouring piece of ground, the circumference of which is ten miles, and in every fpot of which, the Arabs fay, ruins are turned up by digging. This is a fliil more reafonable fuppofition, when we remember that fuch frag:nents of antiquity as are found upon the three miles eompals, jud now mentioned, could have belong- ed only to mignificent fepulchres and public edifices of the grandad kind j the molt evident proofs that can be of an extenfive city. Perhaps then the walls, jud now fpokcn of, inclofed only that part of Palmyra which its public buildings occupied in its mod prnfperous date; and were fortified, if not crcfled, by Judinian, who, according to Procopius, judged this a proper place to dop the fuiious progrefs of the Saracens. By fo clofely infpei'.ting this wall, it appears that two or three of the flanking towers on the north ead were formerly fepul- ehral monuments ; and this is fomc proof that the walls were pofterior to the monuments, and the work of a Chriftian sera ; for the pagan religion would have con- demned the metamorphofe as profane ; befides, the (jiccks and Romans always buried without the walls of their refpeiStive cities ; and the fame cuftom was rc- ligioufly obfervcd all over the Ead." North wed of the ruins of Palmyra, on the fumrrit (if a rocky hill ftands an antique cadle, the nfcent to which is very fteep and rugged : it is a mean dtuiSture, not To old at the tiin« of judinian. It hath u ditch -.. ' round ASIA.] A R A r> I A. roi;n(i it, which cannot be pafTcd without fomc difficulty, the ilijw- bridge being brolccn down. 'I'here is one- builJing h(i<;, the Kiuaiiis ut which are truly (;rniul ; and this, according to the opinion ol' Mr. Wood, w.is the Tennilc of ihc Sun, which being much injured l>v the Roniiin I'oldicrr, when Aunlian took the place, tluu emperor ordered, for the purpolc of repairing it, three hundred pounds weight of gold, tak'-n from the trca- fures of /,;'nobia ; and one ihoufind eii;ht h'uvlred pounds weiglit of filver, levied upon the people; bdiilis the jewels of the crown. The hciiiht and folidity ot the walls of its court tempted the Turks loconvcit it into a place of (Iren-ich, and then on the nortli call and fouth thev ftopfied u|) the windowi, dug a ditch t'. the well, and deinolilhed the por;ico of the jir.ind en- trance ; buihling in its place a k|uaic tower, loflmi; that fide. 'I'o the cjil and fouth of this tempi, ar. fome plantations of olives, ai-i fonie fnrali fiL-lds oi corn, furroiinded by mud wall-, and wiiiere , l^y two ftreams, which, though hot and (ulphuroiis, are bv iIk inhabitants deemed very wli Icfomc, One cr tlicf. ftreami riles weft of the ruins, in a giotto renly hi; h enough to admit of a man's ft.indmg u| light; the whole bottom is a hafon of clear waier, „bout iw^) fei i deep, and the place, uii account of the heats biing confined, is ufcd as a b.it'i. liyanclJ inlcription founu here, on an alt ir fncred to Jupiter, we Ic.irn ihit this Ihcani was much elUemed while Palmyra flourifhid, and WIS under the care of certain people clc£led thereto by ballot. In the defart, three or four miles foiiih-eaft of Pal- myra, lies the valley of Salt, whence Damafcus and the neighbouring towns arc fup;ilicd with that com- moJity, In this place David is fuppofd lo have fmote the Svri.ini, as mentioned in Sanuul, book ii. chap. viii. ver. I J. The ground is impiegnat d with f.ilt to a confidetable depth ; and here they h.ive a method of hol- lowing the ground to about a foot deep, and from tlie fain water that lodges in it a tine while fait is gathvred. " We have but little infor;;.ation from hillorv," favs Mr. Wood, " of either Balbec or Palmyra : what know- ledge we have is chiifly from Infcripiions. Do s not this deleft cmvey intlruiftion, and convince us of the inllahility of human grandeur i' The fate of tl.efe two cities dirters from cveiy other ; wc have no tclfimonit.'> of what they were, hut their own noble fragments ;" which are defcribed in the following manner by another ajthoi : " Palmyra, in the dtfaits rf Arrbia, or, as by the fcripturc ftile,', Tadmor in the vs'ildernefa, is a mod awful (pcclacle. As you approach, the full object which piefeius itfelf is a ruinated caltle, on the no th fide of the city. From it yon defcry Tadmor, inolofed on three fides by long ridges of mountains ; fouthward of It is a vaft plain extending far beyond the fight. The city mull have been of large extent, from the fpacc now taken up by its ruins ; among which live about thirtv or forty tniferablc families, in huts of dirt, within a fpacious court which once inclofcd a magnificent tem- ple, This court hath a (i.uely high wall of large fquarc ftone, adoined by pilallcrs both within and without ; -there are about fixty on each fide. The beautiful cor- nices have been beaten down by the TurKs. Towards the centre are the remains of a caltle, (hro iding the fragments of a temple ofexquifite beauty, as appears by what is ftill flanding of its entrance, viz. two Itones thirty-five feet long, carved with vines and clulUrs of grapes. In the great court arc the remains of two rows of very noble inaibic pillars thirty-fevcn feet high, with capitals finely carved, and the cornices nuill have been of equal ilegance ; fifty-eight of thefe pillars are entire ; there muft have been many more, as it appears they went quite round the court, fupponing a moiV fpacio is dou- ble piazza. The walks on the well fide of this piazza, which face the front of the temple, fccm to have btm "rand and fp.icious j and at each end are two niches for Itatues at length, with pedeftals, borders, fupporters, canopitf, ^c. carved wiih inimitable ait. Tire fjace within this once beautiful inelofure, is (or rather was) eiir( nipaflcd by another row of pillars of a dilKcrcnt orilcr, fifty feet high I fixtecn of which are yet Hand- ing, The temple was i-n.'icty f. r 'iin;, t' ' ab.>ut f' • v broad: iis gran.: entrance ':; th aj p ..ij, by - .t remains of it, to have been tli ; in ^n licent . ;c world. (.)ve; adjnr-wr.v iiiili mg walls V'Uj c a I'prearl eagle, as at l-i;:lhec ; an -re ihe tragi- ',i of Cupuls, as well as of eagles, im.lt finely iiiiir.. n^ nature, on large ibjncs nioul.lering on the earth. N.i- iliiijg of the temple llands but the walls, tlie wimlovv. pla.esof which are narrow at ;op, hut richly adorn; d with Iculptnre, In the middle is a cupola, all one li.lid piece. Leaving this court .iii I temple, your e;.is arc 1 li.tcil with a great niin.ber of pilar, ol maible Icat- ired for near a niiie. To the north you have a ll.iely .il'.el.fk belore you, conlilling of liVn large Oones bc- iioes its capital, graniily fculpturcd ; it is inoie than ul'iy I'eet high, and is twdi-e feet and a half in circum- lerence jnit al.ove the pedell;.! ; aiiJ it is ima;in.-d a i.jtue once Hood Uj.on it. K.ilt and well of thi.-', at ■.he .lifliii','- of about a quarter of a mile, is another obcl,:.., tli;;'. I; in. to have correfpondc.l with the fi.'ll- i;iCiM lied J and, accoiding to tli.' Iiagnient of a third. It Ih )ulJ feem that the.e ua- a lOntiMied ra.'i^e of them. On one of them, whicii i- about fo ty (ecthi^h, theic is a Gr ek inlcupt' n comauirorating two pa- iriots ; and about an hundred pac.s from it is a large and lolly eniia'icc, leading to a grand piazza, a.lorueJ with ili.:ible pi.l.irs, on ii o;t of wl;:ch there aic inlciiptions. A litiletaitncr, oiuvaiu to the left, are the remains of .1 ib.tely pile of remaikablv fine maible, tw.ntv-two feet long. t.)n the welt fide of the piazza are fevcral openings, for gales i two of thLin appear to have bein the mull I'.iicrb that ever captivated the human rye, both in p.int of grandeur of work in- general, and the bcautiiul por- pliyry pillars with v/hich they were adorned. Kallw.ird ot the piazza are a great number of feattercd m.irblo p liars, moll of which have been deprived of their ele- gant capitals. A little ruined temple lies mouldering at a (heiit diltancc, which appears to have been a very lUiious Uiu.;ture. I5ut of all the venerable remains, none moie attiait the admiration than the magnificent Upulchicv, tovvaidj the north of the citv, extending a mile and more, and which at a diftjnce have the appear- ance ot tops of decayed churches, or bailions of ruined lortihcjtions." 'I'hc magnificent city of Palmyra is mentioned, in the Arabic trand.ition of the Chionicles, as fuhlilting belore the d.iys of Solomon ; but Ji.-l.n of Anl;och, fur- named iMalal.i, lays that it was built by Solomon, and on the very Ipot v.hjre his father flew the Phi!:ltine jl ehief; h.: alTinn; that the city was built in conimenio- I latiiui of th,..t numor.ible ae'tion. I Let IIS apply oiirlelvcs to fuch hiftoiical authority as wc can any wiure meet with, ;.nd fuch as may merit quo- tation from it:. ehara>iter or veiacitv. We find, in the niniii chapter of the firft book of Kin^s, and the 8tli ot the lecoiiil of Clironicl:s, th..t Solomon erected a city in a wiKleriiefs, and called it Tadmor: and we are infonncj by Jolephus, in the lirlt book of his Antiqui- ties, that loine time aficrwardi the Gieeks and Romans diltinguilhed it by the name of Palmvra, even while its hrit name was ftill retained by the Syri ind this i.s confirmed by St. Jerome, who tells us that I'aJmor and Palmyra are the Syrian and Greek name of the lame- place ; and the country Arabs, even at this time, call it by the fermcr name. In this circumftance thiy are re- markably particular, prcferving the ancient denomina- tion of places through various revolutions. 'I'hiis the Acca of the Old 'I'eltamcnt is at this day called by them Acca i and the Greek names Ptolemai.s, in which that of Acca was fur fome time immured, is loft through difufe. Not that human judgement can pretend to ad- vance, however, that Palmyra was actually the work of Solomon : an opinion only can be offered, concurrent with that ot the prcfent Inh.ibiiants, who, among many other particulars, point out the wile m.m's feraglio, the tomb of his favourite concubine, fee. &c. and lav. All thele things were done by Solomon the Ion of David. However, fuch Itruelures as might have hern erected by Solomon, we will luppole to have bcncntinlv demo- lilhed by Nebuehadnezzar, who in his march to the Jiege of jeruf*lem ddtroyed this -: , as we »re afl'ured i. by ■'■It! !' m !,.;fi! f- 11 I ') r> A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, by John of Aiitioch, For it ia aliiioft iinprdbable tliiit buildirii;-, li> clf[;.ii\tly '^railJ, cmilil be prior to tbt fciot ijj; ot i\k Cjiccks ill Syria ; ai il taking tliia (or granted, we mud not be lurpriltd that Xi'i.'.iphoii takis no notice o( it m his retreat ol C\ni? the yoiiiner, though he is nimutely exait in lii"> Jelciijuioii et ihc ijclart. Niilher Hiult weixprels the lead ama'.ement tliat it is not men- tioned bv Alexandei, who alio crolTiid the del'art in his I'oad to Theplachus c ii the Eiiphra'.e.i, l-rom iis litua- tion between Antineh and Selencia, and its being a (hong barrier a\;ainil the I'aiihi.iiVi, or.c would be apt lo conjcchire that it wasfoniu.Ld by I'oiiie of Seleucidx ; though nothing of it i;. to be met witli in biliory ; and vet no time is more jiropcr to ni.ikc eiK|ijiry ahcut il than I'roni the ilemile of Alexander to the ridudinn of Syria to a Uom.m province. That the a'ra cr Seleucus wasvifed at I'al.iiyra is puned by many iiil'criptions j whence it mav he inferred that the plate I'ubmitled to Alexander, and was for (ome time governed by his fnc- ccliors i but this cvidenco tould nut be lt)oked upon as abfolute IcdiTnon'.'.' if not lliengihtncd hy collateral facts ; for it might with realoii bs laid, that the natives ol Falmvra iil's.l the 3!ra of ihc ScleiKidx only, as com- n-on with their neighbours. V.'e .ire toM by Appiaii that Marc Anthony altcmp.ed lo plunder this cit\ , and that many of the natives made their efcape by crufliiig the Euphrates, A\'c do nut tind that Palmyr:) is taken a-vy nwlee of fveii when Pompey leduced Syria to a R' man province, and v.-licn a t.xllc for the liberal at to began to be preva- lent. Appi.n, when he fpeak» of Marc .Anthony's vifit to Palmyia, la\t, "■ At this time the f .dinvreiu's were mer- chants ; thiv fi.pplied the Ror.ians with the commodi- lifs "f Aiabia and the Iiidi;* j and his real n.otive for attacking them was to mri'^h his troops: thoujh, to give his conducl i!ie colour of julliee, he alVertcd tha; they bad br.ikin the neutrality fublilling between the Romans and tlic Parlhi.ins." Pliny, 'p.-^vking of this noble city, fays,, " Palmyra, which is on all liJts encompalled bv an extcnfive defart, and totallv feparated from the red of the world, has pr<- R-rved its indepcndante between the two great empires of Rome and Parihia: it is didant from the Parthian Sclciicia on the Tigris three hundred and thiity-feven miles; fiom the highcdpait of the Mediterrane.m two hundred and thn v ; ar.d frcMii Damafcus one hundred and (tvcntv fix i the foil is lich, and it is p!eaf.intiy watered." 'I'h.: dieams, of which we have befoie fpiken, may with gre.it truth be fiid to " pleafantly water the place," beiii" capable of receivins any direction to nurture the foil." As the Palmyrcncj, accf>rdin;5 to Appran, were mer- ihrtit!-, and a wealthy pcoide in the time of Marc Anthony, their riches and trade mud have been of foiiic Handing. Palmvra, according to the coiivs of Cancalla, was in that Prince's lif'c-tiiiK' a Roman culony; and by foinc :)ntir]tie infcriptions we dilcovcr, that the people joined Alexander Seveius againll the Peifians. 'I'lie gr'.atcd figiiic Palmyra ever made in hidory, was in the reign of G.Ohennus; under whofe diameful indo- lence the Roman glory in the ead became coufiderahly obfeured ; when Odeniithus, joining that emperor's party, collected the i>oor lemaiiis of the difcomlited Romans in Syria, whom he led againd Sapor the Perfian monarch, piit hi' army to flight, and advanced with his viclorious troops to Ctcfiphoii, the capital of the empire. On his reliirn from this expedition, full of riches and honours, and revered by the Romans as their lavioiir, he was unanimoufly proclaimed Auguftus, and co-partner in the empire with Galliennus. Such 'j( the accounts cf Odenathus as have reached pndeiity, fetvc latlR'r to heighten than gratify tlie human C'jriofity. He was a native of P.tlinyra, and fo idmi- rable a politician, that lie for a while held the balance of power between the empires of Perfia and Rome. He drove theOoths out of Afia Minor, whciethey had com- mitted tiie mod violent ravages; and this was his lait great adlon, in which, it was appnl.ciidcd, he v/as ttcicheruufly iiain by .Vliconius his kinfinan. His fofl, Herodts, foe.n afterwards fuffered the fame fate : norJi'l Mifonius long luivive, being cut to pieces by the ful. diet V. 'I'he fortune of the beautiful Zenobia, queen of Odc- naihus, is well worthy the atteiiiion of our readers. The vicillitudes which this lady experienced werr various and liirprding, her charai5!er great and extiaor- dinary ; though her memory is tarnidied with the fulpi- cionof her having been privy to the dvaths of her huf- band and fun. The pel fun of Zcnobia was graceful and gciitcd ; her complexion dirk brown i her eyes black, fparkling will> uncommon luliie; her teeth beautifully white j her countenance fprightly ; her air noble, and her voiccclcar and powerful, iler drength was uiiufually great ; fhc inured herlclf much to f,iiigue, was fond of riding, anJ would lometimLs march on tbcit at the head of her troops. In counc'l flie was cirrumfpcct and prudent ; in execu- ting, b(dd and determined : flic coald be open or rc- leiveil, mild or fevcre, as ocrafion required ; (lie was geiKious, but not profufe, and oblervcd inviolably the chailcd rulesof feuiale honour. No woman wao better acquainted with hidorv than this aceomplidied (|uccn : flic was miflrefs of tlie (Ircek and Egvptian tongues, as well as of the Latin, whiclj (he tr.iiiflatcd into the former. She boadcd hcrfelf de- I'ccndtd from Ptoloiny, and reckoned Cleopatra among her ancc'.lry. That Zcnobia attended her hufliand in the fietd there is not the halt doubt, fince the emperor Aurelian palli-s the higliedeiKomiums en her militaiy prowds. She adunitd, after the death of Odenathus, the reins of government in the name of her children, and, rr. nnuncing all alliance with Rome, attacked, and tot.;Ily roiitrd the army of Heraclianus, the Roman gcner.l, who was lent againd the Perfians, he himfelf narr'ow'y efcapiiij from falling into her hands. She afterwardj, while the exigency of public affairs called the attentirn of Clau 'ius nearer home, ad'erted an hereditpry right to the dominion of Egypt, as being defceiuled from Pto- hmiy ; and having lecured a droiig party there in her favour, (lie fcnt thither Zabd.is, a gallant oMicir, who had feiveJ under Odenathus; and he, defeating l! . Egyptian army, polVelTcU himfelf cf the province in tlw name of his queen. The Palniyrcnes, however, were afterwards routed, and nearly dilveii from their new aciiuilitions, but taking advantage of Probus, the Egyptian prcledV, who in en- deavouring to cut oft the retreat of the vanqui(hcg ■^^reAaiiant fea. The / *^'v ...this river all td Meanders, ;cs itfcU like- I Cappadocia, cs its rife in j.Matc?, Jordan amcil Jor and iius i jt cmp- tiei ;-f '■11. 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' V^mi ,r,^.,., V 1 :./«..•/" s A V"X* r.ii.ii.l '!<" 1 A f,..\»»<^/ <• ^'^ () <^ :r i ASlA.l ha.l recou him rciiK dlMtll t(l attacked at Irnutli hilt il.'.it 1 relief ! ;ir '/ciiobiJ L'luiiin, but was tJ tiiplir:'tc Hal my I lif.fl'cnioii M\ part 1 cf lix lui tut (lit hy emperor"; put to ill The ti: thccoiul (ulliid lu- among that (he 1 ju-rnr Aim be txccut Ronii'ii t chlUriii aiicieni ASIA-l Turkey. 9t hn.l recnurfe to negocialions, and mnJe fomc offers to /rn(il)iii, wliith ihi; nioli liaughtily ujccU'il, biddiii;' him rciiicnibcr that her anttflor Cliup.itr.i prcCcrrcil iloith to ilillionoiir. This enraging Aurelian, he ic- attaclccil v.ilh redoubled vij^our ; and the licfieged ■ in^: at length reduced to ihe lalt extremity, had no red iircc hilt that of applying to their allies, the Perfians, (Vir relief J and this relidution hting agreed on in cuncil, /onobia herlelf uhdertook the carry. nj; of it into txe- tiuion, and, mounting a dromedary, let out for IV ilia ; bi:t was taken prifoncr ai Jhc was about to crols the Euphrates. Palmyia now fonn furrcndcred, and the emperor took pf.ninion : he fpared the inhabitanrs, hut eairied olK ihe heft part of ihtir lichcs, leaving behiml him a garrilun of lix luindri-d archers, whu, fomc years alter, were cut off hy the inlubitants, moll of' whom were, by the tinpcror's con.mand, in confeqtiencc of the maflacrc, put fo death, and thcciiy quite rui:ieil. The emperor, atLmcIa, fct in foot an enquiry into thcconduci of Zenuhia ; and liere, al.is, it w.is that Ihe fulljed her gieat charatler by betiaynig her belt friends, iimoug whom was Lon^;iiiu>, by whofc advice it was that (he h.id rcje,;tcd the teiins of peace which ili ■ m- lur.ir Aurihan had piojofid : for this he was ordcreu fo be executed J but his millirfs was ulL.vcd to grace ,i R'lniiin tiiumph. She afterwards married, and had chddrcn at Conche, on the load from Rome to the ancient liber, where the em^xror afTigned her fume I lands-, and the remains of hor villa are at this day to be . (len. j I'aliiiyra was af'tcrwards >;o\'erncd by the Romans ; I and, from a Latin inf^ription ftill c- tant, we difcovcr 1 that Hierocici vv.is for the fifth time prcfident of the 1 provinces, when Dioclcl.an here creeled fomc ma_nifi- cent e lifice.-. In the year of Chrift four hun.iied, the I lirlt lliyfian legion was quartered here; but Pio.opius I gives u-- reafoii to imagine that the place was fo little I regarded, as to be fo:netimcs left without a garrifon. The Roman hillory makes no farther niciiiion of Palmyra. '1 here were two ihoufand Jews among the inhabitants of Palmyra m tlie twelfth century, according; to Ben- jamin Tudulenfis, a f iperllitious Jew traveller. \Ve fhall conclude our account of this once grand and llnirilhiiii; city, in the following quotation fro.n aa author on the fuhjedt : " That P.ilin)ra was ufed as a pi ice of ffrength, is evident, from ai.erations which have been made in the caftle on the h 11, and the Temple of the Sun, which muft have been intended lordef, nee, and are not more •Iran fue or fix hundred ycaisold. The iiidft perfei5l .leceof aii;iquityis a maufi hum, upwards of leventeen Hundred years old, with the flooring entire, and an in- iipMrin ifill legible, infirmini; us that it was built by Jambilicus, Ion of Mocinuis, as a burial pice for himlJfand family, in the year ^14, which ajUwciS to the third year of the chriftian arra.' C H A P. IX. TURKEY, in A S I A. ■i\M' .:(; w S E C T. I. 0/ Tnxy^y in genirai \ in (litualltn, Extct, Divi/imt, Aluintiiins, Xiitrs, Sic. TF now enter upon Ihe delcription of fomc o( ' ihe (iiiell provinces in the uiiiverle, which arc in the polleilion of the moll iiidoleiu people rvirting. 1 he land here pioduccs more ipontaneoulU lh,.n other pl.iici do by cultivation ; but the lupeiftitious liiilions, aiul abfurd cutloms ol the pcopl,-, pievent their tiiji yiug the half of lliofi? blefliiigs with which I'rovi- deiue hath enriclied ihtir country. 1 hey are (laves to the tyranny of the i;o\criiment, and to th'ir own paf- (lon-, and take more paiii> 10 be luxurioudy idle than moreacliic people do t.> be prolilaldy bufy. I he leli- pKin and political conlliiiition oi the country obliges lliein to innumerable aliliirdilies, while their iiiclin itioiis impel them to fetic all iiianner of indulgciKcs, 'I'hcir ]i\i>,aie tlurefoie an od.l jumble of molality and libir- liliilin, of fell'-driiial andrxccf.. 'I'uikcv in Afia foiiiis a giaiul divifion of the Turkifli *ni|iiri, the whole being nearly fquare, ami extending about two tlit)ufand nines each way, It about. d'. nut dull wilh llic necillaiirs, but with all the lu\iiiir> ol life, and rxiitaiiis (oinc of the molt Uriilc and delightful prinlncru 111 the iiniverfe, Tuikcv in Alia, .il which only wc (hall at prelent trrit, IS fitiialrd buwccn 75 and ^H dcg. of noiih un- til.le, and 77<'iul «5dr^. «t ea(( longitude. It isdiMdrd into canrin and wcllein : the latter comprehends iSyria, P.iiilline, and Anut'dia, or the Iclli r Afia 1 mil the (otiner I)iarbei i(, riiicomania, nnd ( leorgi.i, Thiii com try n puliapi the brll rui.alid (or n.iviga- lioii n( nny in the unuAile, but tlic natives do not know Kvk lu iiiak* ulc of ilic uncummvi) iiatuul aOvaiitagcs 1! with which Providcrrc hath blelTcd th.'in. The feaj which border on it arc the Imxine, or Hl.nk bea 1 the It Iphurus, or fca ol ConllHntinnpIc J the l'ropi,nti>, cr l.a of Marmora i the Hellefponr, and th /T,g an j:ea, 01 Archipcl.igo, which divide Al'i.i fioin Europe ; the l.cvani, or White 8e.i, and Ihe Perfian Guljh. The Kcd Sta likewile divides it (1. m Afia, which occifioni the (iian I Seigni' r, among his other tubs, to ifile hiin- fclf " LuJtJ ibf Lhii, If'hitt, mii RedStm." The mounijins, which arc many, have been the mo(V celebrated in f.icicd and picfane lnlli.rv of anv in the uiiiverfe: the | rincipal, which are (ituated in Lcfi'et Alia, are tJlyinpiu, Jda, 'lains, Anti-Tauris, and tl>e Carmanian mountains. liclidis tlitle aic niouni Cau- cafus or the D,iKhil(an mountains j mount Artar«t, wluieihe ark rclleJ, and the other Ainu niaii nioii; la ns | the mount.iins of C'urdiltan, and P.ilelline, particularly mount lErmon and mount Ltb.non. The piinci|al rivets .irc the Euphrairj, Tigrii, Me- ander, Uiontes, Sar.bat, Jordan, Haly, and Kara. 'Ihe Tigris and Luphraies iile in ihc norih, and tiow- ing lo«atds the fouih-calt, riidole and fertiiiie that diliijhtf.l part of Di.irbick, the ancient Mekmotanna, which i? fuppided to h.i\c been Ihc (eat of Par«dile. The Oronies riles in mount Herman, and lunn i>g north wcdwaid, emptiei iilcif into the Levant fca. Ihi .Mcandir, which nks in nuuiit Taur », flows wcllerly till It falls into the Archipelago ; l.om tliii river all windinn or Itrpenlinc (Ircam.i are called Meanderi. Tlic Saiabat lifenii Nalolu, and difthai^es ilfelMike- « lie into the ArchiiH'lago. Halys riKi in Cappadotm, .iiid IUII4 into (he Luxinc fri. Kaia takes its me m N.ilolia-Pioper, and IdIIii into the Kupliiale". Juidan IS tormcd by the union of two llieaiiis, named jur and Uan, which tiftit ih( loot of Ami-Libinu«( 11 emp- ttM '!• d k t , Oi A NEW COM?r.KTK SYSTEM OF dEOGRAPIU' ties itfe'if Into the Der-il iV;), hut is only 3 (mall river. I It tonus two lakes ; the n\ic ir.illcd Mciom, is v ly ln\;ill, I and dry in I'lK-nmi'i ; the othrr c:i)led the (e.\ ot (i.illilce, or I.ikc ot 'I'lbeiias, i.i r.ear thiiteca miles in leiv'ltli, and Ine in bre.iiirh. It was in the let ot G.'lli'.ec th:it St. Pc'er, Anvhev,', John, and Jamcf, cxtriilcJ thtii protcllitjii as tilher;i in, .■\s this pait (•(' Tiirlcpy is verv rxtcnfivc, the clini.ito and n.-.tiiral jii>dii>itions gifuly dil:cr j wclliall tl'.enl<)ic gi\c .1 paitiiiilnr dercriptioii cl" cviry pruvinre, in order 111 avoid guural -.'.llcriw in , vhich can only Iv true in iiirc of Geo:": a, oi part, and b;£ Gu.'gillsn. n with the S E C 0/ Gcor-ia, Mingrelia, Ci^rra T. n. Itnaretta, AIic.i.Tia, n-ul ! '.',1. GC'RGISTAN, or the rounlry of Georgia, (for the | tennination I in i. a Le't.i; v.oid, and li^n;^as C.1U itrv) is hoiiPiled on the noth In- Cnc.iH-.a, on the fouth by Arni'-MiTi ; on the eaft hy I )a;',hifi..n, and on the weHitiv tlr: Lnxini ot Iil..tl»Se.. ; it ineluUes Cokhi.s, Ihciia, a.ij AU'ania. Gcor^iia, which is p::itlv fu^jcxl to the Tnrks, stnl p.iilly to the Firfians, aboundi uith n-.iaintains and woo.)', which aie interfp.: led with a v.inety ol heaiitiful viles, and fertile plains. G'orj;ia lias ,i diy air, cold in winter, anj hot i; fa'.'.inier. It proJuecj ..U kin.ls of fruits, wh'ch ar< < .\- (.eilint, r.nd tl.cb.'e.;d is haidiy to be p..ralli'td, 'Iheie 15 plenty of l"ne ca'tle : the porlc is a^niiralile, tlic wil.i and tanic fowl inroinparable ; and the t^lli, buih I'ea and river, eq-ia! any in tlic i-niierfe. The inS.iliitantb ha\e b.lter, and drink inore wir.e than any oti.e: p'ople in the wurlJ : a l.ori'c-Ioad of tlu bcii, wiiu'i; 13 -bout thiee hnni.red »ei;.ht, k'lst'oronU eioht niilhnj.']. The r'liiuty iikcwiie produces preal qu.iiiliti.s ol c.Yce'ient (lU. Sir John Chardin lav, that the Gicrgians are " robud, v..li.int, and c.f a i',ii.i.il temper, rrcat lovers of wine, and very truity and failli- fiil, erdi.'wed with r.ord n.lLral parts, hut for want of Ciiticali. 11 vicious. Tne women aif jicnerally fo fan J and c.sT.>-'ly, that t!.e wives ami concubiius ol the kiiij; 'I of Ptrl'ia and his cunt, arc lor the niotf pait tieor^jian :l women. Natai-- his »doincd ihcni w.th (jiacei no 'I wlieif tlfe to be met will). It is impoiTible to Ice the i' '| without loiir; il 'm i they .ire ol a good li/.e, clean ' limbed, an I weil flupel." Some modern tfuvcllcrs of i rep'itation, howTvir, alT rt, that the abo\c, anj m..n\ O'lier ace. lints of the e\t:.»ord nary beauty of the Gsorpiin women ate jutatly ex,ii;geiatcd, and ptorcid tnoie Irom fancy than i.al obf. rvaiion. It is ccitain lli :i th- woitien of all th: f.irroundr.g nations au eNcccdin_l) (lifactcealle in tlicii pe tons and leatiires, and p.rhap:.llie Georgian wom^n owe their re,iutation for beauty inoie to the iigli-icfj of th ir nciylow.irs than to ihcir own ic.l Mitiiiific charms. It may not be in. proper likew-U to oM'eive, that in loiintrits wl.eie multitudes of fine womei, ar eontinually fusii alout the llrects, with lluir fi'.ces uniovereJ, heant. \i h f< re^aided and noticed th.ili in thof ■ placci white ftnial.s aie gcnir. illy locked up, and always veilsil, and liver perfoiis or liatiiies ratily •.il'ible. VVc .,lv.a). tnieUain a grc.iter idea of th.it which we fel loin or nrver (ce, than of what we are in- tiinat.ly aci)uaiiiled With. •' n.-ifliy fi.'H pro«i F.unili.n* !n ihc lovrr, " r.i.lutinli^iyr, an.l pilli ii(Kin ilit feme." Th" rrnfon l« p'.iin, t'lc mental faculties air more lively ihm ihr coiporcil oruv, and the f.nuy cxa;;|^^e- rate> mof • than ihe li^ht. Tims the Irtia^-ination foiiir be.mtiei v/hi.-h the e- e rannty tee, and bcltowj (>• ecs Whirh iiliial obh rvniiori cminot Iraie, while the p (• fioiii intetefting theiiililvcs in the fcnfujl idea, over- power the rr.ifon, and cnjpge tin heart (o inia;;ine what never exili'.l. Ilmce thele ciptivalin; Wi itio, as lluv Bfv' d 1 meil, arc nioie oMi ril to thcire\< lul'ion from pru- n llC'iotii foci"y, .Mid to the foil or|lirit i.ri 'h' ours on- (iimtliiiei , than to any c.\lrjui-liii>t)' (^ilii ul iitlutr to ihcMifvlvi,. Gtor;va fornicily contained many large cilie-, as Mf. tory iiifcinis us, an.l tlv ir ruins evince : bat at prefent there are but few cit cs and towns in proportion to th': uiHomir.on fertility, and great extent of ih country, and thole few are but ihiiily iiihabite.', whii h i- perhaps owinj; to tiie ftlrbaious ciiHom of 1 llinj ihc juvenile inhabit.ints for llave% for the lord,- fell ilicn iciiJiili iiui vadiils, pirents then ihildien, nnd naiteis their fei-- vants, as thiy think pioper. Th',- principal faillors in ihis iinnauiral bulinefs aie Jew.s, who piirch.ifc the b.iys and gills when very youiij,', give litem a luitahk- educa- tion, and whui they .iirive at a proper a.;e, dilpofc of them to tlieTuiks and iVrfians, by whom tiny ate em- ployed in their armies and fcraglio.s as concubiius, flave-, mutes, eunuchs, foldiers, ^'c. and many havcbi. ii railed to the rank ol llatefnien. In (lel'ence of the abuvementirned cuftnm, the Geor- gians plead, that it is for the bcnelit of iheir ihildien ; lor if they Hay in their native country, they are fuie of being haul working Haves, but when they are lold tliev are moie careli'ed, live better, do lels, and have a gieati-r . ch.incc of advancement than the, could ha\e at lionic. I Many of both I'e.tes ind' ed, who have cbiaincd the fa- ! \o.r of the gieat, both in the Ottoman and Perfian ! courts, have had intei.It fufficicnt to fend for their pa- : ruits and nlatioiis, and |;ct them promoted to places of ! ;;rtat irutf and impoitaiice. I The Clcorgians aie great liars, implac.ble in their I hatted, and unfoi.i>iving to thofe v.'lio have i.lTend.ti I liiem, '1 hey do nut detni driinkenneis, liixuiy, or li- ; b.rtinifin crimes, or even IoIIkh. The cleruy in gene- ; iial are woifj than the laity, and ihcv.Mimn aie as Mciiis 11 eithrr. They liuit their beauty v.ilh paint, and their minds hy the moll licentious hclnuiour. They aic alt iifurers, and aH'eilt a grave dipui tment. Allreli.ions am I tolerated in Giorgia, everyone being atlibtity lo ihink, j pr.iy, and I'lieik as he pleafci. Many individuals of tho lurrniindiiig nations lelide here, and the Armenians in parliciil..! uieinorc numerous than t'.ie (jcoij;i,ins tliem- I I.Ives. I'lny are likewilc richer, and occuj y the piin- I cip.il places of trull and power. riuir houfea aie all built after the nioiii! of ihc Fer-. fianhoufesj they likewife imitate ihcni in e.itiii;;, fit- ting, Ijing, Jcc. ihey ha\e butttitis and loops to their lells, and wear them open at their biLalU. The liabiti of the wonun ate cntiuly I'tifianj the nicn- Covinn^ lor the legs and feet is in the I'erlian fill. ion, but their bonnets or hats relcmble thofe of the I'olaiu^c .'. Th" (ivorgiaii nobles are all l)iants, and exercife the moll deljioiic cruelty over their v-llaK and di p.nd.int.'-, whole properties, liberties, and live;, they think at their optit.n. 'I'he fovereignty of the Tiitks and Petfians over Georjiia, is r..thcr nominal th.iii le.il, tor as they are .1 lilrdy warlike peop'e, and can cafily ritire to aiiJ ilcf.nJ the p illes of iheir mountains, it would be dangtroiis t" ipiiriil with thvin, as noarny couKl liibdii-; them, aiut Irom the tviliire ol their countiy, they niiuht become ex- ceedin;' iroubklonic hy milking incutlions into the neigh- bouring I'urkllhand I'erfi.in provinces. 'I'lioiigh the prince ol liengia is a Mahometan, the iieneialiiy of the people are Clirillian , or at le.vll pie- tend to be fo, f r they arc fi cxtieinly ii-norant, that they It.irce iinderllaiul the meaning of wh t ihey piofefi. Sir John Chardiii mentions ; ii abiiird ciillom uhieli ptc- I vails 111 this country, the reiionof which he could never find nut, that i>, the buiMing tlieir chirehes upon h gh, I and almnll inaceedibic pl.icei, where il.vy ate abandoi>ci5 I lo the injuries of the weatliei, and lutri led ti> he the ha- I bitations of hiid*. I'rom ihe.r ftlnalior. the Gi .iigianti I can fee thiin at a great dlllanci , when tliry never lail to falute them Willi prcit rilpe.i, hut tnl4 above rivfi's tinpiy iheiTiitlvcs into the Enxine fen, but none of them arc coiiUJei.ible, ixcopt tlie Phiifis, which tiTcs in mount Caucufus. 'I he inhabitants ot this celebrated nii'untaln arc Uid by the moli authentic writers tp have little bcfuleci Ipccch, which can entitle them tu humanity ; they are tall and uell made, their looks are fierce, an . The principal food is beef and poik, tlie latter being excellent, 'i'hc nobility fpend a great deal of time in killing and catching game, fuch as pheafants, water fowl, &c. but their favourite divcruon, is flying the falcoii at the heron ; which is no lonner taken th.m they cut the beautiful tuft of featheis lioin its he,id, and let it go .igaiii. I'hcy have a great number of excel- lent horlVi, which are never fliod, nor fed with corn. The country Is every where intcrfpeifed will) hnufes, but there arc no towns, except two little ones by the fca fide. With rtfpect to calil^s there are about ten in number, in the principal of which, named Rues, the prince kee| s his court. Their ciillei are buik ot lloiu', to the height of about fifty feet, in the midlV of a wood. Hero their trealures .ire depofilcd, though the g,irrifi.n confilh of only about fixiy perlons ; near the caiUearc iVveral niaga/.ii.cs for provilions, built ot wood, which likewife fervc for places of tetieat upon emer- gencies. They have many huts made of branches of tiecv, canes and reeds ; and are fo fecurc in fhcfe rcticatt, th,ii none can come at them, but by one winding narrow pallage, which is always ftopt up when they apprehend an attack. As the Miiigrclians have great plenty of timber, they build their houf«s of wood, but nevei raife them above two floiies. They have ncithci windows nor clumnies, but are fuinilhcd viih beds and couches ; at night, aut only the whole family, but the cattle all lie in one room. The qicii Jic will propoitioncd, and the women pretty, hut they paint their faces and e)e. brows; they wear their h.iir in culled ringlitj, are witty and polite, IhiC vain, luxurious, tieaeheious, atid letociuus j dcx- tioiis thieves, and glory in thelt, '1 hey thinic it pru- dent, as well as lawful, tu have many Wives, brciiile thry bring them iiiaiiy children, whom they can fell lor money, or baiter i'or necellain's j when children, hi wcvri, coinc loo quitk, they do not belilale tu inui- dcr thcni. They likewili: murder the Gck and aged, and pretend they do it with the bei«BVulenl defign ol (Hitting them uut ol tbiiir miKr/ { aJullcry in tlu)uj;ht but a trifle : when a man catches anotli>:r in tamiliaii;'; wiih his wife, be obli;^es luiii to pay a ho.:, which .; immediately drclUil, aii.l all thieefit elown v.rv lovingly to fealV upon it. The lords not only compel the peafants to maintain them, but fell them aiul their whole families wh.ncver they think proper. 'I'h.y an- the umpires in all dif- putcs between tluir vall'alj ; but when there ii a quar- 1 .1 between any of tlie t;reat lords, they hue recourii: to arms. Their weapons aie hows, anovvs, (words, and lances. 1 he ccelefiadics have long beards, bi t the laity fufter very little of their b.iids to grow. 'I hev fliave the head leav iiig only a little hair upon the foichead and round the ears. M'lieir bonnet is made of felt, and in winter is lined with fur, but is not of much ufe to them, for when it rains, ihey put it in their pix-ket, and go bareheaded to fave it. They arc fo poor that the common people go almoft naked, and have onlv a CO. Cling of a triangular !orm, which ihey turn againtl wind or rain. They we;'.r a Ihiri, but have fcldom more than one at a time, iind lh.it tliey only walh thies times in the year. Th.- fhiit is tucked into a pair of breeches, and on the feit they wear fandals made of the untanned hide of a bufl'alo, which ate faflencd with thongs of the fame. In winter they wear fnow Ihcrs. The whole of cvciy family of both fexes cat togeiher. I has grooms and (cullions dine daily with the kiii'; and queen. On holidays they cat venifon, beef ami poik, b'lt at other times the maltcrs have filhand pulfe, anil .iR . '.Icriors nothing but ?omms. If the vieather will peiniit il"<'y dine in the open court. Both lexes ufu.illy get drunk at their enttitainmenis, when tlu men boail of their thc.'ts, and the women of llicir de- baucheries. The continual fale rj the Mingrelians to the Turks, anil Perfians, and their perpetual Iquabblcs among thcm- lelvcs, have greatly de()Ojiulated the country. The revenues of the princo aie eliimated at about 2o,ooo crowns per annum, whith arc rallied by fims, impo- litions, the fale of (laves, and duties on all imports and exports : of this money be fpcnds very little, for his crown lands arc more than (utkci nt to maintain him, and the people are oblig. d to work for him lor nothing. His forces are primipally caiahv, and du not amount to above 4CCO elfciitue nun. Lvtiy IokI lead.', h.s own people to battle, but they arc lo badly dilciplined that they m.uch, charge, and retreat without older. All commerce is rariied on hy bait.r, thiiu^h thev have money which bears the Poiii.n (lamp j but is coined in (jforgia i the value of which is always Hueluating. The Mingrelians profet's themfelvck Chriftian.s, but are exceedingly ignorant in all riligious mailers; few of the cleigy cm either write or read, ^ut thev greatly iippile upon the laity, by picteiiiliiig to diviiiaiinn. .Meifi ecelelialtieal writers lav that a Chriltian (lave converted thefe piop'e in the reign of L'onflanliiie the Great; but the Mingrelians theinlelvis attribute that work 10 M. Andrew, whom thev afBim cane . iid pre.icbed among ihrin, at a place called Piguiias, where there i.s at pi lent a chuich. The head of their rclit'ion IS called Caihulieos, who is obliged to go once in hia life 10 the above-mentiuiied chureh to make holy oil. When a iMingrelian is fuk, a priell is lent for, not 10 pray hy him, but to predict whether he will live or die. I lav in 1; opened a book lie lo^ ks gi.ively in it, thiiu"h he IS ui'.ul le to rtad a line ; then (hutting the hook luddenly, he declares that the pa lent will iiitvitably die, unlets a very h5 (laves. Sometimes ho makfs a tcuir through his whole tlioci-fc, which exttmls not only all over Mingrcliii, but throughout Imcrctta, GuritI, Ahca, and Mount Caii- tafus. 111 thcfc cxcurfions he dues not iitic.npt to regu- late thepaftors, or iiiftrudt tho (Hoplf, but plunders and robs both clergy and laity of all he can lay hi'i hands OH. lndi;ed, if he was willing to tiacli his inferiors he could not, for mort (Jatholicos h.ivc been fo igiior.int ak fcarce lo know how to fpell their own names. The Catholicos has fix bifhops immcdi.iiely under him ; and thefc htads of the church abfurdly maLe the whole Chnftian religion to center in one article, that is, the abl*aining froi.i eating of flefh. They neither preach nor pray J their moft important bufiiicfs being to get drunk, daily: the inferior piiefts cupy their fuptiiurs ; snd the people in general think tlicy cannot do better than to imitate the clergy. It is no womler, therefore, that the l\4ingrelians h.ive been deemed by travellers fome of the wickcjeft wretches upon the face of the earth. Somtlimes, after the prielln have with impunity defrud- ed the people, and the Catholicob have robbed both, thr prince takes it into his head to dipofe and plunder the Catholicos. The cathedral is a toler..blc buiMing, aiiJ the images w.thin are finely adorned with gold .mJ jewels. 'I'hc lu- perior cl«gy weac long beard^i, black bomicts, a^tJ lul-f^ of fcailct and vehctj but thofc of the inferior cKiii laak^' but a despicable appeaiaiice, and are cMijed lo work for tlicir great lords p.s hard .is the laity. 1 he ge- rurality of th ir other churches ;'rc as nafty as liog ftyes : and their images arc kipt very filthy, though their wor- Ihip of them isexccedinjlv idolatroii'-. Having no bells, when they call the people to cliurth, which is hii, feldtim, they Ihike .igainll .i bo..ril with a gieat (tick. They pa\ the greatufl refpccl, aiiJ make the hiriiitt prefents to tbofe Saints who have the charai5tcr of being tho moll cruel and lavage. St. Giobiii is their gieatift favourite j btcaufe they think that he would kill .ill who came near biin, they thereknc only peep at him at a diU.ince, and l.iv down their prcleiUi. Their niafs is after the Greek manner, with thii dirierence, the Cireek prierts repeat the whole perfectly, but the Miiigrelians only mumble the ceremony, and blunder at every (thcr word. For their chalice they ha\e a wooden bowl, and a wooden diflj for their patten. They conlVxrate both leavened iuid unleavened bread, and drink the wine without its being mixed with water. They bapti/e by iipmcifion ; and as fonn as the child is chriltened, pricll, p.ircnts, godfathers and guciK', in- dulge ihemlolves in gluttony and intoxic.ilum to the grentcd excels. When a nan wants a wile, he mull buy her : a tolerable good prueis gu en for a virgin, lefs for a widow, and le.iit of all for a woman who h. s been divorced. When the nuptial conlnn't ii made, the cou- ple may cohabit together previous to the payment of the money. They niav ailij divorce their wives either for h.^rreniiefs or ill-niture, Tliiy kei ,1 their dead forty days above proniid, during which tune ihey nioiiin. At full, they make a terrible howling and Icrcamini:, t' arin^ their cloaths all into taller <, hea ing thiir biearts, fintthin; their f.ices, and pulling oH their Iran by handfuls ; but their lamentations guuliially diniiriilh, till the fortieth dav, wIkii the body IS buried ; an uiiteit.iiiiiiicnt is niHde, the rnoll extrava- gant mirth is encouraged, and llic ninurncrs get drunk III order to forget the dece.ifed. When any of the laity di.-, a bifliop alw..tys peiloiins the fiimral fervice, and thin Liys claim to .11 that hel.jiiged to the decealed ; but when a bilhop dies, the prince himfelf lays mals, in order to have the privilege i>f pUindeiinghi) houfe. Thus a burul is gemially the ruin of a whole family. The Miiigrelians, when thev fuperior to ilitm all, being more energetic, exprelfivc, and elegant, and comprizing not only all the common, but all the (ethnical tcrm> gf theuli>j(y, and the various artii ASiA.l TURKEY. arts and fcle'Kes. It" what they afTci t is true, it only evinces, that the Armenians were formerly much more learned .iiid poliflicd than tlit-y arc at prcfcnt. The Armenian merchants arc in general men of pro- bity and politcncfi. They manage ail the trade of the Levant, and arc in fad the greatcll merchants in the univcrfe. They fprcad thcmfelves over the principal parts of the world, as many arc to be found in Italy, France, Germany, Holland, England, &c. and in the dominions of the Great Mo^ul ; all over the Turkifli and Pcifian territories, in Siam, Java, the Philippine Idands, and all parts of the call, China exci-ptcd. The Armenians ilrike their bargains in the following fingi'' - manner : Several pieces of money are put upon a '-'• a any convenient place; the buyi r ^n;.! feller then dilpute tvith great fccming carncrtncfs ..^jut the price of the commodity ; the buyer ofFerini; tlic money to the feller, who puflics it away apparently with much indignation, and the fquabble has fuch an appearance of ill humcur, that a ftranger would be led to imagine, it certainly muft terminate in blows. The whole, however, is a cuftomary afFeflaiion, and when the broker, who is always prefent at this farce, thinks that an equitable price is offered, he fqurj/cs the fellct's hand till he roars out, which is a token 'hat he accepts the buyer's terms. The capitalclty of 'I urtoinania is called Arzcrum, or Erzeron. It is fituatcd on the northern extremity of the province, about ten days journey from the frontiers ot Pirfia, and five from tile Hlack Sea. It is the refulencc of a Turkilh ball'a or bafhaw, is defended by a good caftle, and has a itroiiggarrifon of JanilTaricb commanded by an aga j it contains about eighteen thoufajid Turks, who in general purchafe of the balTa the name and prii i- leges ol Janiflaries, or a difpenfati an of committing all kinds of diforders with impunity. The pay of a Jaiiil- faryfrom the government, is from about two-pence half- penny to ten-pence per day. In this city about eight thouf.ind Aimenians, and five hundred Greeks lel'ide. The Armenians have two churches, fcvcral nionallcries, and a bifliop. Arzcrum is a place of great trade, which principally confifts of copper and brals ware?, the ore of which is found in the neighbouring mountains ; printed callicocs, red and yellow leather, filk, madder, caviare, gall nuts, and beautiful furs, particularly fables. It is likewifea repofitury for \aft quantities of merchani'ize, which come from the Eaft-Indies, and a great thoroughfare. All who go from hence to Perfia, except Turks, pay a capitation tax of five crowns, and five per cent, for all fpecir which they carry with them. Every llranger who enters the town is obliged to pay five crowns, and all merchandize is taxed at nine per cent, fix of which goes to the Grand Seignior, and three to thebcglcibeg. Fuel is very fcarcc, which is a great inconvenience in a place where the winters are fo feverc ; in lieu of wood they arc under the neceflity of fubitituting cow-dung to burn. The fummcrs arc fliort and hot, and the country tiear Arzerum is tolerably fertile, but produces no gnol wine. The wheat is ripe in about two miinihs after it is fown, and the bailey in about four weeks. In the neighbourhood of this city a vaft quantity of poppies grow, out of which the Turks extract their opium. The caviare is made of the fpawn of llurgcons brought fronrihe Cafpian Sea, where thcfe fifli aic remarkably line ; yet it is inferior to that made near the Baltic. The piles of cow-dung, which is made into turfs, and the perpetual burning of that excrement, occafion a fmcll throughout the city which is exceedingly otfcnfivc to III. liners. Every thing you cat or drink, even the very criam, is tainted w.th this vapour ; yet trav^dlei'; afiirt that thcic are coals in the neighbouring hills, but the inhabitants neither uiiderlland their nature, nor how to dig fur them. The wan r is excellent, rivulets of which lull through moll of the itrecis, but the wine and brandy aie difficult to begot at, though ihey arc abomi- nably bad when procured, for the f.ilc of them is no where more (Iriclly prohibited. 'I'lic CJrecks ate obliged to in- habit the fuburbs, becaufc being tinkers, they make fuch a perpetual clattering in hammering and making a va- tiety of brazen ntenlils, that it would diftutb the iran- ^uilliiy of the Fuiksi fur iliofe gentlemen are fo cxcced- 9 ingly delicate and indolent, that they cannot bear the thoughts of a noify trade. This city lies in 40 dcg. of north latitude, and 41 deg. 15 min. ead longitude. About fix miles from the above city, there is a little village called Elija, which contains only a few fmall hoiifcs built with mud, but is famous for an excellent bath, which is a neat octagonal building. The bafo.'i is likewil'e of an odlagonal form, and throws out two gulhes of water as thick as a man's body. The Turks are continually flocking hither from Arzerum to bathe. On the lake Van, or Wan, which is one of the largcft in Afia, there is a city of the lame name, fituated in 38 deg. 12 min. north latitude, and 44 deg. 55 min. eait longitude J it is large, and (lands at the toot of a higit craggy mountain, on which there is a fortrefs deemed impregnable, that commands the town and country, and has a llrong 'I'urkilh garrifon. Thi lake product j a variety of fine filh, particulaily < ne of the pilchard kind, great quantities of which arc exported to many dif- tant places, as well as confuiiied at home, being ufcd in fauces, and eaten in the fame manner as anchovies. 'Fhe lake is one hundred and fifty miles in circumference, re- ceives many rivers into its bofom, and contains fcveral idands; two of thefe illands, viz. Limdaii and Adarc- ton, are confiderable, each having little villages and a monaftery of Armenian monks on it. Cars, or Kars, or as theTuiks call it, Az;in, is in 40 deg. north latitude, and 43 ilr.;. 2c niin. cart longi- tude, idx.bt one hundred and live miles north of Arze- rum. Being the hlf Turkilh town t;iward< the I'erfian frontiers, it is defended by a ilfon^^ ca'.tle built upon ,1 ftecp lock. Behind there is a \ alley watcied by i river, which difch-.rgcs iti'cif into the Arp.igi, and thefe twii rivers unite in dividing the two empires. The city is almod fquar*;, and about half as big as Arzerum, but is neither populous nor handfome. All Grangers have twj things to dread, viz. the extortions of the Turkilh officers, and the depredations of robbers. The houfcs are mean and in a ruinous condition. The balTa of Car is fubjccl to the governor of Arzerum. The coun- try about It, though naturilly fertile, is but very little cultivated. The Turks here have all private wells or cifterns, from a fupcrftitious notion, that the Chriftians, who arc much more numerous than the Mahometans, pollute the public wateis, and render th'iij unfit fcr a true Muirulman to ulV. Irvan, Envan, or Chirvan, is fiturtcd in 40 dcf. 10 min. ncrih lat. and 45 deg. 30 min, ea(t long. It is about one hundred and eighty nii'e? eait of Arzerum. and has been alternately polleh'i.d by the Tu.ks and Pcrfians a great many times ; in 1635 it was ceded to the Perfians ; but whether the 'Furks have regained it during the recent revolutions of Peifia wc are uncertain. It is a fpaciousplaeo, but ill built and very dirty. The town is watered by two rivers, and the neighbouring country is extremely fertile in coin, wine, rice, cotton, &c. Fhe caiHe is of no importance, and the fortifica- tions arc made of mud, fo that heavy rains frcquenlly damage it as much as artillery would. Over one of thi? rivers called Zcngcric, th-.ic is a fine bridge uf lour arches. The governor is obliged to trani'mit to Con- (lantinoplc an account of all caravans, nmbaHiidurSi (Irangcrs, &c. who paf; through the city. Here pro\ i- fions arc exceedingly che.ip, particularly game, and the fruits and wine arc admirable. 'Fhe public fquare, or piazza, is handfome, and the bazar, or market, capa- cious. 'Fhe baths and caravanferas, as well as the go- vernor's palace, arc elegant and capacious buildings. Fhe river Zcngeric iilues from the lake of Erivan, which is about twenty-five miles in circumference, and contains an ifland, with an Aimcnian monaftery, the monkj ot which lead a life uncommonly auftere, never fpcaking to each other but four times a year. Though the lake which furrounds them is plentifully fupplied with the nioft excellent fifli, and their little ifland abounds with a variety of delicious fruits, they muft touch neither, except on the four times when they arc pcrinittv-d to fpeak to each other. All the reft of the year they are obliged to live upon herbs and roots, and even thofe mull not be obtained by cultivation, but fuch as arc ths fpontaneous produce of nature arc 10 bo fclcfted. Near B b Erivan 1 ■! ■h! mi ■ \\ it I Its, ..It' 0 '■«■' I it ,,;,. i^' .;3 A NEW COMPLETE S\ I'rivaii is anotlicr famous ninnartiTV railed the Thiec Cliiirchcs, which is the refukiKc nf the great patriarch of ihc Ariiieniaris, niulcr whom nrc forty-feven aich- biflicip-, who have each fmir or fue fulfragans. The arclibilhops, as well ^is the fudVagaiis, ufually rcfule in foiiie inonalK-ry, over which they h ive a jurifdielion. Every Armenian ahnvc the age ol fifleen is obliged to pav li\c-pcnetf annually to the great patriarch, whofc rc- \eniic amounts to about fixhundr.d thoufand crowns : be is, however, out of ihi-i funi ol ligid to pay a conft- der.ihlc tribute to the I'orte, and to give alms to many poor Armenians. Nacklivaii ftanJs about fev en leagues from the Araxcs. It was formerly called Artaxata, and was the rcfidencc of till' ancient Armenian kings. It is built upon a plain V. iiich Hannibal ga\ c to king Artaras, who then made it the capital of all Armenia. The celebrated battle between Lucullus and Miihiidates w.-.s fou_,ht near it. Thi-. city contains many barars, car.ivanleras, public bailis, colFec-houfes, handfomc ftreets, &c. It is in 39 de;/. north l;.titude, 75 deg. 55 min. eaft longitude, and rtands abu'.;t fixty three mles fouth of Kriian. Zulpha, (ir old /ulplia, to dillinguifli it from new Ziilpha, ncarlfpahan, in Peilia, Hands on the AraXes, which begins to be iia\ i.;aMe about fi.\ miles below the town. It w.is from this pio\ince that the famous Sh.di Abbas carried 77,000 f.uitilies to help to re-pe(/ple fome of the depopulated pails of his own kingdom. He fettled part if them iir the province of Gliil.n', and the re!> at Ifpahan, btit many of the former died by means of the fcverilv ef ihc climate, bhah Abbas injoinid thcf" cap'.iiatfd Armenians to apply themfelns to tratBck, ar.d gave them great privileges .md eiicouiage- nnnti i'o th..t I'.eir pclKiiiy .ne not only fume of the rlehji people in Perfia, but ..re tf.c mod diltingu flied iieichanls in thofc p. rts, tiaJiiig to the Levant, and tiiany ether [.arts of Afra, and eoiiefponding with the niereliai.ts of n olt comniercial n.-tions. About /iilj ha are f-.ver„l Arnnnian nmiialUrie' , ihe monks of which ;ire Rom.in catholics of the donunican order ; many young Armuiians are fcnt to Rome to be educated, who on their return fill the vaeanciis that may have li.ip- pcncd in tl'.c monaftir.es. The dilliicl of Zulpha C, ii- tains about 6cco fouU, who are all Romart catholic-, and do not in the kail di/Ter in th.ir woilhip from thole of Europe, except th t mala is celebrated in the Armc- trian inliead of t!ie I.atiri torgue. Their r.:^nbifliop is ehofeii by ihemklvis, but he is obliged to go to Rome to be confirmed by the I'ope before he can otiiciatc. The iironks of one • i the luonafleries pretend that St. Mat- thew arrd St. iJ.irthoK mew lutf. red tnart)r',om there, which induce, great nun beis of both ChriHians and .Mahometans to nfurt thither. At the foot of a high mountain near Zulpha are fome nrcdicinal fpriirgs, which are celebrated for nrany virtues, but more parti- cularly for curing thjfe that are bit by airy venomous creatures. Armenia Minor ia at prcfent of no great importance, though it w.is formerly very conllderable, being bounded on the cilt bv the Luphrales, vshich parted it tioni Ariinnia M.jur, on the foutli bv mount Tauiis, and oir the wed an.l north by a loitg iha.n of mountains, called Aiititauiia, .\inanus, .'v;c. It is In general a nrountainous rouiitrv ; but in fonre places there arc fruitful vales, ..bounding with olives, vines, &c. This country was a part cf Cappa.locia till the reign of Antuiehiis the (jieat, when Zadriadcs and .\rtaxias, feiz ng on Ar- menia, and adding it to fome ot the neighbouriiiu pro- vinces, introd ic(d the dilHinStioii of Armenia the Greater and Lefl'er. In the Roman times it was divided into lour provinces, vi.i. Laviana, iVIaiiani, Araveira, and Meli- tcne, which contained the following cities, Mclitenc, Nicopolis, (larnace, Arabyllus, Daicufa, Zimara, and l.ad.aia. 'Ihe ntanncrs, luftoins, &c. of the people alw.iys were and (till are the fame as thole of Armenia Major. It is imagined that Armenia was firft peopled by the immediate dcfcendants of Noah; it then bfcanic a king- dom, and remained fo till it was lubdued by tlie Per- fians ; it was afterwards polleired by the immediate fuc- ceJlots of Alexander the Great, then coniiucri,iJ by the D STEM OF CEOCiRAPHV. Romans. About the year 6S7, the Saracens male thenrfelvcs malleis of it, and held it till they were de- prived of it by the Tartars and Turks, from whom it had the name of Turconianii. It was on mount Ararat in Armenia that the ark of Noah relied; but on what particular pan geographers and hiltorians are not .agreed j the Armeitian monks tell many fabulous llories which are not worth npeating concerning it. Mr. Tourncfort tells us that the afcent is not only difficult and tedious, but even dangeriuis, through the ruggcdncfs of fome parts, and deep famls of others ; not to mention the danger from the bealts of prey; the horrid precipices are beheld with leiror, even by the guides themf^lves. 'i'he fituaticn -ry had a prince of its own named Agbarus. liir or Beer is in 37 deg, 15 min. north latitude, and 3S dcg, 15 mill, calt longitude. It is fituated on the fiile of a hill to the call of the Euphrates, and de- fended by two large old calll,', the one on the land fide, and the other on the hanks of the river. The garrilon confills of about 200 janiflaries and 400 fpahis com- manded by a fangiac. The houfes extend from the river fide to the top of the hill, where the caOle is placed, the walls of which are in a ruinous condition. On the oppofite fide is a noble, capaciou?, ftronL', and well guarded car.ivanfeta ; the Euphrates is here "about a mile broad, and itacuriei.t fmooth, (o that it is a kind ol lerry fiom Syiia; eaiavans are not allowed to enter the city, but are obligid to pals through a difficult road by the fide of it j in < rder to g.in a caiavanfera on the top of a hill, at ingbt the olhcers come to receive the cuttoms from all, except thofe who have laddie h'lrles. Here arc all kinds of pronfions in plenty, particul.ily biead, wine, and filli. 'Ihe neighbouring territorvis pleal'.mf, fertile, and v/cll cultivated, except to the ealtvvaid, where it is rough, hillv, and rather Iterilc. In Di.iihecare a few other lels coiiliderable cities and towns, namely, (Je-zira, in 37 deg. 30 min, north latl- lude, and 39 deg, 10 11. in. calt longitude. It is fituated 111 nil ifland of the 'Tigris, the woid Geriza fignifying an idand in the Arabic language. It is a I'niall but rich eommeicial city, where a great number of merchants meet to carry on a trade in tobacco and gallnut, which are plentil'ully produced in the mountains of 'Taiiris. 'They make no wine, but dry all their grapes (or railins. 'ihe city is governed by a liey, Amadia, or Amad, isaimut 72 miles call from Gezira, and the lame welt from Moful, '/iliin, in the midway between Orl.i and Molul, is a toler.ible town fituated on an alcent. It is furroundcd with good walls and ditches, well fupplied with fprings and fminiains, and furniftied with good ilore of provdiuiis, Nilbin, or Nafbin, about 35 miles from the Tigris, s the refidence of a 'Turkilli langiac. 'The city is di- vided into two wards, each on an eminence, with a large UAc\ of ploughed land between. 'This gives it a pretty appearance at a diltance, though both wards in leality aie fcarce worthy of the name ot a finall village ; how- < ver, arches, gates, and the remains of a noble church arc Hill vifible, which evince that its anticni fituation wns •MT\ 'f" i'l' 1 H ' TmL . [i \m u )' mi ■ »4 i . 1 i ' ■ If t li'j I 'ffiii I ^:.l f I I ' (: ■h ■Ml' A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAMiY. !i I li l!> i>; !^ tip ■■'a 1 >'' 1 loo was liir fiiiiciior to its pa-fcnt. The foil is t'crtile, ami, as the chief bufuicf-. of the inhabitaius is agriculture, tlic l.iiul is well cultivated, ami the iiihabitanti plentifully fupplicil with ccrn, wine, fiuits, iVc. Mcrdin, or Mar- din, is fituatiil on the weft fide of the Tigris, hc'wci;n Moful and liafjd.it, and about 25 miles I rem Diarbcc, in 37 deg, 15 inin. north latitude, and 40 dcg, cafl lon- gitude. It IS about 5 miles in circumfeitncc, furruund- ed by a ftrong wall, and defended by an c.\cellew callle of about a mile in compals, which is fituatcd upon an almoft inaccelTiblc rock. The caltic abounds in fine fprings, and even contains corn fields. It is thcrcfidcnce of a fangiac, and a garrifon of 400 janiflatiej and 2C0 fpahis. Its rtrcngth is fuch, that Tamerlane the Great was obliged to abandon it, after having inverted it for rear three years. The 'I'urlcs have the following pro- \erb concerning its impregnability, *' that to attempt to take Merdin, is like making figns to the blind." The city is viell built, adorned with many noble houfes and a hne fountain, the waters of which come from the ci- tadel. The manufactures arc, filk, cotton and gold and filver ftuft's. The air is temperate and fercne : the territory rich and fruitful. Many chrillijns inhabit the lity, who have an archbifhop fubjedi to the patriarch of Antioch. SECT. VII. £yraca-Ar.ibic ; cr, Iiack-.Arabi, tLi Aiu'unt Chaldia. EY R A C A-Arabic, V'crack or Iiack-Arabi, hath been anciently termed Shinaar, Babylonia and Clial- dia. It lies between 30 and 40 dcg. north latitude, and is bounded on the north by Diarbcc ; on the weft by thedefarts of Sham; on the fouth paitly by the fame defarts, and thofe of Arabia ; and on the call by Sufiana anu the Median and Aflyrian mountains. The name of Chaldrea is derived from the Chalda;ans, and that of Babylonia originates from the tower of Ua- be). The air of this country is in general very fcrene and temperate, but at certain times it is fo extreme- Jv dangerous, and the heats fo cxCLflive, that formerly many of the inhabitants ufed to f.eep in ciftcrns of wa- ter; and this pernicious prai5\iceis at prefcnt not entirely difcontinued. The inhabitants arc fometiincs vifited by the pcftilential wind already mentioned in our dcfcription of iVIoful, and which has fo mucli excited the attention of modern travellers and philofophers. As they have no rain for eight months in the year, tlic land is watered from the Euphrates and other rivers, by means of a great number of engines admirably conftructed for that purpofe. Sometimes it hath not rained for the fpacc of Ivvo years and a half, and the inhabitants are thoroughly l.itisticd if it only rains thrice annually, as that is fuf- licicnt to anfwcr all their purpofes. Herodotus informs us, that in the land of the AITy- rians it very feldom raiiieJ, and that though the country bore great refemblance to Kgypt, yet it was not watered by the inundation of a river, but by the induftry and ingenuity of the inhabitant;, which have rendered it one of the fmeft and moft fertile countries upon the lace of the earth. It certainly in general yields grain two hundred fold, and frequently three hundred ; and its fertility is fuch, that it would aftonilh a traveller who had feen ail the reft of the known world. The palms, particularly thife of the date kind, attbrd the inhabitants meat, wine and honey. The millet and fefame flioot lip to the fize of trees, and the barley and wheat have leaves of four fingers in breadth. They have neither olives nor graj,cs but the fefame is an excellent fublli- tiitc to furnilh oil, where olives are wanting, and the palm lupplies th^m with wine in lieu of grapes. formerly the Tigris and Euphrates iifcd to overflow in thi' moiiths of June, July and Auguft, and cover the whole country with water, and the inundations were ufuallv cncreafed by torrents of melted fnow, which poured down from the Armenian mountains j but thofe Aoods proving very detrimental n various cafes, the inha- bitants guarded againft them by cutting a great num- ber of ar'.ilcial cai.als, rivers, and rivulets, which they «;fte6led with infinite afliduity and labour. Thus the waters were propcily diilributcd, an eafy communica- tion made between every part of the country, and ihr inhabitants univerfally beiicfittd. 'l"he pallure, being exceedingly rich, great numbers of cattle are fed, which not only plentifully fupply the inhabitants with meat, but with milk, butter, &c. This country is famous for the great plain of Shi- naar, where the whole r lee of mankind were collcdied together alter the flood, and from thence difperfed thein- felvcs over the f.icc of the earth ; for being ihc feat of the terreftrial paradife, as fomc authors affirm, but that opinion is denied by others ; and for being the place where the tower of B.ibel was built, and the renowned city of Babylon, of which the vclkigcs, or what are (hewn for fuch, arc at ptefcnt very trifling. The fiift foundation of Babylon is by fome authors afcribed to Scmiramis, and by others to Bclus. Who was the founder is not material, but it is certain that Nebuchadnezzar was the pcrfon who raifed it to that pinnacle of glory, as to become the principal wonder of the world. The moft remarkable works therein were five, viz. the walls of the city, the temple of Oelus, the palace and the hanging gardens in it, the banks of the river, and the artihcial lakes and canals made to drain the river. The walls were 60 miles in circumference, 350 feet high, and 87 thick. The city was in the form of a fquarc 15 miles each way. The walls were built of large bricks cemented together with ?. hi. id of glutinous flime found in the country, v^■hich is fuperior to any lime, and grows much harder than the bricks themfclves. They were encompaflcd by a vaft ditch lined with bricks, cemented by the fame kind of bitumen, and lilled with water. The earth which was dug from the ditch, fcrved to make the bricks for the walls j we may therefore, from the allonifliing magnitude of the walls, conceive the grcatnels of the ditch. An hundred gates made of folid brafs, ferved as entrances to the city } that is, 25 oil each fide. Between every two of thcfe gates were three towers, and four more at the angles, and three be- tween each of the angles and the next gate on either fide, 'I'he towers were all ten fee; higher than the walls. Eiom the 25 gates on each fidt of this great fquare, aj llrects went in right lines to the oppolite gates: fo that the whole number of ftieets were 5c, each being 15 miles long, cutting each other at right angles : thus was the city divided into 676 fquaie?. l he houfes were noble edifices, and a branch of the Euphrates ran acrofs the city from north to fouth. In the middle there was a bridge ; at each end of the bridge was a palace ; the old palace on the eaft, and the new palace on the weft fide of the river ; the former took up four of the fquarcs, and the other nine; and the temple of Bclus, which ftood near the old palace, took up another of thcfe fquares. The old palace was four miles in circumference, and the new palace eight; the Utter had thiee walls one within another, and was ftrongly fortified. In the latter the hanging gardens were the greatcft curiofily ; they contained a fquare of 400 feet, and were carried to the height of the wall of the city by feveial large terraces; the afccnt was from terrace to terrace by ftairs of 10 feet wide. This vaft pile was fullaincd byaiehcs built upon arches, and ftrengthened by a wall of 22 feet in thick- nefs, which furrounded it on eery fide. The gardens contained all kinds of flowers, plants, and even large trees. On the upper terrace was an aqueduifl which fcrved to water the whole. To prevent the overflowing of the Euphrates, which did great damage not only to the country but to Babylon itielf, Nebuchadnezzar em- banked the river with prodigious banks of bitumen and bricks, and cut two canals to drain oft the overflowings into the Tigris, before they fhould reach Babylon. The ancient ChaldiMn language differed from the Hebrew which was fpoken in Mefipotamia ; but both tongues were blended together by means of the Jcwf, and, mutually corrupting each other, their intermixture formed the prcfent Syriac. The principal cities and towns of Eyraca-Arabic are, Bagdat ir Baghdad the metropolis, delightfully fituated in a fine plain on the eaftern bank of the Tigris, and lies in 33 deg. 20 niin. north latitude, and 43 deg. eaft longitude. It was found- ed in the i+jth year of ilic Heig^ra by the c.iliph Al- manfur, II r" ASIA.] TURKEY. tr)t manfur, and Is built upon tlie f.\ine fpdt where thcnnri- eiit Silcncia ftood, and not, as Conic writers have fall'ily fuppolcd, where the ancient Babylon ftood. Biigilat was the leat ot" nioft of the c.diphsol theraceoC Al-abbas. In the year of the Hcigcr.\ bji, it wis talcen hy thi' Tartars, in whofe hands it remained till 1392, when Tamerlane the Great fubdiicd it. Ulun Cail'.m, a Tur- koman prince, conquered it A. D. 1470. Sliah Ifinacl, emperor of PeiTia, poflliled liinililf ot it A. 1). 1508. 'I'he fovcicignty of it was then cciili-lkd for alK)ve 100 years between the Pcrfians and I'uiks ; at length, A, \). 1038, it was totally fiibducd by the Turks, iiiuler thi conduii of Aniurath the fceond, and hath remained in their hands ever fuiee. This city was formerly cmbcl- lirtitd by many fuperb palaces, and other nin^Miifi-ent edifices, befides a variety of colleges and other fcininaries of learning. It was populous, opulent and well f utified ; the language was the nioft pure jiid elegant Arabic, and the nuiiiiers of the people the moll polite ima^iii.iblc, as this city contained moic learned men, and noble fami- lies than any other in the call. Though thiscity at prefent groans under the tyranny of the Tuikilh yoke, it is Kill the ^rand ciiipniium of the Ottoman empire tow.irds the I'erfian (idc. It is fre- quented by innumerable merchants and paflengcrs travel- ling to and from P«rfia into Syria, Palcftine, K_;ypr, N.uoli.t, &c. A Balla hath his refidenee inn, 10 whom every paflenytr pays liibutc, which annually pro- duces a very capital fum. Jiel'ideS niahoinctans, here are maiiv chriftians who arc publickly tolerated, and jews-, lonie of whom rcfidc conilamly in the place, but many others only come annually in order to vitit the fcpulchie cf the prophet Kzekicl, which flands about a day and a half's journey from the city. The P.icha of Bagdat is ufually a vizir. The garri- foii amounts to about 3COO men, the city is near a mile anda half in Icnfjth, and about half the lame in breadth. The walls arc of brick ftriiigtlieMcd with towers, upon which arc mounted 60 pieces of cannon, the large-It ol which is not above a fix pounder. Towards the land fid • arc four gates, and one upon the river. Over the river is a bridge of 33 boats brought from Moful. The caftle, which is in the city on the north, is cncompaU'ed hy a wall mounted with 150 pieces of cannon without car- riages. There is a tefteder to coller.t the revenues of the Grand Seignior, and a cady to alTill; the pacha in the civil government. The moUiues, of which there are five in number, arc tolerably well built ; two of th.m in particular, which arc adorned with domes, covered wiih varnifhcd tiles of different colours. The caravan- feras are ten in number ; the bazars or market places are all arched, and wateicd I'ever.d times a day to Miiti;;atc the heats which nii^ht othsrwife iiieommode the mcr- cliaius. The pd:;iirus who viht .Meeca by land palV through Bagdat, and pay four plarms by way of tribute, which brings a very cimlid^frabie revenue to the Grand Seignior. The inhabitants of Bagdat arc computed to amount to about fifteen thoufand ; during the fiimmer the mar- kets aie kept in the night, and the inhabitants are obliged t)lieontheii te r.in"; to avo !d theexcnlive lieats : indead of candles, oil t>f Napthn is burnt ■, the women are al- lowed to "O to tin- ballis every Wfdnrfday morning to wafh and perfume thcmfeleeb; on Ihiitldays the married and unmarried are permitted li go to the I'puUhres to p'.ay for the dc.id. Curfa is fitiiated !n ^t de •;. 3S min. north latitude, and ^4 deg. 57 min. rail longitude, iil.nit 60 mile-, to rlie louthward of Bizdai, and on the v.elt I'r !e of the Kupliraros; it was foinierly a city of imporianee, being the lelidcricc of the caliphi after they had qniit. il )),i- niaf'-us, and before they had built liigd.'t, but i; now ijuiie dcfolated. TraNt on theTi:ris is n (Iroiij and well-rortlfied town, having two ealUe,-, ; it is about 4i leajues bevonu B.igilat. The Ch.dd.ean Apaniea is fuppoied lornierly to have ftood here. iJalVora, or UalVah, on the frontiers of Perfra, lies in 30 deg. 17 mill, north latitude, and 40 dog. 10 niiii. eaft longitude, beiiii; about 250 niilcs louth ealt; from Ua^jdai, and 240 luulh wvll tio a Ifp.dian: it w.i:> built A. D. 636, by OiTiar the ftcond caliph, in order to cut of}' the communic.ition between Perlia and India. Tliis city is 12 miles in circumference, opulent, and populous, but the buildings have nothing exlraordinar' 111 them, (he houl'es being only two ftonci high, bu'iC with biicks dried in the fun, and flat on the tops. I'hc rity !•• founded upon a ftony loil, and thecnviron'^ arc barren ; but the ciicuinjacent country is fo exceedin'-.ly fertile and dclii;htful, that it i- deemed by the Arabians one ol the four paradiles of the eaft. The inhabitants are (upplied wiih water fiom the Euphrates, by a canal which is capable of carrying velTels of 50 tons burthen : there is a lorlrefs .it the mouth of it, which is ab';ut 45 miles dilhint from the fea. The whole country I es lo low that it would be fubiei5l to continual inundations, if a ilout dyke or "mbankmerit did not prevent tliofc calamities. 'l"he hot winds are very troublelume, and bring with tlicrn clouds of land froM the neighbouiing delcrts : it is a place of great trade, and I'warms with vcll'els from moft of the kingdoms of Af'ra and Europe. The Englidi and Dutch have very eonfidcrable factories maintained by their refpeelive Kalt India companies, for the better carrying on their commerce with China and ohcr eaftcrn parts, their difpatches being forwarded to England and Holland by the way of Darrafcus and .Aleppo, by means of Arabian couriers, who are ex- ceedingly expeditious. Tlie Dutch t.ade hcie with (pices, and the Englifh with pepper, cloves, &c. The jirincipal commercial atFairs are manancd by Armenian, Indian and Pcrfian merchants; and all the richeft com- modities of India and Europe are here foKl. The ca- ravans to Alecca pafs through this city, which is ano- ther I'ouree of wcaUh, I'he duties on goods sre abo;;t 5 per cent. The inhabitants confift ol Mahomet inf, Jews, Jacobites, Nellorians, Ca'liolics, and Chald.i-.irt Chriftiaiisor Chriftians of St. Jo'-.n, v.'ho are prcttv nu- merous'. There is a famous college liere, called the Academy of Neram, from its foundei Ne/,ani, Al-Molk, the Grand \'i/.ir of Shah Malac, the third fultm of Iran. At prefent thiscity is a (loiirilhing feat of lite- ralure, though it hath fewer colleges than h^r.nMl'cu-, or Cairo. 'I'he horles which are bought heie aic \ery valuable, on account of their being .nble to travel with great expedition, and t.) underi'^o incredible fatigue: they iell tioni a thoufand to two thoufand crowns. This city is riibjciil to an Arabian prince, who is tiibutary to the Grand Seignior. His revenue aiiles from the exchange of money for horfjs and camels fold here, but chiefly from his palm-trees, of which he hath a plant.Uioii of 90 miles in length. The manne of planting the palms being very finguUr, we Uiall I'efcribs it. About 300 kermis are buried in the ground iir the form of a pyramid, with th-- points of the kernels up- v/ards, till the whole ends v.'ith a fiiiglo kernel. The earth is then preil'ed clofe round it, and rrpon ir. It is afierted by Ibine, thut if the male and female palm arc not planted clofe to each other, they will bear no fruit ; while others afHrm that it may be made .0 bear by taking the blolVoms from the male, and in- dilating the female therewith at the top of the ftcm. The income of the prince is fo great from money, hoifes, camels, and dates, as to enable him to lay hv annually 3,000,000 they were flanked with 1150 turrets, each of which rofc 200 feet above the walls. At a fmall diftance from the ruins, there is a Turkiih niofquc upon a hill, on ihi' place where it is pretended the prophet Jonas was buried. His tomb is •Iways covered with a rich carjict, and fome tapers, and lamps are kept periKtually burning over it. Here two Turkifh pricft* are continually employed 10 rc.id the Al- coran, which dr.iws a great numbi.r ol Turks, Ptr- fians, lie. to the place. In the territory between Ninevrh and B*gdat are feve- ral hills of fulphur, to which fome travellers impute the pernicious quatitiet cf the hot winds, or I'.miiel, with which the country about Old Bagdat is particularly infcAed. I'here likewifc are fome fulphurous hot baths at a village called Alchamam, which is about a day's journey from Moful; and at Attcndachi there ii a hill, from which the Arabs dig gold. In the fame territory tamarifks, liquorice, and fumach »re produced in great plenty; the latter, together with fait, being infufrd in w.iter, gives it a red tinge, and renders it cool, fwcet, and falubiious : taken in broth it is a remedy for the bloody fux. This part of the coun- try is greatly infeftcd by wild beads, particularly lions, jaclulU, and ceraroulaclc r a covering to thrir portable houfei, which are fi|uaie, and m.ide of cane huidles. The floor is coveied with man, and ieivis both tot the pin- pn(e< ii( bcil and table. When they lemovr, ihcy liiad their oxen With wivM, children and hiiiidv, which are taken tn picirs for the purpofr. Theyare \ery dilagrec- »hle til lk at, having Imall eves, daik complexion", wide mniitlit, bluk hair, and ferocious ufpvi'ls ; nevei - • heled they arc very Uout and iimihle, and, while chil- dren, ufually go iwli«d, whKh midrts them cxtrrtnrlv hardy, J I Cherefoul, the capital of Curdeften is in 36 de^. iioilh lat. and 45 deg. call long, arul is fituated about 150 miles north of Bagdat, The houfes are all hewn out of a rock on the fide of a hill, which extends a mile in length ; and there is an afcent to them of about 20 fteps : the baffi or governor of the province rcfidcs here, and hath feveral fangiacs under him. Arbella is celebrated in hii'.r-'y for the famous battlf fought in a plain near it, between Alexander the Grent and Darius ; it is in 35 deg. north lat. and 77 deg. 70 min. call long, and fituated between the Caprus and Lycus, or tlic two 'Zabs, as fome writers term thofe rivers, I'he natives ftiew a mountain in the neighbourhood, where the ruins of a calHe arc yet to be feen, in which tradition fays, Darius Hood to fee th luccefsof the bat- tle ; the mount,iin itfclf was named Nicatorius by Alex- .wider, in commemoration of the above vuitory. Betlis is fituated in 57 deg. 55 min. north lat. am! 43 '^'S- iP ri\in. call long, and is the reftdenr^r of a piince of the Ciirdes, who is indepL-ndcnt both of Turks and I'crfiaii , ;md I'o poutrlul, that he can raifc a body of twent; live thoufand horic, befides a confiderable number of foot, among the ftirphcrds of the mountain', who arc trained to arins; fo that though his dominions are furrounded by Turks and Perfans, they are both obliged to keep fair with him from motives of policy, becaufe it is at all times in his power to flop and plunder the caravans that go between Aleppo and Tauris, the road from the former being within a day's journey from the town, cut in fever.il places out of the rtKks between two mountains, and only broail enough for one camel to pafs. Both the town and caftle arefo ftrongly fituated, that the only pafs may be defended bv ten men againft ,1 thoufand ; fo that this prince is really formidable, and cannot be robbed of his independency. The citv is built between two high mountains diftant from each other about a ca-non (hot; tlie calUe is fituated upon a hill that rcl'embles a fu^ar loal ; and thirc is 110 coining at it but by a winding path cut in a rock, which is exceeding- ly (Ic , rugged, nnd difficult to afcend. Before the caflfe can be entered, three drawbridges mult be pafled, nnd afterward! three courts prcious to the approach to the- palace. The city extends, on each iiJc of the other two mountains, tr< m the top to the bottom, containing many houtis and twoc.iraianferas. Harpcl IS lituatt.l on ihc river Capius, and is fur- rounded by a mud W'll ; the houfes are mifrrably built: it IS, however, a lar^e town, and the refidene ol a r.iiigi4c. Holwjii, in 35 deg. north lat. and 47 Jeg. 10 min. call Inng. is lilualrd between the riunimjins thiit divide the Pciluii, luk, Ci'rdillaii, and C'hal.laj. The Ma- h.imetans, who believe that Klijah is llill alive, a{Krm that he lives 111 one of the mountains iie.ir this town, S-ome writers will have Amadia to belong to this pro- vince, but the moll authentic gcographer.i place it in Diarbrc ; we have therefore followed their example, t% may be Iccn by referring to (hat province, SECT. IX. Afia Minor, Anatolia, tr iht Levant. ASIA Minor, Anatolia, or, as it is cormpily fallciiilh it from the main Afiatic ciiniiiient. It received .ts Ktvmons of Anatolia and the Levant, by which it is Hill known, on account ot its eadeiii liiuatiun with iclp.-..'l to Kuii'|>e. On the north It i( bounded by ilie Liixiiie lei; on (He north well by the Arihipela^o, the llellefpuiit, the Propontia, or lea of M.irniora, and the 'i'htacian Bofphoius, or llreip.hi of Ciinftaiitinoplc ; 011 the fouth by the Levant lea, Syna, and the Kiiphtates ; and on the fall by tht Mediterranean. It lie, brtwrcil j; dej. and 41 dcg. }0 mm. of noilh Ul. and 27 and 40 de;- of rill Innj, extending in length ab.jut 600 miUs fiiHH e.ift 10 wtlt, and in hicidli almiit -jio frim iiuilh to fuuth. It il divided by nicKleri (( ojraphers into Anatolia, jHOMrlv fo called, Ainafi.i, Al.dulia, and Carimanii. Thtft provinces anciciil) includ«d (talatia, Paphlngiiiii, PontMt, Byihinia, Myfia, Phrvgia, Lydia, .MotiaUt lonia ) is in 36 deJ. The Ma- !dl alive, affirm ar this town, Jiig to this pro- ber.! place it ill eir example, »> e. evant. ornipily Tidlrif, ^alh li.rn di'Po- frorn the main MIS of Anatolitk '", on accoi nt Jii'pe. On ihc i on idc north th;' I'ropontJs, Uofphofus, or by the Levant the e«ll by the R. and ^1 dcg. ; of riA l"n». n e.ift fouih. It ii <')li.i, i>rop»fly Tiania. Theft Paphlig mil, ^lik, Mwifliit loni • ASIA.] t tJ R Ionia, jf^olis, Carta, Dori«, PamphilrB, Pifidia, Cap- padocia, Lycia, I/ycaonia, and Cilicia. Anatolia is under the govornmenl of a viceroy or beglerbeg, to whom fcvcral baflai, and a great number of fangiacs are fubordinate. Afia Minor naturally ii, and always hath been, deemed one of tlie fineft countries in the univerfe ; yet tich is the mifcrable policy of the Turkifh government, and the indolence [of the |>eop1e, that it hath been fuf- fercd to become a mere wildernefs ; and, though un- commonly rich, fertile, and well watered, they have permitted it to be over-run with weed?, briars and brambles. The air is exceedingly ferenc and temperate, and would doubtlcfs become ftill more falubrious, if the lands were properly cultivated. The inhabitants are not incommoded by excelTive heats, nor chilled by in- tcnfe cold frofts ; all is moderate, delightful, and fa- lubrious. The few cultivated parts, though the land it prepared in a very imperfect manner, produce, with little labour, great plenty of various forts of corn, ex- <|uiCte grapes, of which admirable wines arc ma^'c, oranges, lemom, citrons, olives, fi;;s, dales, kc. kc. Bendes abundance of coffee, rhubarb, opium, b.ilfam, galls, and many other valuable drugs, gums, &c, Anatolia it excellently well watered ; the principal rivers are thoTe known bv the names of Xanthus, Cydnui, Mmn^cr, Granicus, Scaminder, Cayllcr, Hcrmus, Paftolus and Caicus ; which difcharge them- felves into the Mediterranean and Euxine feas ; the Archi- pelago and the Euphrates, It hath fome lake;, the principal of which, Guol-BugShaw, is JO miles in length, and la in breadth, SECT. X. Anatolia Proper, THIS is the nearcft to Europe, and the Urged of the four provinces into which Afia Minor is di- vided. It extends almoU from 26 to 35 deg. of call long, and from 37 to 41 deg. of north lat. ncing bounded by the Archipefago and Propoiitis to the ueit ; by the Euxine fea to the north ; by Caramania on the fuuth } tndby Amafia and Aladulia on the eail. This province is governed by a beglerbeg, who has fubordinate to him nvc fangiacs, 245 /.aims, and 7740 timars; the number of troops arc 60,000 : The annual revenue of the beglerbeg is 1,000,000 of afpcrs. Anatolia Proper contains the provinces nf Bithynia, Myfia, the Lcfler Phrycia, ^olis, Ionia, Caria, Doris, Lydia, Phrygia, Galatia, and Paphlagonia. Kithynia is fcparated from Kuiupc only by the Thracian Bofphorus ; the foil is naturally rich, but, like many other fine parts of the TurkiOi empire, ii very much neglcfled, ''tufj, or Butfa, a^ the Turks term it, is the cipii.il of Bithynia, and was the metropolis of the whole Otto- tnan empire before the Turks poflined thcinlclvci of Conftantinoplc. It lie; in 40 d(,'>. ib niin. north lai. and i() deg. 35 min. ealt lon^. It is fitualed at the foot of mount Olympus, ic miln frr n the fea of Marmora, and 58 fouth of Conftantinople : it is exceeding well built, and deemed one of the licit |uved cities in all the Turkifh empite j the (Irtcts are fpacious, the caravan- fcrak noble and convenient, and the mofqurs magniKccnt ; the latter are adorned with cupolas and minarets, covered with lead, and computci at about 3C0 in number : in one of the molif net, the loinbs uf many of the ancient I'urkifh fovcreigni are 10 be fern, though the feat of empire has been tranflated to C'onftantinople, this city Hill preferves a (litre nf iij ancient grandeur, beauty, and opulence; it IS likrwifc a place u7 cuiifidcrabic traffic, ai a caravan fffs cviTV two months from hence into Pcrfia, and ftveial others pafs thruufjh it from Aleppo, C'onftanti- nople, kc. to ifpshan. In the Be/cl>iiie all kiinU of commodities of home iM.iniifai.')ory, and dthers liom the Levant, arc rxpofed to f.ilc j it 11 a large cdihce, well built, and contains many exrtilrnt fhopi and ware- huufet. The woikmcn of this tiiv mainilainu'e the beft filki, hangin^',4, rarprts tapcllncs, fic. in Tur- key. The city in about three miles in cirrumlcrence, but lb« Walls aie falling lu dciay. It ii computed (0 fe B Y. "103 contain 40,000 Turks, The Aiburbii, which are more fpacious and handfome than the city itfcif, are inhabited by 4000 Jews, 500 Armenian and 300 Greek families, independent of many foreigners, who are fettled here. The fine orchards, gardens, plantations of mulberry, plantane, and other trees, &c. afford fome of the moft delightful, pleafant, and fhady walks that imagination can conceive. All the neceflaries, and even luxuries of life, are excellent in their kinds, very plentiful, and quite rcafonable : the wine in particular ib cxquifite, and the fifh delicious. On a hill in the middle of the city there is a caftle, which was once the palace of the fuU tans, but is now running to decay. The fcraglio built by Mahomet the IVth, is a noble edifice. The city is governed by a balTa, a cady or moula, and a janill'ary aga, who has about 230 janifliiries under him : in the fuburbs, the Greeks have three handfome churches, the Armenians one, and the Jews four (ynagogucs : in the citv are fome excellent hot baths, and about a mile from it the baths of Calypfo, which ate handlbmeftruc- turcs covered with domes, and much frequented, on account of the great reputation the waters have obtained for their uncommon medicinal virtues, Nice, or, as the Turks call it, Nickor, (lands .tbout 30 miles from Conftantinople, in 40 deg, 32 niin. north lat, and 29 dcg. 40 min. eafi long, being fituatcd near a gulph of the (ea of Marmora, called Alcanio or Afcii ; though its ancient fplendor is much dimin;(licd it i^flill a eonfiderable place, and contains about to,ooo in- habitants, Turks, Greeks, Armenians, and Jews, whole commerce is very great in corn, fruit, tapefteries, fine cioths, and other merchandize brought from the Le- vant i there is a fer.iglio in the hiphell part of the town. The flreets arc large, and thchoufcs well built. This city was celebrated for being the feat of the fii ft general council convened by Conllantine againll the Anani A, D. 325, and fince known by the name uf Uic Coun- cil of Nice. Nicomedia received its name from Nicomcdet kin^of Bithynia, who made it his metropolis, refidcJ in It, enlarijed and embcllifhcd it. The appellation which the 1 urks give it is Ifmia, or Ifitiiginiid. It is large, handfome, and populous; and is fiiuatcd at the end of a gulph of its own name, 40 miles nnrth cait from Buria : in point ol fituation, it exceeds all the cities in the Turkifh territories, Conllantinople ex- cepted : the inhabitants, compofed of Turks, Greeks, Armenians and Jews, arc fuppcfcd to amount (0 about 30,000, who carry on a eonfiderable traffic in filki, cotton, woolen, and linen cloths, earthen w e, and glafs i befides which, it is the principal place licionging to the Turks for (l)ip-biiildiiig. In many p:irt$ of the city curious antient iiircriptions in Gi-eek and Lalm are Itill vifiblc i to the wcllward is a fountain of mineral waters, much admired fur it:; medicin.il qualities ; and a little beyond there is a mole, luppofed to have beon foimcrly made for the fccuiitv of the fliipping in the harbour, which is al out a quarter of a league h>iig, and 12 yards broad. The gulph, which receives its name fi«m this city, is only about a mile and a halt bru '^^ i-\ I A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV. 104 Thcv are thought to be the highcll mountains in the c.iftcrn part ot the uiiiverle, paiticulaily the central part, or the celcbiatcd Mount Ida of the ancients. Thcfe mountains arc ciiMtlnii.illy covered with fnovv, and the fides abound with pine and other trCe^, wiih wild thyme, and other ftirubs, more particularly the lauJanum cillos with broad leaves. About the beginning cf the dog days the air of mount Ida is lb Icrenc tiiat not a finglc breath of wind appiars llirring, and at nlgiit the fun's rays appear to dart all round the horizon, which makcit fcem as if on fire. The principal rivers in this part of the country arc the Granicus and ^T.luphus, which dilchargcthemltlves into the fea of .Marmora ; and the Simiis and Xanthus, which empty thcmUKes inlo the IKIIei'poiit ; theCaicus, with the l'crj;amos and Cayller, How throu:;h Myfi.r, which cont.irns the f llowrn:; plates, \iz. Cyzicus or Cy/.icum, which is row Chizieo, and bpi;;a, thou^^h nnticnily a magnifieeut citv, is at pieUnt but an incon- fidcrablc town, fitmicd about jo miles wcHwarJ ol }!urfa, on tlic f>>uth-e.Ul co.dl ot the iea of Marmorj. Oppolitc to this town, in the I'ropoiitis, are ftvcral finall idands, which a.e called the .\Iaihle IflanJs ftuin ' the j;reat ritrnibcr of nuible quarries in them ; they like- ' wje abound in corn, fruits, tattle, cotton, wine, 5cc. LampCcus, or Lamplaco, as it ^ now denominated, hith loll much of its ancient fplcndur : it is but a fmall city at prcfcnt, thinly inhabited by a few Greeks and 'I'urks : but its port is convenient. It is lituated at the mouth of the Hellefpont, oppofitc to (lallipoli in Europe The neighbouring country is exceedingly fruitful in wines and pomegranates ; the former even the inJolcnl 'lurks themlehcs wultivat.", and make excellent wine and biaiulv to mix with therr (hcrbet. Abydos, now called Avido or A\io, was formerly trtcemed the key of Afia. It was here that Xerxis be- j^aii his famous bridge, which was fo well compKatcd ill a week, that i;o,ooo foot and 80,000 horfe, intlu- five ot carriages and camels, marched over it. Abuut 1235 year' befure Chrilt, a mme of gold was tound iicir this lity, whiJi cnabUd I'liam king of Troy to carry on many ulLful and magnifiteit public works. I'hilip ol .Maicdon laid ficge to thi-, city, ar'.d took it by llor.n i but the citizens, fooner than be carried into (l.very by ibe conipiL-ror, fet fiie to the city, and then murdered their wives, ihildien, and tlumi Ive . Abydns vv.iionce an cpilin|.al fe, II imias ihe biOiop iherti.l hiving alTilled at the council ol Chalcedon. In A. I). I J jo. It wa< betraicd to the Turks by the trcaclieiyol the govrrnnr'j d.iu ;htcr ; and Avido is nt prefent one o( thi ir ( .iHlcs upon tlic Daidantlle". It ft.iiids in 40 deg, ih mm. ncrth In. and 1- dcg. 16 nun. call Ion. upon th' l»ici.^lit ihit divides .Nfia f.um Luiopr, wlnJi i ibr.r miles ov r. The priiKip.il | laecs in the I.tflir Phrvpia ate. Alio, formerly a conlidfraHe lea port town on the fouth loaft, ii'nv an iiiconlulerable village. Antandros now called St. nimitii, is litmicd fjillicr c.id ol ibc f.)ot of mount Idi. I hough it was aii- iiciit'v a place of impoitainc, i( inw Italic defctvc^ iirnt lining. Ali.imytium, or KnJfomit, as the Turks c.ill it, ll.in Is at the mouth of the giilph to « huh il givc> name, ' oppi li'c to the idand of Lesbos. At prefent, lii^e the I I ill irnrioned pluc^, it is not td the leall iiipnuante, ] tbou^li fi mull It »ai a place ul liule, and is lueiituiicd in the .Ast) of III'- April. !es. 1 l'ti;;amii«, wliiili wj, i.iirne 1^ the mctrnpclis of a: kinjdiiin IS now dwindled to a liti ill village, I'he dcta) ' ol gie.it iitu., ol whnh the velligcs fiarce remain, unii tlic u lit I I aiK e i,: fjilenJoi, ;,iivc the bkll niuial lelTsiiu , 111 ibi IpecuUtive mind. In iiic iiin«bility of human (;liHy, 1 if the moiildeiiiip tenuiin of the llrongell and iiioll magiiili>.e.it llrii,.tuie'., wc may pcrteite and bi I iii^h* !o ri'fles> ot) out nun appniatliing moilalily, and Iht geiirral dirr>iliitioil uhiili iiiiiO atiait all lubluiiiiry lliiiij'. Thcli; inelaneh dir leflctitioin, however, »tc wA only inftr.K'tiv,', hut a.lmit ol being lilrnded with ihr mnll (.ihliine and pliifiMg ideas; well may ue txi.Uiiii t«iili WMHir, — — — " I love thrfr inrifnt riilnt j , We never mad upon them but we (Vt •' Our foot upon fome itivtienrl hiftory, " And amus, or Petgamos as thcTurkj call it, is fituatcd bo miles 1101 ih of Smyrna on the banks of the Ciiieus. Here flood one of the leven churches mentioned in the Revelations: here alio the celebrated phyfician Galen was born, and parchment invented, the word itfelf being only a corruption of ''ergamcum, (roin I'ergamos. Some af- firm, that tapeftry was likewile tiril invented at this place. A (lately temple ol Eftulapius once cmbellilhej this town. The I'uiks have heiea mol'c|ue, and tlio Greeks a church. Troas Alexandria, to the fouihward of Troy, was for- merly the capital of the province, but in now ti^taliy ia luins. It is not pofitively agreed among the learned, whe- ther the fuppofed rums of I'roy really belonged to that celebrated city, or to the above mentioned 'I'roas Alex- andria. We (hall, however, (peak of Troy from tho bell auihoiities. It is f..id to have been fituatcd on a rifing gr-und near mount Ida, and about hvc miles from the (liure of tho .tgcan lea on the river. Scamander, or Xanthus. 'i"ho ancrent gcrttjraphers place it in 39 deg. 58 min. nortia latitude, and 27 dcg, 56 min. calt longitude. Strabo in- forms us, that there were fcarce any remains of it even in Ins time. I h-' belt account of the Trojan war in given by Homer j the rarrafivc, (tripped of trie poet cal hclions, appears to be genuine, liurn ibc cnncuiraii^ tenimiiniesof the nvift cicditahle hitlurians of antiquit}', and of the Arundelian maiblcs. The number of ihips employed to tranlpoit the troops, aeeoidiiig to llomti, was iiS6j but 'J'liucydidcs cjiteeds even the poet, ami makcj them 1200 fail. The liiL-ulian (hips were the laigefl, and carried 120 men in each ) the ihips of i'jii* loCtclK were the fmallelt, and only tarried 50111 each, I'loy, howivei, lit Id out till yeais .igainlt the formidu- tile aiiiiy of the (jueks, wlm, when they took that devoted Illy, fst it on fue and put moll ol the inhabi- tants who Uid nut cfeapc to the Iword. Apneas in re- latiii); to queen IJido the tircumlt.iiiccs of the fatal night ill which Truy wak taken, lays, " P.intheus, Apoll.i's pritft, a facred name, " Mad kap'd the (irccran Iword-, and patt thefl.imei " With irlaks laden tu my il.'or he lUd, " And bv his hand, hrs tendei grarullon led ; " What help! oh I'aiiiheus.' whither can wc run, " While make a (land ° ot w .it may vet be done { " Scarce had 1 laid, wlun raiiihrus willi a groan, " IKiy i> no more, .uid Ilium was .1 town: " The i.iial time., tli' appointed hour is come, " When wrathful Jove's iiiiiocable dtxini " rr.-,nsli.ts ihe I'loian (lait to Grecian h,iiic!s j " I'he tue cunluriiei the town, the loe tuiiimanJj." AccerJinj to the moll authentic records, Troy wat taken April the luenty louilh 1 1S4 klure Cliiilt ^ and 111 eap'i.ic put an end to the kngdnni of 1 roy, alter having ll>K)d ii^byriu from Tcutir to I'liam. Thu rtmaikahle event indutct us 10 give Virgil's iniereltiiig ateount of the death of i'liam, as it is tirgaiilly lian- llatcd by Uivdcii, I'yfihin, the Ion of Aeliilles, having puifued I'olilei, one uf I'riaiii's foix, tu a pl:ice wheie that unhappy mo- narch h.id taken icluge, luiis hini tluu' il,e body wiih a lance ; " Thi* youth I ansfi^'d, wiili 1 imrntablrrrici " KxpiKi brliire In vvutehej pariit's tyrs, " Wlluili galpini* at lliif' I !, will 11 I'r 1,1111 f,iW, '* The le.,i of ik„tli ('Hc plait to iiatriic't l,.wj '• Ajld Irtmliliiij', i"ois with iiigri tluu with l^f " 'l^ie uoJ's, III I he, . . pt . .. requite ihy biutal rage, *< A( ASI l( Asl • i Ifth 41 Will it Wit tt Thi tL Wh hi lull ** And li The t( And 44 Now W.lh Iiov in alhes, snd hi^ t;iiii'd date: " He, who the lee] trc ot ill Alia Iway'd, " Whom nionarchs like donieftie- llaves obey'd, " On the bleak (hurc now lies th' ..bandoii'd king, " A hcjdlefi cartafe, and a namelels thin^." We cannot here fo.bcar tranferibing the following rall'ige from the ingenious niaiquis D'Ar^cns's Jcwifh Spy; " i'he ruins of the eitics in the Archii)clago have for feveral years engaged the cuiiolity of travelleis, ct the Turks leli'en the- n every day, and carry aw.i) v.ilt quauiities of the marble. How nuith therelore nuil* there have been of it at riilf I I'he nioli]'i . of the fultnn Aehmct was built only of the lloi.es fetth'd from the rums of Troy ; the • ■ lumns which form (he pcr\llil of that tiiniilc, and which are ii'Jt lei . th.in 130 in number, were found all entire in the IIlK!. ol that imeient eitv. I'or near 200 years tiie Terks made ul.' ol no othir bul- lets for the canii-aii of the Djidanllr , than Corinthian iharitcrs and column-, winch tin.; bicke to |'UC:s, and tlien cut tomake tliem iMvethat |ui:jH,:e." /■('.oil I! I 'udcu on the north by the Lefl'er I'hryjia, cm the vcHl'i ' V^eanfea, oiithceuil by Lydia, and on the foui ' ■< I he cili> V i merly Myrina, Ciima, El.ea, and I'hocea. M ,... .i called by tht Turks .\larhani, and I'ho.ca, Foggij, or I'oglia ; at picliiit they are all four III fo little importance, that were they united togetbci tht* wciulJ make but a vry inconllder.ible village. Ionia Lvs contiguous to i^olis, and contains, among (ihers, i'oinv placeii of impurtaiicu, the principal of which ii .-imyrna, Smyrna, wbicli the Turks call Ifiiiyr, or Ifi.ir, lies •;8 Jeg. 15 mill, nonh iat, and 27 dep. 10 min. tall iun^. It is the 1" It fe.i-iiort town in the !.■ .ant, ami the moll populous ami opulent cuy »l Alia Minor, h'roiii Conllaniiiiuplc it is viglit days journey by land, and a- bout I j^ leagues by water. In tile lime of the Koiiian<, Smyrna was looked upon as the mol) beaiitilul ot tfe Ionian cities, and was called ihvOiifamtut e/,1/ia. A Turkifli rtbel lum'd l/acha-, in 10K4, ibiiughl piopei to .ilumc the title of km ;, and hav- ing felled u|Hj|i .SiiiyiiM, made it his capital. At the beginning ol the 1 ^tli century it all lav iniiiiiis except the Inilids, III l^H It was I'in.illy lubduid by the Tuik<, liaving bvca picvioully rebuilt at various pc- riotls, llie pint wliuli ij fhut 11,1 reached onie to the fool III the eallle, but ii now dry, exirpt altera liw hea- vy (liowen, whin it is leplenilhed Itom the (luiec. The public ediliees have i>eni r.dly been erci'tid by ih. I'uiks with the mateiials of the ancient cly. 1 In be/eltrn, or niiikct, and the I i/ir khan were both railed with the while mkiblc of the ihealte. The com- mudious halbour and ailvaiita^eous lilualion h.ivc len- deu'd It line ol ihr mol) opulent citici in Turkey, The hi\eii m delended by a tlrmi^ c.illle, ami (hclicicd from a I winds r«cept the wi Keilybv hi;'h mountains, Theie 1^ an alloiiiniiiiL', conflux ol people in Smyrna of fe\cial iiatioiK, who ilirt'ei III maniieis, ilrefs, language, rili- I'lun, iVc. Tlvc Tiiiks occupy the t'Malelt pjit of the loAii ; the I'iokIIjims and Human L'aiholus hive then ell ipi It, and ih. Jcwa alyiia^oguvoi two. 1 livAiiiicuiaiii have a l.ugc hanJlomc church, with a contiguous burv* ing ground. Doilor Chandler fays, " the Gicekj before the fire had two churches. They applied by their bilhop at Conftantinoplc, to rebuild that which was dellrovcd, but the lum demanded was too exorbi- tant to be given. By this policy the Turks will in time extirpate chrlliianity from .imong their vall'als." Tne mofques, baths, market and khans aic the prin- cipal buildings, and I'ome ^of them are very noble j the Itriets III general are iianow, inconvenient, and intri- cate i but ihe mod diligrecabic circumftance to thofu wlio live here is the great hcat.s, which commence in June, and continue till September. During this fealbii the ground is burnt up, and has large chafnv:, which II is imagined give vent to bituminous vapours, that, if coiiiined, would occafion earthquakes. Few years pafa wiiliout a flitick ortvs'o, but in general thcyare'lelV hurt- ful than alarming. They ufu.ily happen when the weather is c.dm in fpring ;u)d autumn, at which time the lea withdraws a onfidcrable way from the beach, and the water is exceedingly low; a terrible one hap. pencd ill 168S, which overthrew a great part of the city. Smyrna Is likewife annually vifited bv the plague ; when it rages violently, the coni'uls, f.iclors, mereh.iits, &:c. retire into tl.c country j and manv peo- ple abandon their dwellings to live a'bioad under tent;. I'he iflandcis return home, ;.nd the grafs is I'cen to grow in the llreets of the Franks quarter, which is ex- ceedingly populous at other times. The I'uiks burv wiihout the t iwn, and place either grave Hones or pillars at the he,id and leet of the graves, which ill gei.cr.ilare Ihaled with cyprcis trees. In their cemeieiie.«, as well as th' fe of the Chridians and Jews, mai.y antiqiiUics in arelutCLdiie are found: the burying iround, belonging to the Englilh, is walled in, and contains lome curious monuments, the fculpture of whieli is aJmiralde. They were, however, not cxe- cutid at Smyrna, but brought from Italy; one in par- ticular is to the nunmry •,( Mr. Houvene, (the com- panion o;' Mill'. Wood and Dawkins in their journey to I'almyia) whodied at .Magn-tfia. Smvrna is ple.itilLlly lupplied with provifions : the tails of lome of the Iheep weigh ten pounds, and are deem.d a great dainty. The lilh taken in the bay are excellent ; wild hogs, hares, and all other kinds of game, fowls, ^c. may be h id in abunJance ; the wine, olives, fiuics, &c. are all almir.ible. The mufquitoes, as well as a much Imaller (iy, of which the name is not knowi>, arc extremely trouble lome, but more fo to Itrangeis than natives; lemon juice is the bed remedy for the liery t iinours which enliic. In the harbour of Smyrna are always (hips of almoft ali nations, and all burthens. The town is fuppofed to contain about 1 5 (:?-> Turks, 10,000 CJrecks, and 2,oco Jews, cxclu- live o( Armenians, I'r.inks &c. The Fraiiki quarter is bc'tir built and belter paved than any other. ThC Furopeaii meichaiits bring hither a great variety of HOod. from Iviiopc, the Fall and Well Indies, iVc. cx- jKirt line and coaile word, filk, cotton, mohair, wax, rhubarb, gall nuts, opium, aloes, fcanimony, tutty, gall-anum, taeamahac, gum-.ragaeaiiih, ammoniac, ,ind Arabic, myrrh, fiankineei, ?, rrdoar, Kc. The Jews here, as well as In nod parts 'jf Turkey, generally manage all commeicial aH'.rirs ; or a' lead the principal part of them goes either dirc'lly or indnettlv through their hmds. The whole town, in fa^'t, i^ one con. tinned ba/ar or lair; the confuls liom Fliglaiid, France, ,ind Hidland, have very handloir.e houfcs by the lea lide. Iliis city is one of the leveii th.it contended for the honour of being the biiih place of Hoiier, to whofe memoiy .1 temple w.is built ; it is likewife the Cent iif one ol the Icveii Aliatic churches mcniionrd in the Apoc,.ek •ami- lies, who are niifcrably poor, and fo exceedingly igno- rant, that none of them are able to read the admiralilc epilHe with whiih St. Paul honoured ti-.em : its firll bilhop was Timothy, whom St. Paul appointed to that miniiiration ; St. John the Evangtlill was buried here, The Greeks call this city Elcfo, and the 'I'uiks have given It the name of Alafalouch. There are man) noble ruins, particularly ol an aijucJiiiTl, a theatre, and a circus. The ctltbrated paintir Parrhalius, and the weeping |ihilofophcr llcratlitu', were natives of this place. 1 he principal ornament ot tphtius was the celebrated temple ol Diana, on. ol the wonders of the world, it w.s built at the foot of a iiMuntain and the he.id of a marlh ; which fituition wa» chofen, as Plrny Informs ns, beiaufe lefs fubjeLt to ly d.n on wliicli Alexander the Cir«at was born, in the Mar of the world j'iSO, "I 'he (loud 2t>43, and 45U livioie Chrill. I'here is yet Handing a chuich dedicaicJ to St. John, vvtiicii Was erected by the primrtive Chndians, I ut is at puicnt converted into a Turkilh mofijue. We Ihall con- clude this article with a t,uotation from ;ii ingeniuuk modem traveller. " The tphiHaiis arc now a lew tire-k piafaritJ, Iviiig iiiextirme wretchi i.'rrtli, de|Kn- (jaiire, and iiileiilibilit) , the ttpiclciitatuo ol an illu> (iiiuu> (icople, and iiihabiiirrg the wrck of their great- ncfa ; funik th^ lubllra> tiiiii> ot the glorro > .cliliei's whieh ihey r.nl.d, lu.lic b.iiealh the vaults ot the lladiuni, uiiie the ciowded tcriie of their diver lions, and tome by the abiupl piecipiica in the lipulchrci, which rcveived their adm. We employed a couple of thrm fi pik (lunes to ICf^^ iiillead ul a laJ Icr, at the arth ol the (iadiiim, and to clear a pedcll.1l ot the portico by the thciiie troin nibbilh. We had uccafun lor anvlhci to dig at the Coiirilhian temple, andlVndrnv; t ilb. II idiuiti, ihc whole tribe, tea or twelve tullowul, one playing all tht wi/ befor« them un a lude lyre, and at iiinei (hiking the (ounding board with the fingers of Ida I it hand in ronctrt witli th'; llrings ; one of thuni had on a pair of laiid:ds of goiit-(kin, laced with thongs, imd not uncommon ; after graiiiying their cutiofity tbcy re- tiiriKd back us they canii- with their inuliciaii in tront. Such .ue tile pufent citizens of tjihefus, and fuch a the cnndition to which that renowned city h.is btai gradually reduced. It was a ruinous place when the emperor Jullinian filled Conltantinople with its Itatucs, .^lul r.iifed its church of St. Sophia on its columns. Since then it has been almoK cxhaulted :" and again, the fiine author fays, " the glorious pomp of its heathen worfhip is no longer remembered, and ChriUianity, which was thir« nuifcd bv apoftles, and foftered by geneial councils, until it cncreafed to fulnels of llature, barely l.rigeis on in an exillence hardly vifible." Caria is buuiijcd by the Icarian fea on the loath and well, by Ionia and ihe river Meander on the north, and iiy PhrvgiaanI Lycia on the call ; the principal places are, Miletus or Miletum, lorinerly one of the n.oK Lorillder^ble citiis of Afia, but it h.is dwindled to a nic.in village called by the Turks Palatfcbia. Jt (lands on the fouth tide of the .Meander near the fea coad, and was the birth place of the celebrated pliilolbpherl hales. Seve- ral magnilicent ruins aie (I. II vilihlc. There are Icarce any velligcs lelt of the ancient ciiicj of HeracKa, Lathinum, Ileryglia, Mylafl'a, Ainyion, Alabai'da, Stratonicc and Alinda. Halicarn.ifl'us was formerly the metropolis of C;;ria and has be-ri celibiated in hiltory for the maufoleuni,or t.imb huilt by <|uetn Artemifia, in honor of lier hiifli,.nd kirn; M.:ulblLiis, which was ot fo noble a flruitlurc ih. t the aiiciciilb de.-mcd it one of ihe wonders of thewoijd. Hence all tomb^, which ate remarkable for beiiii; luprrl" arc called maulolcums. 'I'hele monuments of pretended rcipc^t to ihcdeid, and real vaiiiiy of the living, hr:ii . the lollowing lines to our rcnicmliiaiuc : " " Can pnmpand pride m.ike diH''rcncein our dull ! " Go cali a cuiiouslook on Helen's tcmb: " J Jo roles flouiilh there, orinyrtles bloom I " The mighty Aloande;'- j-rave lurvey j " Sic, is there ought uncoiiimon in the clay; 4 . " ShiiKs the earth bright .iround it, to ilci iare, " The gloiious robber of the world Ins there j " What, Kuypt, do thy pyramids lompii/c, •• What greatneli in the high-rji»'d folK' l;ei I " The lineot Nilus this poor comlort tirinci, " We tell thill dati, and traffic tor their ki"g<. Mirnlus is a lea-port on the Jafic bay, about twelve miks troiii Halicarnall'us , the Turks called n Mcnte', ; It is at prefent the chief town in heli paits, and the refiJence of a Tiirki(h tangiac j ar.MCmly it wa. but a Imall town, yet the g )tini{ uncooiTionly tumptiK m and largo, Diogenes, in ridkule of the vanity of the inhabitant', told them to take care that their litlle ciiy did not run away through its own gates. Lyilia or .M*onu is boundid on ihe est! bv Phrygia, on the well by the Archipelago, ontheiiorih by Mylia, aiul on the louth by Cari.i. It was anciently called M.eiinia, and w.i» once the king.lom of the cilebratcd CiilIus. It IS a fiuc fertile country, being w.itcrcd by the Caicin, Heynun Cayller, Meander and the Paebilus, fo criebiated by tlie ancient poets loi its land of gidd. linolu-, famed lor lis wiiKs and latt'ion, is Ihc princi- pal inouiit.iin 111 tbi> country. At priknt the indolent Turks fuller this tine couniiy to be overrun with braniMis, and to lie eiilirfly uncultivated. The chief plai (s are, Sardis, formal Iv the melrnpolii of f.ydia, and the leal of the rnh kiii^' Cruclus, is now a v.ry incniilidc- rable village, fcatid on the barrks ot the Pa.tulus, at the (utt ol mount Tmolu^. It rs about 4H mil'-s call III Smviiia, and only inhabited by (litpheiJi. It how- ever coiitaiiii a 'ai(.'ccaiavaiilera for li.e ac ommodalioii of tiavcllers and c.iraiarv, who pal thr >iic!i k (to:ii Smvnii and Aleppo in then way to IVitia. ", he in.ii;- iiihetnt rums that arc Dill vilihlc, give however an idr.i of Its anlient fpl.ndiir to thu bcbolder. It wni otu- o> ilu lenui) Aliativ chuiahtt, t'liil.id^U i ASIA.] ■" ■ ■ T U » pj,i|ailclphi:i, »nothcr of the fcvcn churches, was formerly a very papulous city, and is ftill a toleraMe town containing about 7000 iiih^ibitants, who are .prin- cipally Greeks. It is iilled wl.th the runs of many fii- pirb edifices. H^re arc four churches ; and as th' neighbouring country is very fertile, provifions arc pretty plenty. The Turks c.di it AUa-Schcur, or tho City of God. Thyatira, or as the Turks call it, Akifliar, w.i< another of the fcven churcJus. It itanJs upon the banks of the Hcrmus, on thlc prefervation 1 the inluibitants arc compofedof Turks .ind Jews, the latter having three Synagogues. It is now l;-.t a fmall trading town, having a tuanufadturc cf cotton yam. Tripolit 'is fituatcd on the frontiers of this province towards Caria, and the river Meander ; it is fallen from its aivcient fplcndor and is now a very poor village ; the 'J'urka call it Kocnikoi. Din^fhifly is a handfome tr,iding town, well peopKd with'I urk:, fituated at about -o miles JiftLUicc from the mn'.ith ol the Meander. With rclpci^t to the ancient cities of Tralles orTiallis, Hicro-C:elare;i, Narrafa, jl'gria, Jovis-Taiium, and L:.oJicca, thcic are fcarcc any vcftigc^ left except of the latter, which was a noble city, and one of the fcvcn churches ; the ruins that arc vilible arc of a circus, -.ind three theatres of white marble which arc almo'.V entire; the plate ii however uninhabited. I'hrygia Mijor u bounded on the north by Biihynia, on the louth by P.imphylii; 01 the welt by Mylia, and on the caft byG.il,itiai It is waiered by the rivers Hcr- mus, Meander, Marfias, and S.mgarius, and v^ould with proper cultivation be exceedingly fruitful. The Putjts call this country Germianj the lemark.ilile pUicts .Uf, Coty^um, or Kutahia, as th? Turks call it, whivh (lands on the ri\cr Sanjior, about 73 miU'^ fouth c\{\ o( liuifa. It wa.s a mi v tonfidciable city am; ;tlv, and 1^ (fill a .cry floutilhing populous town : it is at pn lent the Itai 1)1 ahegleiLeg, .uid waslornuily the Turkdh cniiwror's place of reridiiiec, piior to the taking of Conll.ir.tiniple. M.dcun or M d;e'iin, w.is .uicieiitly the re ;.il feat of the ccUbrated kiitu Midas, of whom it ts recnnli-d, thit when he wa? a 1 Inld, 3 fwaim of ant- were obferved very bufy one day, while he was ;i,1(ep, in conveying their nuiVs of wlu?t into his mouth, whernipon th'' oriirf hiln« conl'ultert, returned arfwer, that immenl'i* riches Wtie pr-fii ;i'<1 In that oiiien. The ptediilion was ful- filled, lor he W.1S accounttd by aiuicnt authors one iM' t ic ,alM(t piimc that ever r,'i"ncd. Straho fays, he drew ii. 1111:1. fc funis (loiii lh» mines o( mount Heimius ; the f.ihic tj( .Miil.ii's bavin;; all'cs ears originated from his bcin:; of a veiy fiilpicious tiinpcr .lud ciiiploying many (pies in dif Triiit puts ol his doininioi.^, Lv which inr.uis fcarcc any iiaiil.nlliim could be conceal J from his knowledge ; (!i J iiidiui'l Ills l'ii!ij'.v)s to f.iy ni.iaphoMcallv th f he had 1 'Mg ears, and js aflcs arc I'.ii.l to be endued with tht ('siiK' of h.iiiii^' in a;:rrairr .' .mvi of p'-r(V,Mion thnn ;iiy other anmulj, they liki vile (nid he Ind a(Us ears ; 1 lit what was Ipoken mel.iplioiic.illy t.ine .it laft to bi. Mil,;ail\ imai;:ir.l a faOt, lli wifh lobe ahlclicl an e ivvrv ihili.r ho toi.eh.d into iv'd, tli' ;;i.iiitof lli.it will, kiul ine (.onlVquent piiniftinieiit, which was that evi n h^ (ood Inc. iine gold, .lul he wa^ in dangerot bcint; (faivc iou- teni|i 1, which w,i> never to W gr.ilificd with th'- heaps oi rich' s lie pnf- (,!led, but .ilw.ijs '.I iviiij; (■'■ i.oic, and aiming lu tuiii •lUii- coulu intg moiii^t W'Al liit|;< the puci j K E V. ■ 107 " I'ondmcn by pnflions wilfully betray'd, " Adore thofe idols which their fancy made; *' PurchiifiMg richcj with our time and care, " VVelole our freedom in a gilded fnare, " And having all, all to ourl'elves refufe, ■' ( )r.piefs'd with blefliii;'S which we fear to lofe j " In vain our riclds and flocks incrcafcour (lore, " If our abundance makes uswiflifor more." How mifurabic is the mifer, and how happy thofe who think, that " We to ourfelves may all our wifhes grant, " For nothing coveting, we nothing want." The ancient geographers placed Midcuni near the north c.;ll limits of I'hrygia, on the river Sangarius ; but there are nc veftiges of it at prefent to be fceii. Gordium was cnre the refidence of (Jordius king of Pluygia, celebrated for having tied the famous knot in the temple of Apollo, which was known by the name of the Ciordian Knot J Alexander the Cireat afterwards not being able to untie it, cut it with his ("word. Colode, ColoHuh, or Chonos, was fitu.iti.'d on the (outh fide of the river Meander. St. Paul's epilHe to the ColoHians was addreflid to the inhabitants of this city. CJf the three la(t mentioned cities, as will ai Hiera- poiis, Syiniada, Kucarpia, Prymncfia, Tiberlopol.-, Hipios, iVc. fcarcc any traces are now to be lourid, ex- cept the hot fpring, and ("uperb ruins of Hieranolis. Apaniea was oneo one of the nioft confiderable citic:: of Alia, but is now quite run to decay. It was fituated on the river Meander, a little above where tiie Marcias fulls into it, and .Trofe out of the ruins of the :incicnt Ctleiic, whole inhabitants were tranfplanted into it by Scl ueus, who named it af cr his wife .^p,.nea. Gnl.iti.i, by the Turks at piel'eiit called Chiagarc, is btiiiidid on the north by PaphUiioma, on the luu;h by Pamphilia, on the call hy Cappadocia, and on he well by I'hrygia Major. It received its lumu from a tuloiiy of Gauls, who pafl'ed through (jreecc into A(ia, anil iVttlid in ir. A great number of (ireeks afterwards nmigled with thcni, whence it was called Gjllo-Gr.i:eia : , it was always a hue tciti'e country, and formerly it was ! well cultivated, but at prefent lies rieglccled like other 'places, through Tuikifti indolence. The inhabitants I weie among the primitive chridians, as appeals by St. , P-iul's epidic addnd d to them. I Ancita, or as the Turks call it, Angouri, or Angora, I is in ^o dcg. norti. Lt. and 31 dcg. 58 miii. call loiy. ! 7.^0 miles cad of liinyriii, jt is the refidence of a lan- ; ;^i.'C, :oid a very populous trading pLice. The inhabitants I aic idimnted at 4r',coo Tuik', ^rc.o Armenians, and ICC' (.irtcks. Thecl.ief manufaiilure was canibiets i the i-vidtuces o( its piiniitivc grandeur arc innumerable j I the difct", pia/.'it.i-, ^c. being tull of Ifatelv remain), coKiii.ti', iVc. of the fined marble, porphyry, red iaipcr, ' I prolitable hlhery, and a gicat deal ol trade I earned on. Many magiiihccnt antique remains aic to ( be fccn, and ths new buildings ate iiuermixcd with I inmimer.ible noble fragnunls of the old. 'llic water [ is excellent, and the country fertile; abounding with walnut, olives and m.iple trees, and a tine fmt ol worm- wood. Diogenes the ctlcuiated c^nic philoli.phcr, was a native of this pl.icc. The honourable J. itgiduij V. n Kgmont, cnvuy ex- traordinary from the Linited Promiie. to the einill o* Naples, in reciting his travels ihiuiigh .\nalolia fa)s, " In the counlrv are gieat numbeis ol Hoiks, which •' ali'ord the inh.ihilants an odd kind of diverlion, Tliey •• plate hens egns in the llork':. in It, and when thr young '• an liitchid, ihc male, lui Iciing them ol a dilkienl " lorm Irom its own Ipccic ,, nukes a hijoiis noile, «« winch calls together aciowd ol other lloiks hoviring " about the nelf, and who, to rescn^'C the dil^rate that •• the female hj» in appearaiiti bmu^ht on her iiell, de- •» llroy Iw r, by pcckin\; her to diaih; the male in the " mc ntimc making tliB h' aMell lamtiitaliin, at it be- " wailing his misfortune, which obliged him (o have " recourfeto fuch difagreciblc fevcritiis. " Here I alio law the creature called. Camcleon : it Wit " found among the ruins of Old Smyrna caUIc. The " cieatuic was pretty large, and 1 law it change its colour " three fevcral times, hi coming black, while, and green. " It was placed on a piece of red cloth, and often turned, " but never afi'unicd that hue : whether the creature was "toolaig-, and the Imaller only inmate this colour, or " fiom any other rcalbns, is bevond my phiiofophy to " determine. With regard to its food iluring the eight " days it lived with ns, I did not obfervc it to eat any "thing, except fm,dl flies, which it caught in the air " with its tongue." ,S E C T. XI. Am.vsia. AM AS I A is hounded on the north by the Euxine Sea, on the fouth by Caramania and Aladuli.1, on the ealf by Armenia, and on the well by Anatolia Pro- per, and is governed by a beglerbcg. The capital of the province and the refidence of the beglerbcg is the city of Amafia, which the Turks call .Vmnalan. It is about 60 miles from the Enxine Sea, and 40 cart of Tocat, filuatcd on the rivcjr Iris, or Ca- fjlinach as it is now called. Thouah the city itfelf is large, the coinmerce is inconfidcrable ; the river, how. ever, is navigable for fhips of great bur. hen up to tha town itfelf. On a mountain to the ealt there is a ihonij callle, and a wooden bridge over the ri»er. Selim tho riiH emperor of the Turks, and Strabo the celebrated antirnt philofopher, were hoin here. There are only two caravanfeias at prefent in the city. The magni- ficent fragments of antiquity, which are found in abun- dance in .ind aLout this city, evidently prove that it was formerly a plac? of gicat beauty and importance. I.erio, or, a^ it was anciently called, Thcmifeyra, was one of the llrongeft and moll importiuit cities of Pontus, but at prefent it is but a trifling place, fituated on the fea coall, nenr the mouth of the river Theruiodan, about 60 miles to the north cad of Ainafia. Comana or Pontiea, was formcily a great city, hut is now only a mean Ifraggling village ; it is about 40 miles from Aniafia, fituated upon the Iiis, or Calal- inarh. Siv.is, which authors imagine to be the antieni Sc- balle, is at prelent a little fcatteied village, fituated about 55 miles loiith of Tocat, and 75 fouth talf of Amafia ; yet mean .-s it is, a balla, fu,eiior to that of Tocat, re- lidcs h re, .iiid an aga with a few jamiriiiis under his command. Phaiiiacia is about 44 miles weft of Trehi/onde, and fituated near the co.dl of the Euxine Sia; the Turkl call it Kerilan ; it is a large populous town, but its haibour is only Ht to ricene thole linall vellels called laics. It is generally imagined to be the ancient Cera- funla, and u fuppofed to have heen fo denomiiiai'd on account of the great number of cherry tices wl.itn grow in its environs. J lebi/onde, TrapcAonde, Trabernndf, or, a.s the Tiiikscill It, raialio/.an, is fituated in the ancient Pon- tus L'appadoeiJ, <.n the eallcrii parts if Amafi.i, at the foot ol a hill. It is a kind of peninfiila running intu the Eu.\ine fia. It lies in 41 deg. 5 mm. north latitude, and 39 deg. 7.I min. eal) longitude, at about 18 miles diltance lioin Tocat. This city was aiitiently verv im- poitanllron being the metropolis of the Tiebiiondr empire. It is Itill a pl.ue of great trade, and was I'aid to contain 20,000 inhabitants prior to the year ihl", when it was btiiiit by iln RulUans; fiiiie ih.it period It huh been but ihinly pcwpled, tliouLh a TuikiOl b.iflii and aCiieek aril.hiOiop ichile in it. The hoiilis are n.ejii, and ill built. The cal'le is large and built on a rock, out of whu h the fiirriiuiiding dilihes arc cut. The harl uiii IS III lery li.id loiidition, and w II only admit linall Tiiikilh baiks. The city is in the foini of an ohiuiig lipi.ire, aiiddiiivnl its name lio 11 'I r;ipcfus, a table, fiom whince we likewile have the woid Trape- zium, a geometrical Icini foi an oblong fijuarr, whofu an^l I and lidci mi: cuiifcciucnily unequal. The walls A^IA.] TURK n V. cj liiin to liate arc high an J flrong, Jcfcndcd by towers, bnttlomcnls, Sic. ic is celtbratcil in hiHoiy for having been tiie birth place ol many eminent men, anJ more laigc, lliong, and well built, in tiic form of an am- pbithi itie : mi the top of two niarLlc rocks are twn old lallUs. Ktcry boiif haib a fountJin of lielh wat^r rn it, a, the r.ieks abouril with fine fp.ings, Vci, thoirgli wnicr is fi pkntrful, il w.is dedm^el by fire in the bc- giiiiiing of the pielcnt cerir iiy, and many eminent nier- ch.irrl. Wilt- ihircby lotaliy rurncd. It loon recovered, ho'Acicr, thioiigh the cxeeliency of its Iriuaiiiin, and is now deemed the cenlir of Ali.tic coriv,.e ce : ihc cara v.ins come I'turn Ui.irbec in 18 days; thole ol 1 ocat p> to Siiiope ill fix davs 'ind to I'tula in ;0i but fueh a^ go drrcclly to Sin)rn.i, without palling through I'lula or .Angora, take upabml ^i'da\s with cameN, ir 2; wrih n.nles. The crivrruris are cxtiemely (ert le, (one cMelUni pi. tits are pi educed, and iiir.i Us li llils lo.n.d, (■.;iiiiii!.iily ni. riy firi lerianc.ius vc.i tar oris ol adnniahle Il Illy. Like our (1. Ills ihey arc uiclobd rn niatricr , V bull ulieri l\c. 'Idle mountains contain fiUcr, copper, iron, al- liini, &c. The province isdlvi.Ied into four fangiaefliips, wdiich aie -gain fiibdivided into /a' inets and tim.iriots. 'I'he iii i,j. ring banditti, or fiec-bootcs, are very trouble- tome in thisciirritry. The principal places aie, Cailar, the antient C.ifirea ; it is a large town on the baiiKsot the .Milas, irai mount Argccus, and about 70 miles wed of Secias. 'I'he walls arc drong, and flunked with towers. 'Ihe c.lHe is in the centre of the city. The bazar is b.-.iuirome, and well furnidied with all forts of merchandize; the houfcs in its neighbourhood are built cith.r in the form of a tower with acupola, or they refemble a fuiiar-loaf. The city is well fupplicd with water from the river j and their princip.d trade is in cotton. Malaihiah, at the confluence of the Kuphrates and Arfu, was antiently called Melitcnc. It rs in j8 deg. 21 min. north latitude, and j8 deg. 56 min. cad lon- gitude. It wai formerly the (eat of the Ottoman I'triicis, and now of a Greek archbifliop. It rs dill a eorifiderablc town. Mars, or Marafch, is a large wcll-btillt city in the loulh-ead b uind.iiits o| the provinre. It is fitiiatcd on a (mail iiver, which (.ills into the Kuphrates about iSo mile> to the fouthward of Tribizohde; it is a place of fome eoni.Tcrce, a;,d the relidence of a balla. Antiently there were many line cities in this country, fuch a, Tyana, Nyda, Na/iarizum, e\:c. which at pre- lent are either heaps of rums, or (ueh mean vrllages as not to merit the lead mention. Among the emrnent men who were born rrr tins province, thcToreiiiod upon the lid arc I'aulanias the (Jtiik bidoiian, the twc Grc- gories of Nagian/cn, St. Hafil, and St. Cicor-u- the patron of Lngland, of whom we diall (peak a few words. St. George was born in the latter end of the thiid century, of Chndian p.inntsi he fened in the army of the emperor l)iocleli.,n wiih great reputation for lome time, when that morianli lelolving on a perfecution ol rhe Chridians, and being unable to win over St. George to P.ij.ariifm, he ordered him to be put to the toilure, wh eh not (liakiiig hrs eonllancy, he was he- iKMiltJ hy the eommiird <'ur ol him, and the i^d of Apiil II dill obluvcd in comrncmoratiun of hii mirtyr- * * dwm. I I 1:1! iir; ' Li i i*^ ]t \ A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, no ilom, his bJs.nick'rs life wd uiuncrixed ^catji having fccured tu him a gloiious name. " Glory by few is rightly underftooH, •' What's truly glorious inurt be greatly good. Cooke. SECT. xin. C A R A M A M A. /^ A R A M A N 1 A e.xlcnJ's itfclf ^loiig tljc Meditcr- ^-^ raiK\in co.ilt from iioiih to fgutb, coniiirifiiig the anticiic l.yci;), Pamphiliiii Pifidise, Lycaoiiia, and Cili- cia, with part qf Ifaufia, Phrygia, Pacaiiaiia, Ualitia, Salutarjs, and Cappadocia. It reaches from the iicigh- huurhood of Alcxandretta tu the gulpli of Macii, at the mouth of which lies the illand ot Rhodes. 'I'hii country by the Turks is called Caraman-lli, and is divided into the Greatir and Leflcr j the latter IvMig along tiie lea-coall, and tiie fornur to the north of mount Tauris. It is governed by a b glerbcg, whofe revenue is exceedingly large, and fubordinate to whom arc kvat fangiacs, with many zaims and timars. The principal places arc, Mvra or Myrra, which the Turks fall Strumita, Was once a coniideral-k city, but is now dwindled ilmoll to nothing i it is about 22 miles north call of Patora, fituated near the mouth of the Liinyrus. Patura was once the metropolis of l^ycia, but is now a very inconliderable village near the r.io tli of the Xan- thus between the gulphs of Macri and S,tt.dia. ^ Satali.\, the ancient Altalia, is called by the Turks S.. taliah. It was formeily an important city in Pamphylia, at the bottom of the gulph of its name, in 36 deg. 45 min. north lat. and 31 deg. 20 min. calf long. It is the ftron^cft place the 'I'uiks have upon this coaft. The haibouf would be commodious, it the entrance was not difficult and dangerous. It is one of the nioft fingulai places in the uiiiverfe, being divided into three diltmdt towns, each of which is divided Irom the others by its own ll'ion^ walls, and the gates are fhut up precifelyat noon every Friday till one o'clocif, from a pretended prophecy, that on fui. h an hour ihf Chtiftians arc to fur- priic It. The whole is about fix miles in circumference ; the buildings arc good, th« place populous, and the trade cunfiderable. The fummers arc fo hot, that thofe who can aftbrd it retire towards the mountains, where there is more air and (hade. The cattle, which som- mands the town, is. a very gooil one. 'I'hc Chxiftians had formerly a hne church in one of the towns, but it is at prefcnt converted into a Turkifli mofquc. The neighbouring country is very fertile and delightful, being toveicd with citron and orangs groves, which afford an txquifue (ratraiicy. ha;aMl'u-, though anciently a t< Icrabic town, does not at I'tefcnt merit the nanre of a village. The fame may be faiJ of Antiocliia Pifidiae, or Ca;farea, which ft.mds at the fcot of mount I auns, and was once the inetiopolis of the province. Such are the vici/Iitudes of fu hi unary things ! " Shi-rt is th' uncertain reign and pomp of mortal pride, " New turns and changes every day '« Arc oT incoiill-.nt chance tlu.' conllant arts ; " tincin fhe gives, lijon takes away •, » Sue comes, embraces, naufeatts you, ajid parts." HoWAKIl. Iconium, now Cogni or Kogni, is the metropolis of the bculeibeij^ate. It iramU ai the anliciit Lyraonia, in a firlilc plelf.mt plain, near a hne liigulakc of frelh water, which was am lently called Palus I'logilis. It is atwut 1 lu miles fnmi the Mediterranean lica. It i% futroundcd bv Hrong w.iils, adorned with towers, and a broad dilch. hie Turks only inh''l'i< ihc city. The Greeks, Ar- meuiaiis and Jews inhabit the fubuihi, which are fuacious. 'The city is connnnnded by a Imall calllc, and adorned with fcvcral mofqiici, a ftraglio, and fomc fpaciout car*vanliua», foi ihu acsoinmodaiioii of the caravans and travellers which pgfs through the towji. The mutton here is cnquihte, the wool of the Awxp admiraWc, and their tails lo large, thit llcdges arc fallencd to the animal, upon which they aru drawn. Tarfus, the birthplace of the groat apullle St. Paul, yvas aiuieiitly the capital ot Cilicia, and one of the fineft towns of the J-cii^r Afu, liut iit pixfi;nt is iiiiitis decayed. Jt is fituated upon the Cydiius, about lit mile.s from its mouth. 1 he Turks call tliis towik Tatlou, Tarilfu anil Horn. If we may venture to judge by llie ruins of the old wall, it appears to have been near I2 nnlcs in circuinfeience. At the mouth of the rivpr tbcie is a good commodious harbour, and about a mile below tlie town there is the lake Uhegma, through which the C'ydnus runs. A ana is a_ confiderable town on the river Choquen, to the eaftwatd of Tarfuf, about 35 miles on the load to Aleppo, and about 18 miles Irum th; Mediter- ranean. This (own contains a great number of beau, tifiil fountains fupplied with water by aquedufls, and over the livcr there is a fupeib bridge of 15 arches. The adjacent country is exceedingly plcafant, and the foil extremely fertile. AJ.1ZZU, or Lajazzo, which was formerly called Ifl'us, is fituated on a gulph of the Mediterranean, to which it gives name. It was antiently a place of verv great importance, and is at prefent a neat, llrong, opu- lent fea-port town. The following cities and towns, which were known to the ancients, but of winch the moderns have but very impel fcit accounts, are now fo reduced to poor, mean, little hamlets, or fo totally ruined and deferred, ,is not to merit any particular delcriptiun, viz. Azar, Ainzaiba, Tclencfl'us, Xanthus, Phcfelis, Pignara, Olbia, Magydis, Side, Pcig.i, Sitnuin, Arpendus, TerinelTub, Olbaza, Lyllra, &c. &c. &c. The principal rivers in Caramania aie the Xanthus, Lamus, Celtrus, Kurymcdon, Cydnus, Sarus, or Smarus, Pyramus, Limyras, Latamao, &c. Caramania contaius many celebrated mountains, moft of which are branches of mount Tauris or I'aurus, viz. Olympus, there being many mountains in Alia of this nanic ; Cragus, the etymon of which Bochart derives from the Arab.c word Crac, which fignihcs a rock ; from whence it is probable the Knglifh word Crag oriai- natcd i and Antigragus, all in Lycia. In Cilicia the molt remarkable is Anu-ums. 'The great chain called mount Tauris begins in Lycia, and runs caftwarrl. But we mull not omit to mention the celebrated Lycian volcano mountain, called by the ancients Chi- nuera. Its bottom was infeAed with li-rpents, the middle jurts afturded palture fur goats, and the top was haunted by lions. This gave the idea to the poets lofeij.'n the moiillcr Chim.x'ra, which was reprelentcd wiili the head of a lion belching fire, a goat's body, and a fer- pent's tail. Mr. Pope, in his tranllation of Homer, lus, lujwever, ckangiid the Icipent's tail to a dr.igon's tail. " A mangled monller of a mortal kind, " Behind a dragon's fiery tail was Ipread ; " A jjoat's rough body lioic a lion's head, " Hit pitchy nollrils flaky flames expirn, " Her gaping throat emits intcriuil liie." Hence incongruous ideas are called chimiera?, an! iiiconfillent liralagemi arc laid lo be chimerical. Kcllcrophon, being the firit who planted this moun- tain, is hunourcd with the rcpuialiun of having rul)duc\ o( the llicip tlut Hedges liicli they am ?Mk St. Paul, ifid one of the pixl'eiit ii nijitii iiiis, about lix M lUis towu ay \eiitiire to ippinrs to have At the mouth s haibuur, anj lake Rhegma, iver Choqucn, miles on the ri th; Mcditer- mber of beau. queJutfls, and ff 15 archcj. ;ufjnt, and the ormcrly called ditcrianean, to J pljcc of vcrv , liron^', opu'. 1 were known Icrns have but luccd to poor, d and defcrted, in, viz. Azar, lelis, Pignara, n, Arpendus, c, the Xanthus, IS, Sarus, or ic. Caramania noft of whii.h vii. Olympus, f this name j derivts from a rock i from d Cr.ng origi- In Cilicia the chain callccl lis eaftward. iw' tclcbiatcj ncicnts Chi- its, the middle was haunted :s 10 fei^n the ted Willi tho and a ftr- on of Homer, to a dr.igon'j 'I, ro. imier.u, an! oricjl. i this mniin- liviiig fu'jducil r, near this count of its the t:\\ book ■ul, i IJ." ASIA-l TURKEY. f II •S E C T. SECT. XIV. Syria. n,i gntral Difcriptlon ef Syria, Divifiom, Suhdivi/uns, Siluatiin, ExUnt, Climatt, Soil, Fertility, Produce, of tht Inhabitants, (^c. SYRIA, or, a« the Turks call it, Sourie and Sou- riftan, was originally fo called from its capital, Tzor or Tzur, which the Greeks foftened into Sur and Tyre. This country, in themoft extenfivc lenfe, includes Syria properly fo called, Phoenicia or Phcnicc, andjudeaor Paleftine. It extends from north to fouth about 400 miles, and about 200 from cad to weft, being bounded on the north by mount Amanus, and a branch of mount Tauris, which fcparates it from Armenia Minor and Cilicia •, on the eaft by the Euphrates, which divides it from Mcfopotamia or Diarbcc, and on tht weft by Arabia the Dcfert. The principal mountains are Libanus, Anti-Libanus, Gilcad, Tabor, Carmel, Cafllin, Amanus and Alla- daurus, with fomc fmalier in Judca, viz. Sion, Hcr- mon, Ebal, Olivet, Calvary, Gciizzim, and Mo- Of thcfe mounts, the Libanus, and Anti-Libanus, which arcfituatcd in Coelo-Syria, are of an allonifli.ng height and extent, " His proud head the airy mountain hides •' Among the clouds, bis (houlders and his fulcn, «' A (baJy manile cloaths, his curling biows " Turn on tho gentle Urcam, which calmly flows «« While winds and ftorms his lofty forehead boat, «« The common fate of all that's high and great." Thefc mountains were formerly celebrated for their lofty cedars, which at pieleiu aie reduced to a very finnll number -, they arc green all ;he year, .\nd bear leaves rcfenibling thofe of the junipcr-trcc, the fmell of which is delightfully fragrant. The fmailcr fpecies bear a kind of apple, as large as a pine-apple, but fmoothcr, and of a browner colour ; ihey contain a tranfparent balm which falls from them by drops at cer- tain feafons. Tbefe apples always grow in cluftcrs at the extremity of the branches. 'I'hc incoiruptibility ol the cedar tree is owing to the bittcriicl's of the wood, which is fo great that no woi m w II harbour in it. The higheft parts of ihe!e mountain', and thofe of Amanus, are covered with fiiow the greatcft part of the year; and in foine hollow places, whither the fun beams cannot penetrate, it remains uiulifl'olved the whule year. Many of the cavities abound with pctrefactions which are exceedingly curious The rivers are the Euphrates, Jordan, Cafllmcer, I, iconics, Chryforrhoas, Orontes, Odonis, Cherfeus, with others lefs confiderablf, particularly the Coik, or river of Aleppo. The Jordan rcceivL-s its name from the brooks Jor and Dan, which form it by Minting their ftrcams. It formerly overflowed its banks, as both facred and pro- fani- Winers inlorm u-; it docs not, however, do fo at prei.iit, but flows wiih great regulaiity. Syria is bled'edwiih the nuift fercne, temperate, an I healthful air imaginalile ; duiing the hot inon;hs ot June, July, and Aui;ii(f, it is agreeably rclrclhed by cooling breezes from the Mediterranean. The tace ot the country is delightful and level, the foil rich and fertile. It abounds not only with all the ncccflarics of life, but with all the delicacies which can gratify the mod luxurious appetite ; and is fupcrior in point ol ilimafc and produce, to all other countries that even lie under the fame parallel of latitude. " Here fummcr reigns with otic eternal fmile, *' Siiccetding harvells bicfs the happv foil ( " K.iir fertile fields, to whom imlulgent heav'n, *' Has cv'ry charm of cv'ry feal'on giv'n ( *' No killing cold dd'orms the beauteous year, " The Ipnnginj llowcrs no coming winter fcarj But, as the parent rofe, deciys, cmldi«, 'Ihe infant buds with brighter colours rife. And with freOi fweets, the mother's fcent fupplies Near them the violet grows with odours bleft. And blooms in more than Tyrian purple d:eft. The rich jonquils their gulden beams difplay. And (hine in glories emulating day : The peaceful groves their verdant leaves retain, The ilreams ftill murmur, undefil'd by ruin. And tow'ring greens adorn the fruitful plain ; The warbling kind uninterrupted fing, Warin'd with enjoyment of perpetual fprin^. Lady Kl. \V. MoNTACL'E. This charming country produces fpontancoufly a fuperabundance of all that is ncceflary for the profit or delight of man, for the indolent Turks are to 1 l.i/.y to cultivate it. The only people v.-ho take the l.'alt pains with the foil arc the Armenians and Traiikb, who arc fettled in the country. From ivhit has been faid, it may naturally be inferred, that the inhabitant? are plen- tifully fupjilied with corn, wine, oil, figs, lemons, iirangcs, melons canes, dales, cotton, honey, aro- matic and mcui-inal herbs, Jfcr. they likewife breed great numbers of buftaK^ei and other oxen, camels, dromedaries, fwine, deer of all forts, hares, rab- bits, and other game. They have a breed of goatJ whole hair is long and of a colour exceedingly beauti- ful. The flieep are fume of the beft in theunivcrfo; thiir wool is exceedingly fine, and their tails fo large h .t to prevent their receiving any injury from trailing in the diit, they arc placed upon Hedges, as in fonio oiher parts of Alia, liefides a variety of excellent fid), this country abounds in wild fowl, fuch as partridges, quails, pheafant?, pigeors, turtle-doves, &c. 'I'hc plains aic fo tender, fat and humid, that the foil is turned up with wooden coulters. In (hort, though Syria con- tains fome rocky mountains, it would be the fineft and mo'l defirable country in the univerfe, was it not iiiuler fuch a dcl'potic government; but the Turkiftl tyranny is fuch that it prevents the inhabitants from evci tailing the fweets of ihat moft efTcntial neceflary to human happincfs, viz. Liberty. " O Libertv, ihou goddefs, hcav'niy bright, " Piofufeof blifs, and pregnant with delight, " Eternal plcafurcs in thy prefcncc reign, " And fmiling plenty leads thy wanton train ; " E.is'd of her lo.id, fubjei5fion grows more light, " And poverty looks clicarful in thy light ; " Thou niak'ft the gloomy face of iM.ifire gay, " Giv'ft beauty to the fun, and Iplendor to the day. Addison. Bifidcs Mahometans a-d Jews, many Chriftians of difi'erent fcils inhabit Syria, viz. Greeks, Latins, Ar- menians, Malchites, Maronites, and Jacobites. The Armenians differ but little from the Greeks, and have a patriarch, whole place of refulcnce is Damafcus, The Maronites of Mount Libanus hold fume of the Circek, and fomc of Kutychian tenets. They give the facramcnt in both knu's, and ufe the Synac liturgy, rheir pittiarch is alw.ivs (tiled Peter, and looked upon as the only true fuccellor of that apoltlc. The Jaco- bites, who arc fo called from their founder Jacobus Sy- rius, have a patriarch, who is always named Ignatius, and deemed the real fucceffor of that celebrated father and mart) r. The lirufians, who live among the moun- tains, know little of cliiiftianity befides the name. They in a great meafurc rcfemble the Curdcs who re- fide amoi\g the Armenian n ountains, and pay a much !;reater rcfpci!> to the devil than to God, for which they aflign this curious reafon ; that ood is I0 vcrv good humoured at all tunes, that he will not dc them any injury, let them be ever fo negleclful aiui itmifs iu their duty ; but on the contrary, the devil has trc- quenily fuch mifchiivous fits, and is naturally inclined to fuch diabolical fiolitks, th.it the utnioft precaution is necctTiry to keep his iiifcrn.»l highnefs in any tolerable temper. The Jews arc here ll-c principal brokers i.T the mer- cantile. T. ! Ici-ues diltaucc i and ahounds in excellent water, «nd adiniabic fniitv. If llr.ingers haiipcn to ariivc dur- in; thii 1 jltrv feafuii, th^-y fel.f >m cfc.ipe with their lii vs. Th'.' above niciitioiitd moiinlain yields a thu:ou;;lilare to the N. K. v\iiil by means of an opening; and when- ever it blows bar ', tlie (hips in the harbour all put to ff« vi'ith the uimoll expcdiiion, to avo d being dallied to pieef". Some alll-it that ibis city w.is built by Alexan- il;rthe (j:c.t, in commemoration of a victory obtairud over IJa'iu.. 111 Its vicinity. It is difendvd only by an old (Leaved e.iltle, and a few loMiirs, un.lirthe com- mand of the .'ov(riu>ri but we mull not omit to meniioii thii lingular e r^unillancv ; ili.it the lorrcfjionden.u be- tween Scande.ooii iind Aleppo, is carried on by the lui,'iini ut i-iii-oiis, that are taught to fly b.ickwan's and forwards with letteis about their necks. ?onic i.ilc Ir.i-. vellers, hmvever, fay that this ciill(Xn is difcontiiiind. The adjacent country is in gei;etal level, rii.h, and fertile. About 22 miles from Scam'vroon, is tlic ancient city of Antioeli, or at le.ill its lenians. It was l.irmc;ify th,r capital of all Svria, and one ol the nolilelt meii.'prditan cities in ihvuniverle ; but is at piefent reJuced to a ptiov ill. an hamlet, ronlalning only a few katttred h ulis: it is fnu.ited ill a line plain ot 18 miles in extent, on the livei Hali, or Oramc ; the Tuiks call li Antaekia. The vail number of pl.mtain, poplars, fjcaniores, fruit- tiee.s, &c. in the gaideiis of the town, make it at a dil- t.iiice look like a forell: It has a caltle which coniii andi the town and river, and fonie coiiliderable leniains of antient temples, walls, e hurdles, iVe. together with an extenbve c.mal. '1 he dilciples ol Ciinl! liill cbtaiii- ed the name of Chriilians in this city. Saint I'acl and Saint IJ.irnabas pie.uhed a twclven.onth in ihu place; Saint Luke the Uvangelill, and Saint I;;naliui llie niait\r, were boili heie. S.lucia, or Seleuci;i Par.i, which latter denomin.ition w.-^s given to dil- tinguifh it fiom another tmvii ol the laire name on tlia I'lgiis was ancientiv a conlideralle lea-p rt town : at pr. lent it is but a trifling village, lituated on the iiicdi- terrane.m, at the mouth of the Oinntes, ..b.mt to milei (loni Seanderoon. Tlie I''r;.iiks c.ill it the port ol Saint Siniei'ii i but its TurkilTl ii.iiiie is Seluki-Jeiber. Tert.ifu, which was fornnrlv called Urlhofi.i and .\ntai;t 'us, from its being littni cd over igvinll the little illeot Aradu~, was once a lamed fei-port, and ;.iiepi. copal lie; at piefent it is a veiy ineonliderable place, ,iiid in- habited only bv poor fillr.rm.n. It is ub.jut nine ii.iKs to the northward of Tripoli. I.ntakia, or Ladliik;\a, the ant ent I.ao.licc;!, \vai founded by Seleucus Nicanor, or the V'nJtorious, ami- called by I'.im afiir bis lillet's ii.in ..-. It is the niolb northern cityof S.ria, htuated upon a iifiiig ground, with a full profpei;! of the Ic, in 35 deg. 30 nun. iiortli latitude. It is a conlidt.ruble iiiaiitin.e lovvii, Thij city contains ni.uiy antl(|ue r.ni.iins, paiticu- la.ly leveral rows of coliiiuns of granite ..i.d p ipb\rv, witli part of an aqueduct, wli eh Joiephus atli.nis w.i.s bu:lt by king Herod, The (IruJiire is fpac ous, but not aiched. Here is a niof(|uc formed (;f a nlagllllic^nt antient liiainphal arch, fupportcd bv Corinthian pilhrs ; the arch;traie is cmbtllillud \u li a variety i/f warlike trophies. Many Greek and Laiin inleiiptions are lonnd among the luiiis, bat they aic in gentiol fo much de- face.) as to be unintelligible. To the wellrt .-.id of the city are the remains of a lOthon, lug enough to boul the laigell navy in the univeife. The niouili, which is .;hout 40 feet wide, is defended by a CulHc ; an i tl'.e whole is in .111 amphithealrical loriii ; it is lo ihnaked up at piefent, as toadniit only a fciV I'niall vcllels. 'I'lie remarkable cataconbs which .ire a little lo ti-.c noithward t,\ the city, exciicthe attenti.^n of travelUis. Thty contain large (lone C(,lliiis, einbcilillitd with eiii- blvmatic hi'urcs, (hells, iVc. 'I'he cuers of lone aic fuppoitcd by pilallers, generally of the C.uintlii in, bi.t iiiir.elimes ol the Ionic order ; tliele colbns :ix i'e|)o- fitsd 111 ctllb oil the lidcj of a number of chambers hol- Imved deep into the ui.k, being e.ich from i; to jo f et fi|iMie. The molt telpecivd i,f tli.le li.( uLhi.il ' cliambeLS is that calUd St. I'lckla, which is de.l.c.tted I lo that liiil vir,' n ni..ityr; m the midll of it is a fpring, to v.-hicli many miiucuiuus ciietts aic a'ci.^e.i. I be whole ol the .idjaceiit coiin'ry is cxticr.uly ro- mantic, lioni the int(.imixiute (d' rocks, wo .ds, lepiil- chrs, plains, grottos, f-uniain , c.fcad.s, fi,-. A few miles lioin a pl.ice called tlie S rpeiit I'ount.iiii, are tlio fpindles, or niagu/.zcls, a name uliieli i. gueii to k- veial p,iiii:d cylindrical buildings, that ate eiculed over a niiiiiluT of lejiuLlires. The luiiis ( f the .iiitiint ( Ity of Aik.i, are I'e- lightfully lituated uppuii'e llie luirtlu rii eatiennty of miunt l.ibanus; to the eallw.s.rd a tiiiur.tic iliaiu of iiiount.iiiis appeal I a lire cxtenfue plain, inteilp; rli'd with calllc-, vill.ige^,. p-.i.ds iiv.is, &c. opens tu il •; , north, and the lea i, (.en to the well. The city w, . ■1 erected uii the (unr,.,t ^i j jiil; u.' j cuiiiial I'm, vi.,Ji ^t-l'^^H S'onic l.,(c (r.i-- s tlil'coiitlniiui. fvcl, ritb, :\}\.i tlic .uicicrU city ■M l.irjiicrhy tli.j it mclli'(iri|il^lll Juciil to a ptvn itarcl h u!i.s ; 1-xti.nt, oil the AKt.ickia. 'I'hi: innioris, (>uit- i.ikc It jt a ilii- hichconiM ancli Wi-- icniaiiis ot' lo^lithcr Willi III! liilt cluaiii- i'. Saint I'aiil n.oiith in iliu S:iiiU Ii;iiatiiij , or Sclcuti;i : given to ilil'- :<• iKiiiic on tha |) rt toun : at i! (n\ ihc Micdi- ..b.'i't 6c milci ic pori ot Saint Jclbcr. Uiihofia ami j; .iiill ilic little iicl ;.iic^ little to the I of travclki.s. ii.-ii with (.111- ol' liMU- aK- >tiiitiii.in, biiC lis TC I'cpo- rbairlurs luii- 0111 1 : to ;o Ic 1^1 ul,.hi,il li is i!i.%!,(.\:i,-.l II ot It I, i aic ., f, ,'.v.|. i-.\tici;:.:y k,. ■" "s, l.piil- h.-. A t. kV itaiii, arc liio gUlll lo I, . iiri; cicitJ ka, arc ,'0- f;.tKiiiily ,)t' ::C lll.lil; ..( , iiituli-, ilr.l Optlls lu il :; I'hj iity \v, n oiiiial 1 rri, vU.Ji ASIA.l T 17 R K E Y. 1 1 which appear.' to havf been a father, Laodicea after his filler, and Sclciicia Ironi hiinlelf. It is greatly fallen from its former fpleiiJor, but llill remains a confidcrablc town. Handing on a f)Ot of ground which is almort furroundcd by a lake fo;nr,d by the river Oroiiics, about 60 miles to the fouthward of Aleppo j fo that it hath no conimuni- c.ition with the land but by an idhmus, or finall neck. The Turks and Greeks call it Hama ; it is the reli- dcr.ce of a begleibeg, whofc ^^overnment is very tx- tciilivc; the adjacent territory is exceedingly rich and fertile; the city is well w.iteieJ, retains many inark> of its antient magnificence, and was very early an cpil- copal fee. It lies in 35 degrees 6 iiiiii. 1101 th latitude, ami 37 deg. 18 min. ealt longitude. Near this city, Se- leacus coiiiianlly fed 500 large elephants. Between Antioch and 'I'ortol'a, near noiiiit Lii'a, there is a little mean village called Maigat, wl icli wa^ antiently a coiifuKrabIc place, named .Maiathos. Emel'a, Emilia, or Emila, is fituatcd between Apn niea and Laodlcca, on tlic river Orontes. The nia.l emperor IKIiogabaliis v..is born there, and on that ac- count tiiok the whim into Ills head to be made oi.t ot the iirielts of its temple ; th.' Turks at prefent c.ill it Hainan, or Aman. It is unJer the Jurildiction of the bi' -leibc" of Daniafcus, who governs it by means of a deputy. It llill nlake^ a conliderablc li^iure, notwith- It'iiding what it has lutfeied by e .rthi|uakes, and the various changes it has undegonc. It is furrouiiJtd by food Hone walls, with fix luperb gates, and leveral mag- nificent towers at proper dillanccs. Vhc walls are en- vironed by a fp.ic ious ditch ; ai.d on an eminence there is acaftlc which commands ar.d defends the town. H. le are fome fine churches, the grcatell part of which are converted into mofqucs. The Cuthedral is a magnifi- cent ftruifture, fiipporied by 34 marb.e cclumns, adorned with bafib-relievob and Greek infcriptions. ThcChrif- tians are permitted to pray m it at certain C'mes, bcfides which they h.nvc fome churehes appropriated cniire';. ti their own ufe. The b.iza.s, kans, caravanl'cras, i.'.. are in general very handfonie .'Iruiftures ; the inhabitants trade in filks, and a fine kind of needlework of filk, gold, ,iiid filver, curioufly intcnr'ingled together: the adjacent country is very rich an 1 lende, and the gardens iii the environs exceedingly dclightfi I, abounding in a j;reat vitietv of excellent plants, and •jeli.,ious Iruits. li. all the gardens inn nuiahle nuilbcrr tiees are planteii in regular rows, and well watir. d, as the demand lor mulberry leaves to Iced their filk wc rins is very great. Aleppo, the finell and mort opulent city in all Syria, les in 3O deg. 30 min. north lat. and 37 deg. 50 min. call Ion::, ahout 60 miles to the caftward of Scandcroon. It is built on eigiit eminences or hills, one of which in the center of the citv is higher than the reft, and on its top there is a (Irong callle, Aleppo, including the fuinirb.s, is about fcvcn miles iu ciicunifereiice: in extent, riches, and population, it is infcri'r to Contlantlnoplc an 1 Grand Cairo, but ex- ceeds them both in the elegance of its buildings ; the lurrounding wall is old and decayed, and the ditch con- verted into gardens. When foitrcfTcs are fufFer'd to decay, It Oicivs that peace and commerce bear the fway ; 'I'liat merchants of Hern oriiecrs .ere made. And blood alone is the neglei^ted t.ade. The hoiifes are of ftonc, built in a quadrangular fonn, confining of a gtoiin 1 floor .iid an attic ftiny : the loofs are fl.it, ;Mid eiilier fpicad with plailler or paved with llunc : the ceilings, panncis, doois, wiiiduwsi &c. 19 ire neatly gilded .''ml painted, and adorned wiili in- ltil|t,on» from the Koran, or the bell Afitic poets ; lo that their very enibellillmients arc fublervient to the purpol\s of moralitv, and their thambers .mc rendcnJ tacit advileis to prudence and precaution. Of thele • '•..criptions the following Ipeciniens may be entertain- ing Id the reader. The Maliometans are exceedingly fond of the two following pall'ages from the Koran or Alcoran, which ,ire therefore frequently lound about theii rooii^s written n K trers of gold. The firft, which is deemed one of the befl ada[;es in the Koran is, " Forgive eafily, do j^iod ti> all, im > dif- putc HOC with the ignorant." The other, whii h : latcs to the Alniightv's Itopi'ing the deluge is, " Eaith Iwallow d'.wr. thy w. ter.«. Iky drink 1 .. th.le thou hall pound orih. The waters were iminediutely gone, the com- mands of God were executid. 'I'hc .irk relied on the miuntain, and tbefe words were heard, " // w loth uilckf.i." All Arabian poetical paraphrafe of that p. llV.^e In the K. ra:i, which relates to the angel (iabi.el > cciii'uO.ing Maiioniet to fee I'aradife, is greatly admired. Take an Englilh iranflatien if the verlcs. From heaven det'cending thro' ethcical flam?, On earth .igain the mighty pro, bet c.ime. To i'aradlle by faithful Gabtiel led. While dreams of glory hovcr'd round his head : He law, the (oil like puiell lilver bright, 1 he lolty rnountiin^ ilione with fplei;did liuhr. The I'pacious VN'alks with dazzling liillie glow'd Bv di'monds gravcl'd, and with brilhantj Itiew'd; The lefl'er hili.slikc yellow amber lee:ii, W liilc filvcrwavis tli 1 ' fertile niead,,ws (ireani ; Tic lofty concave is th' Almighty's throne, \\'\ia makes Ins mercies to the righteous known : Angels and pio| bets occupy the phcr, And dwell in manfions of celeftial grace j Strccis pav'd with gold, with lamps ethereal ftiinc. Rich guns .idorn the palaces .iivine; Fair lapphire pates which none but faints can fe.:le, l.ead to the jafper-green-befpangl'd vale. Where atomatic herbs that evei bloom, Refrcfli the fpitits, and the air perfume. Here wine and milk in Itrcams mc.ind'ring glide. So rich the waves, fo delicate the tide j There cryilal fprings make agate fountains gay. Where gold and filver fportive filhes play. Delicious fruits on eveiy tree abound. And load the branches till they kits the ground ; Here QV^z-^S roC^i d'verfify the fcenc, \\ hole ■■ .ows arc flcecv, and whofe feet arc green : Hut by tlufe rocks no ba reliefs' betray'd, Fer there Iweet honey by 'he bee is made ; Hon.y that's blela'd wit'.' captivating pow'r--. Drawn from eeleltial aromatic flow'rs. All is enchanting which the place contains j For here the cfience of all goodnefs rei^^ns. Such is the rorranfic and whimfical paradifc of Ma- homet, in which fpiritual and fenfual ideas are fo blended and jumbled together, that it I'etms equally calculated to ceba /ch the laint, and entice the tinner. 'Fhe imager, hov.'evcr, ilicw the richnefs of the Aliaiic I'ancv i we therefore hope that the traiiilation, as it is the firft thing of the kind that ever appearid in our lan- guage, will not be unacceptable to the public. VVc ftiall add the following fix infcriptions, as they are concife and fignificant : " Four things (hould never flatter us : the familiarity " of princes; the carcHes of women j the fmilcs of our " enemies ; nor a warm day in vsinter ; for nunc of " thefe arc of long duration." " One pound of food is futficient in one d:iy to fup- po'-t you ; if you eat more, it Is a load, and you mull fupport in your turn tbiit." " Wc are the bow, and ftioot but In the dark ; " 'Tis God dircds the arrow to its mark." F f " lU 'ni j iii ' " ! i: ! tu 11 + A NEW COMPLETE SYSTEM OF GEOORAPIIV. n " He th.it thinks to content his dcfircs by the polll;!- " fion of what he wilhcs lor, is like hini who puts out " lire with itiiw." To obt.iin knowlalge you muft have " The vigilance of a crow, the grci-UincIs of a hog. *' The catcH'cs of a cat, and the patience of a dog," " I have cleaned mv mirror, and fixing my eyes on it, " 1 perceived fo many defects in myfclf, that I calily *' lor^jot thofc of uth(.T5." But to turn to our defcription of Aleppo j the flreets have a dull appearance on account ot biingthalucd from the view bydcid walls, lfpallif.idt.es were ufed inftcad of walK, It would render the Itrccts aduiiiably pleafant, as the court yards are all prettily paved, and have a fountain in the center environed with a little verdure. The bell houlcs have ufually on the ground floor a hall covered with a dome, with a fountain in the middle to cool it. Among the numerous mofqucs of thib city, I'ome are very magnificent .-.nd agreeable. T hire ii a fount.iHi of ablution, and fonictiints a little gaiucn in the area of each. In evi-ry garden you are furc to find cyprels. The kans are Ipacious and elog.nt, but tlie ftiops aie I'mall ; the buyer KanJs a'.wavs vsuhout, noiu being adnittcd within a fli> p but the mailer and his clerk. 1 hey ufuully (hut them about an hour and hair alter fun -fit. '1 here is a great lingularity to be obl'erv- ed in the hnules of Aleppo ; the doors aretlrongly cafid with iron, but the locks .ue only llightly m.ide of vkooJ. The ftrcets, though na-row. are extremely clean, and alwavJ well paved: i\l oft'enfive manufactures and dil'jgiec.ible :r des are confined to 'he fuburbs ; in which, among others, there is a glals manufactory. Fvery houle has a well, but the waters beingbrackifti arc not ufed in drefling prn.ifions or to drink ; the water fur thefe purpofes being brought from Ibnie fine fprings by means of an aqueduct, and properly diftri- butcd by communicating pipes. The houle fuel is wood and charcoal, but the bagnios are heated with dung, Uie parings of fruit, &r. the gathering of which gives employment to many pooi people. Aleppo is fituated in a vaft plain ; th% environs of the city is Ituny and uneven ; but .it a few miles dillant the circumjacent country is level and fertile ; neverthelels, the whole has the nanieof the delert. 'I'he wcltern part ol the city IS waflicd by a ftream called Coic, which, with the wells in the city, and the \«atcr brought by the aqueduilit, is all the water that is to be found for tl)c fpacc of 2^^ niiles round, 'ihe neighbouring villages havin;j no waier but ram water, which they fave in lar^je cifteriis. The .lir is fo pure and free from damps that the inha- btants iKep on ihc houfe-tops without the le.;lt incon- \eiiii.iKc. Tho only winter is Irom December 12, to J.inujry 10 ; but even then the fun h^s great power in the middle of the day. The fiiow never lays more than a d.iy upon the ground, and the ice is kldom or ever Itron^ enough to bear the weight of a man. Front May to the middle ot December the air is exceffive hot ; but the mol) malignant he.nt continues only about five days, during whiJi the inhabitants keep within doors as much as polTible, and defend themfelvis from the pernicious winds by fliuttinij clofe their windows and doois. The harvelt tummerccs in the beginning of May, and ufually lalh about twiiuy days ; the horles are fed with barley, as oats do not grow nearer than Antioch. Near the city, but nmii. pai ticularh in the neighl>ouring country, from Shog:e lu Letachia arc a great number ot tobacco plantations, a conliderable trade being carried on in that article with Kgypt. The adjacent country yields a few olives, red and white grapes, and feveral kinds of fruit, which are but indifterent ; at (omc didance from the city a fpccies of fuller's earth is found, which is an cxcelle:it I'ubliiiute for Ibap. Black cattle are fcarcc, the large; fort are kept for labour, the loialler have fljort horni, and the huDahics are valued on account of their milk • it is to be obfervcd ihat the Turks and Jews fel- dom or ever cat beef, (heir favourite food being mut- ton, of which they have plenty at Aleppo. Therir .i-c two forts of llieep, the one much like the Knglilh fluep, iiid the other of the fpecies with large tails, which thiy drag after them onflelges, as already mentioned. I'lie goats have long ears, and give excellent milk, which i> lold about the Itruets from i\]n'\ lo Siptcmber. The butter and chcele is in.ui^ eiuiei h.ini the milk ul cows, inifFaloes, fhcep or goats. 'I'he pn.j, e aie very kind of leban or coagulated milk. H.rc are |ileiity of hares and antelopes j the latter are of two forts, vi/,. The rinteUi|ie of the nioiir.tain, and the ai.fK pc of the plain. The foinier is the molt beautiful, the ha k and neck beingof a dark brown ; the latter, though its col.mr is brightei, is neither fofwift nor fo well made. 7 amc rabbits are kept in the city, and fome few wild ftags arc found in the country, a^ well as porcupines ; the Franks of the Roinilh perfualion often cat land turtles and frogs. The camels of this country are good and fervicc- able, but the horfcs are very indifferent ; hyaenas are tound among the rocks, they ieldom attack the human race, but commit gr.at r.iva^cs among the flocks, and even plunder the fepulchrcs. In the city of Aleppo are avail number of dogs ; and the environs isinfeftcd with wolves ; lerpints arc innumerable, particularly a white make, which is found in houfes, but whofc bite is not venomous. The fccdopcndra and fcorpion often fljig the natives, but a few hours pain is the only confe- quence. Ikfidi-s the above, here are locufts, lizards, bees, filk-worms, all kinds of fowls, &c. Hawking and hunting are favour re amufements ; th« fportlmen liavc a very henutiful Ip.cies of the grey- hound ; fliooting is cxeiciled only for a fubfiftance. Aleppo, by computation, is inhabited by 200,000 Turks, 30,000 Cluiltiaii, and 5000 Jews. 'IheChiif- tians are (jreiks, Armenians, Syrians and Mtronites. They have each a church in the fuburb Judidx, where they all relide; the common !aii!^u.ige is vulgar Arabic : the better fort of Turks Ipeak iheTurkKh; the Jiws, ■ H brew ; the Armenians their native tongue, and fome ill' the Syrians underftand the Syriac ; but the Greeks know little or nothing of either the ancient or modcru Greek language. In general, the people arc well made, of a middle ftature, inclining to lean, but inaiflive and languid : the citizens are ufually fair, but the prafants, who are ex- pofud to the fun, fwarthy ( both have black hair and black eyes : they are tolerably handfomc when young, but fecni to appear old by thirty. The females marry about the age of fourteen. It is very Angular that the men giid themfelves very tight about the waift in order to make themfelves look fender, and the woniiii do all they can to render themfelves plump, as they Jrim a llender waill a great deformity. The p.ople in general are polite, but guilty of dif- fimulation, and alt'eiSV.-dly grave. They often quarrel, but never fight : the coffee- houfes are frciiucnteJ only by the vulgar. The amufements within doors are chefs, back-gammon, drafts, and the game of the rini, which only confifla of gucrting under what coffee cup the ring is put ; the winnir blacks the face of the lofcr, and puts a fool's cap on his head. Though Chriltians arc fond of playing for money, the Turks only play for ainufement, or fomctiines for a fealt t > entertain their friends. Dancing is dcfpifcd, and only pradlifed by buffoons, who, as well as wrcltlers, an: attcnd.ints at all entertainments. The common briad is made of wheat badly fermented and badly baked. People of falhion have, however, a bettcF fort. Bcfidcs thife, they have bifcuits and rufki llrwed with fcnnel Howcr, Thofe who pay vifiis arc entertained with a pipe of tobacco, wet fweetmcats and coffee, without f gar or milk. When particular refpect is intended, flierii.t ajid a fprinkling of rofc-water are added. But as loon as the holt begins lo wifh his vifitor gone, the wood of aloes is produced, which implies, that the vifit has (-ci-n I'ulfi. cieiitly long. Men and wonieii here fmokc 10 excels. I'he tube of the pipe is made of the wood of tin- role- tree, but the bowl is of clay. Opium is in little elfcem at Aleppo, and ihofe who take it to excels arc looked upon as debauchees. Here ar« ii« coachc's, the bettor lure I ASIA.] TURKEY. 115 fort of people ride on horfcback, v/hh a number of Icr- vants on foot parading before lliem. Women of uiiik arc carried in litters, and the lower clafs in cuvertd cradles on mules. They go to bed early, and fleep in the principal part of their cloaths. Their bed conlifts of a inattrals, and over it a fliect, in fummcr ; and a carpet, with a fheet lewcd !• it ill winter. The men arc either lulled to iel( by mufic, fmuk.e themfclves to fleep, or ^re talked to fl.'ep by their women, who are taught to tell iiinuinerable itoric- for thai purpofe. The people in general arc rrofsly ignorant, fiw even of the bcllcr fort can read. The tlcigy ate not only divines, but lawyers and pliy- fici.iiis. 'i'hey have many colleges, but little or nothing is taught in them. The government permits not the practice of anatomy : their phyfieians and lurgeons therefore can know but little of the Ihudure of the hu- iDjn body. The old men colour their beards black to conceal their age, and the old woincn dye their hair lej wiih Henna to render it graceful. They llkcwife dye tiieir haiidb and feet with the forms of roles and other flowtrs, which to a Kuropean appears very i;ifagree.:blc. The women in the village-, and all thcChinsanas and Arabs, wear gold or filver rings through their right noftrils. The Turks hrcakfad on honey, Liban chcefe, fried eggs, &c. They dine about eleven o'clock. They ule a table here, which is round as well as the diflies ; both are made cither of copper tinned, or I'llver. The t.ibie is pl.iced ujion a flool abuut fourteen inches high, be- neath v\hieh a piece of red cloth is fpread to prevent the divan from being fpoiled. There is no taMi--cli,th, but their knees are covered wi'h long filk napkins. 'I"ht dilhes are placed in the middle of the table, being brought in one by one, and changed as foon as every one has tailed a little. The Lcban in b.ifons ; broad, l.iUads, pieties, fpoons, &c. are dilpofed in order round the edges. The fpoons arc made if wood, horn, torto.fc- (hcll, &c. They ufe neither knives nor forks. The firll difli is brc.rh, and the lalt pilaw. The intermciliatc diflies are mutton roaftcd and Hewed with herbs, and cut to pieces ; dewed pigeons, fuwls, &c. ftufted with riee and fpices ; but the mull favourite difli is a whole lamb ilufted with rice, almonds, raifins, piftaehios, dc. They have likewife a defert of fweet ftarch, and a thin fyrui) with it, with currants, raifms, dried apricots, dices of pears, piftachios, apples, &c. fwimming in it, ot which each e.its a fpoonful, and then the repad is concluded. , They drink water at meals, and coffee after dinner j fup about five in the winter, and fix in the fummcr. The licentious diink wine and Ipirits publicly, but the hypocritical part of the people in private ; and when they once begin, they generally drink to exccfs. They have a few black flaves in Aleppo, which .ire brought from Ethiopia by the way of Cairo, but the fl.ives in general ai-c white, being Georgians. Crimi- nals arc hcie hanged, impaled, or beheaded, at the cption of" the judge ; but 'anilT.iries are Itrangled by a cord twilled twice round the neck, and drawn tight with a pie e of llii k. rhcChiillians of Aleppo eat much in the fame manner as thcTurks,only the latter ufeoil,andthc former butter. There is but little difference in the culfoms and ce- remonies of the Greek, Syrian, Armenian, and Maro- nite Chrillians. A .^Iaronitc nuptial cerimony is thus coiidui5fed : The bridegroum's relations arc invited rotlie h ufe of the bride to an enicrtainment : after fuppcr ' tliey return to the bridegroom's hoiife, who hitherto has not appeared ; for he is obliged to hide himfcif, and not to be found without a pretended fearch. At length he is brought out in his woift cloaths, but foci after the bridemen conduct him to a chamber, which con ains the wedding garments, where he is left to drcfs himfcif. A^>oiu midnight the company, preceded by a band of mufie, and each carrying a lighted candle, go to the bride's houfe and demand h r. Admittance is rtfufed. A mock fight eiifues. 'I'he bi ide is taken prifonrr, and being elulely veiled, is conduced to the bridegroom's houlc 'I'hc night is fprnt in fealtiiig and mirth, but the wide niuft no'. I'pcak the whole tnr.c. The bifhop ♦f ptieft tomes the ii.xt niyrning to perform the ceremo- ny, in which he puts crowns on the heads, and joins the hands of the biide and bridegroom, who each have a ring to put (111 the finger. A few ridiculou.s, iininler- elliiig and riotous ceremonies enfue, and the bridegroom is not left to himfcif till twelve o'clock at night, when he is permitted to retire to the bride. All the bride's female acquaintance fend flowers to her as prefcnts for fome days after her marriage, but fhe is not allowed to fpeak for the fpace of a month, even to her hiifljund. The I'ranks here are principally French and Englifli. The Knglifh have a conful, thaidain, chancellor, and ihiati. The Krciich have their conful, drugumen, and other oiliters, and are more numerous than the Englifh. No Dutchman refides here except the conful. A few Venetian merchants and Italian Jews arc, however, fettled in the place. The plague is the mod dreaded thing at Aleppo ; it begins to rage in June, and do- ereales in Jiiiy i and ufually vifits the inhabitants every ten years, when it commits vad dev.llations. To avoid tlie infeoticn, the following circumflnnccs nrc to be ob- I'eive.l. Never go abroad falling ; driiilc plentifully of aeuls, live regularly, but not abflemioully ; avoid cxcefs and pairion ; breathe through a haiidkerehief or Ipungc wetted With vinegar, or an infufion of rue ; fwallow not the fpittle ; wafh yourinuuth, face, .Tnd hand-, often with vinegar j air your cloaths well, change thcni often, and Imoak them with fulohur. S e, C T Phoenicia, or XVII. Phcriice, THIS divifion of Syri.i, (akcn in i , larged extent, is hounded by the Vleditcrran'-'n on the wed ; by Cu-'lo-Syria and Batanca ci\ the ..^ll ; by Pal icon the ibiuh J and Syria-Proper on the north. Ill anticnt times this country made a very rr-, K.rabli ti,;iire in hidoiy, on account of the ingcnuit) ./' .s inha- tiitants, its manufactures, commerce, colonics, &c. I'o the Pha'iiicians arc attribute - >. ,- invention of let- ters, the art of navigation, pjafi r.i: ai i-^, 5cc. I'his country is a narrow lli • of 1.. d nuining alon? the fea coall from north t,< f.mth ; anciently it w.is di- V iJed into Syro'PhcEnicia and Maritinie-Phcenicia, and contained many fine cities and fea-ports. In the facrcd writings it is didinguiftjed by the name of Canaan. The {iiiiicipal places are, I'ripoli, or Tripoli of Syri.i, fo called to didinguifh it from other places of the laiiienamr; itdands in the Levant Sea, in 34 deg. 3omin. north la. and 36 deg. 15 min. eaft long, at the foot of mount Libamis. It had its name from forming three cities, each a dade's didance from the other ; one of which belonged to the Aradians, another to the Sidonians, and a third to the I yrians. All, however, arc at prefent united, and it is dill a tl jurifliing city, being divided into what is called Upper and Lower 'I'own. It is extcnfive, drong, populous, and opulent, adorned with fine gardens and orchards, plantations c 'vlberry trees, 5!c. The walls arc drong, iiid fortified • ' ii ' ven towers. The cadle is the reli- denceof the Lcj; ■ /'aeg, and garrifoned by two hundred janill'arics. It is a drong fortrefs, fituatcd on an emi- nence, and well dored with cannon. On account of its importance it is deemed the metropolis of Phtcnicia. Theci ■. IS commodious, and w.itered by a l.ttle river. I'he ' jibour is very open, but it is rather defended by fi. ; fmall iflands at about two leagues from it. There arc fix fquare towers or cadles along thi- fllorc, well fortified with artillery. The town contain.^ 8000 houfes, and 60, 000 inhabitants, who confift of Turks, Jews» or Chridians. The river hath a good done bridge over it, and turns feveral mills. The gar- dens have all cafcadcs or fountains, and even the cham- bers have water conveyed to them. In the gardens the people fpend mod of their fummer, being bulled in their filk-worm manufa£iory. The air is clear and healthy, the country rich and fertile, and the town plenlifull/ fupplied with all kinds of provifions. Here is a laree handfome mofque, which was once a Chridian church. The Jefuits have a handfome college, and the Chriiliaiw in {general fome monaderies and chapcU, ( Betryt, ;n H -^ u6 A NFAV COMPr.ETE SYSTEM OF GROCRAPilV. • ■ I ! I' . I 4 M ^t Botrvi, or Rdtriis, was once a coiifidorablc pl.icc, but is now a pour v illagc of finiirmcii, H.i[ulinj; on the couil to tlic Couth ol Tripoli, ;>nd callcj hy ihc I'urks I'alroii, or Elpatroii. ByMus, or ByWo-;, fonncily a fine city, but now a mean villaL;c,ilciioiiiinatc.l Cichail, i^ lituaieil uii thccoall aVout 20 miles I'oiiih of Tripoli, 'lliu rivtr AJoiii-. iltfctiulins; from mount I.ih.iniib run's throiij;h ihj town. This river is l'iib|c\ t to Ivvill to .in iinniodtrulc dcuric by the melting ol fnow, or f.illin:; of i.iins, and at ccr tain times the wai' ri .ippcar bloody, winch the liipi'rlli- liuus inh.ibitants ulcd to impute to the de.ith of .Adonis, who is this alluded to in Scripture, iimlci the ii.une of 1 .imiiiu/, or Tl.anmiuz, E/ikiel vni. 14. " I'licn " he broUjjht nic to the ilooi of the i;.itc of the Lord's •' honk, which w.istovvaid the north, and behold there *' f.it women weeping for I'animuz." Milton, in his I'ar.idifc Loft, mentions the ciicum- flance thus : •' Th.iinmu?. c.iine next behind, " Whole annu.il wound in Lebanon allur'd ; " The .'svri;iii dainleis to Ijiiicnt his l..te, " In anuiioii< d;ltu- .ill the liiiniiiers d.iy, " While liiiooth A'i !iiis from hi-, native locic " Ran pur,'le to the fe.i, fuppos'd wilh blood " Of Thammu?- uaily woundud. I'he love talc " InfeeU'.l Sicn's daughters with lile he.it, " Whole w.inioii pallions in the i'M\i.<\ porch " K/.i'kii-l law, when by the vifion led, " Hi. eve fuivev'J the dark id latrici •' Of .ih iiatcd'jud.ih." The nitural caufc of tliis p'ctenJed bloodintf:, i'- only a kind ol nnniiim ur red laiih, which is brought siw^y bv the waiei . wlien tin y fwelt lu an uiiufual height, and give the ri\er i crmifon tinge. The piKtival l.d'le of Adonis i>, that hivini; neglect- ed the 'good adMce given hini by \'iniis, rilili\e to tiunting, he was dcvouml bv a wild boar, and alter- wards tiansfornud by that godJcf» into the flower called uncmcr.ii. The llory is thus toM by Oud : " The trembling bov bv flight his fafcly fought, «' And now rccall'd the bin: bv \'inu) taught ; " Hut now too l.itc to fly the boar he lltiur, " Who in ihe K'am his tiilks impetuous diovf, «' On the d.lcoliUt'dgt.ifs Adonis l.iy, " Tliemoiilter tiampliiig o'er hi.s beauteous piey ; " I'aii Cyiluiea, Cyprus Icarie in view, «' II ..id Iti'in :!lai his groans, and own d ihenUtuc, ♦' .And turn'd liet Inowy fwans and backwaid Hew. J " Ijiit as (lie I.1W him giafp hi.< lat.l) breath, «* Aiul '|ii • ': .Mf.' agoni/ing pangs of death, " Down Willi Kvili flight ()ir plung'd, nor rage foiborc «• At •Hue h.-r garnicm>, and hei hair Ihe ton ; »> Nor Ih.dl tliev yet, 111. died, the whole d^s our, «' With iimoiitrcurd, inexorable power. «' F I liiee, loll youth, niy K.iti and iclllcfs ;' in, " Sl'all in imnio tal nonuiiv nis leiiiain. •• With fo!> .I'll p.-mp in aniiu.d iiles tetuin'd, •' He "hou forevii, mv Adonis, mouin'.l , •' Then on ihe b' ••d-fwett iie^hi (lie lielloW", «' I he kii'ied blo'iei in little bubbles lofe j " I.ittlc a> lainy drop.., whiih flulteringlly, •' Home by the wind, .long a low'rmg Iky, • ' ^hort time cnlu'd till wheic tin bl'i.ij WM llicd, •' A lU'Wcr biuaii 10 tear its puipic bend) «' Suih as on I'uiiie apples is risejl'd, " Or in the liluiv mid liut liall cuuceal'd ; '« Still here the fate of lovely forms we Ice, '* ,So fuddeii ladi s tin; fwel nuine, •' The Iflde Iti nil 1.1 llormy hl.iKs a prey, ■• Th' ir hi kly Ih 1 'itrs dioop and pine iway | •> The winiK loibil III. rtiiwii< In floiiiifli lung, •< Which uwc to winls their na-iici in Grecian fung." !n this tnwn tlirir r, a depui', noveinni, ru'liotilinaic Inihe Ix'gler'iei.' 'I .'')MJ, .■ ,d a Imall ganifon , ihrie is, h(>wevri, i>ul liliic I1..1U, ihc hiibuur bcii'^ alniuK thu.kedmi. \ Berytus was once a (lourilliing city, but is now upon the decline ) the llieets are narrow, dirty, and daik. It is, however, a trading pl..ce, and a ll.ige for the ear.i- vans that go to Grand Cairo. It is lilua:cd on the f a coart, in a countiy that is fertile a:.d delightful, about forty miles from Tripoli. Aluuit ths town fonu- (lately ruins aie vifible, paiticiil.uly of tlic palace and gardens "f 'l"aceaidinc, the fointh emir or prince of the old Druiiiins ; and ol an eld .inphiilie .lie, fiippoled to have been built by Ai;rippa. Ihe trade conlilts of fine tapellry, cainblcts, (ilks, cinnamon, nutmegs, ginger, I alii, 1, pepper, iliiibarb, cochineal, &c. Along the coall mulberry and other trees, gourds, colocynth, &c, abound. S.irept.!, Scrphant, or Serphanda, a city ancierily celebrated for the abiMie which the prophet Elias made 111 It w iih a poor « idow, is at prefcnt but an indifFercnt villigc, about a mile from the lea, and lituatcd on a hill. Sidon, orSayd, as the Turks call it, a ciiy celebrated both ill lacrid and profane hillory, more particularly for it< e\teiilive tiade, is now a fmall town, and contains .ibout lix thouland inh.ibitants. Heic are many mol\|tie', two kail.., a public bagnio, and a fine liiu.ue building, called !h'' cotton maiket. Thce.\port,s confil! ol 'Tuikey leather, pirtachios, fcnna, buHalo^s, Ikin, cotton, llue fiiKs, rice, foap from Egypt, alius, oil, raifin , ^;c. There aie the ruins of a fine port on the north lide of the town. The city 15 governed by a ball'a, and an apa, who has iindei his eominan.l ..bout jco loldicrj, quar- tered in the cadlc and the town. 'The lurbi ur is lane, but not lafe, on which account the fliij-. ride at .mrhot about a mile liom the town under a ridge of rocks. 'The gardens in the luburbs contain g oves ol nniUurrv, olive, tam.iiiiid, fycaii.oie, and other trees. 'The Trench ronfni relidc, in a very picalint houfe near the biloicmcniionc 1 iiKks where the Ihips lie at anchor. Tlrcity, it ;• laid, had It n.ime fiom the eldtll fon of Can-ian, Tu., Tyius, or Sor, a^ it was anc ei.tly called, wis fit laleil upon a rock, which its name implies, h was ulually named the Daughter of Sidon, being about two hiimlid luili.ngs dillant from tli.it citv. T \re li.d two h ivi II-, one tow.irds .Sidon, and thcotiier tow'aids Egypt, .lid was dmded into thiee cities, \\i.. Tal.T- Tyte, that i-,'Tyicon the CoiuiiKiit, ot Old'Tyic; 'Tyre on the lll.ind, ind Tyre on the Pcniiilula. The hoiifes of ihr e.ty Wire very lolty, which was owing 10 the fcarcity of giouiid. The I'uildings in gem ral were magnificent, p.irliculiily the fuperb temple ended bv itsking Iliiain, and dedie.'tcd lojupif r, llerculc, and Altaitc ; tl..- w.ill.- of which weie 1 i^n leet high, propoitionahly bro.id, tiinily liiili ol huge block- of Hone, and cemented toge- ihei Willi a lliong w liiie mortar. I l.is lowirliil iitv,oiice therapitalof Phirnieia, tin; empoimmiit commerce, and miltrels of the lea, ecimlly lamed lor it, tiade, be.nity, .ind opulence, and lor many .leesdetmed impregn.ible, both from its almoll iii.:ccel- fiblcfituaiioii, and ihediength of Us tortific.itions ni.i le by ait, I, now a niere delirt, and cannot boalt ..I one houfe hit intiie. Its pident inhabitants are only a few poor wieichcs who dwell in caverns, and lubliil by lifhing : luch is the completion o. I- /ekitls pioplucics contcininn It, ol whuh we Ih.dl traiilrilse the woids ■ " 'Thus 1.1. !h the TO UCiOD, btliold lam aga.nli ■' thee, (il)riii, and will caiile m.iny luliuns to come " up ajjainll I'hef, as ihe lea e. ul th Ins waves to i omc " up, and they (lull dilliov Ihc walls ol 'Tyrusand bieak " Uowii bet toys en ; I will alio In ape her ditt tioni hu, " and make her like the top of a roi k j it fliall be a place ^ " lor the Ipreadiiig of nets 111 the ii,ief|M>ken it, la ih the I.oid, and 1 1 Ih. II become a 1" Ipuil loihenaliun-," l./,ck. chap. xxn. j, 4, andc. I It IS unccilain what kings ,eigned beloic Abidal 01 Abcmal, wh.. was to-empotaiy with anl .in enemy In king Dasid. His Ion Hiiain, Ivh.i fuecee lticiii:(hn) and a'bante wiih D.ind, but lent nrcf">iisof iclar and Ikilful Workmen to the roval plulmill , .iid on Ins di mile iiaiilniillid lu his (on SciIom on, by eii.haflV, letters of condolemr, which, with the aniwet", Wi'ie extant in the tiinti wl Julcphui, ai that adnouble jewilh \ wiilir hi:. TURKEY. lit u now upon •ty, ;iml dark, >e for llic tar.i- itcd on the (• a iyhtlul, :iliiMit I'll (iinu- rtiitclv ji.- ami gifiltiis itL- of the olil '■, fii|'|)ofi.d to loiililts of fine tmcgs ginger. Along ih>: :oloc)iuh, &c. city anciertly hct Eliiis made t an indiffl'icnt jutcd on a hill, cily tclchrati-J latticularly for , and contains many mofiimf, u.iri- buiMiiiiT, ifil! ol 'I'lirkiy , cutton. Hue , raifin-, ^c. f north lidc of ia, and an aga, foldicrs, (|uar- irln ur is l.irjc, ride at .inrhut of rocks. The ullurrv, olivr, I'nrch ronfiil foicnicntionc 1 city, it II laid, n. ly callc), w.ij I'lics. It WMJ ii'p abinit two T)ri' li.d t«'0 owjtd'. Kcvpt, >• 1 yif, that 'i'yrc on the houf('>, of fhr the frari-ity of m;i.;nitirriit, kinj; Ilii.im, AHartc ; th^' iiiilily hro.i,!, riiuiiicd to, L-- 'hirniiia, ili: <■' li'.i, niiMJly and tor many inolf lll.;litf. iitiim'. ni.i le hoall ..I one T'' only .1 iiw nd lllllllll |,y ^ priiplu i-ict the winds : I am aLMiiil) loiM to iom« r*\ts to iiimc uie« id "•lit j ;.nj on I'V ritihalTv, ll»ll«, w ■■■ I able ,l'-wir the piovmccol IMurnicia. In bj'i It WIS conquer-d hv the Siraerns, but 111 1124 recoveitd bv ih» ChiilliaiK. In 1 jb.: it was fin .lly liib- dued by the Turks, in wUof>- h inils it has coiiliiii:ed ever fiiicc. Thole infiiKI" tenk itfoonartir the redii.lion of Acri or Acrr, where ihry eommitfcd (uch unheard-of rrueltif, th»t the 'Tynans, fftilied v. ith the report thrrenl, bttouk lhemlelvr.ime given by theaniirnts to all liftirs whc'te #irll bears .inv fHrnihlanee to a hunting korn I and it appeas Irom I'liiiy that the famed Tynan pvifplr wa» iibtainrd frcm it. 'This ilye wasliunuih falurd in the time of the Knman niiperurs, on acioiin: •f itt brinit the inipariil cvltirr, that uiie pound of it 11 "7 coft a thoufand Roman Denarii, or above thirty pounds ftcrling. Acca, or as the Franks c.-ll it, Acra or Acre, waa aiitiently c.illcd Ace or Accho, then Ptolcmais, and afterwards St. John D'Acre, while it was in the pof- fclTion of the knights of St. John of Jerufalcni. It is about 28 miles from Tyre, in 32 dcg. 55 niin. north lat. and 35 dcg. 47 min. call lon^. and on tiie Levant lea ; it is very inconfiderable to what it was. Acre was a long time a lubjcdt of contention between the Infi- dels and Chriftian"^, durin;^ the crufades or ho'.y wars. In the year J 191, Kichard tlic firlf, king of En^l.nul, conquered it, and gava it to the before-mentioned knights, whoheldit 100 years with great bravery. The Tuiks, however, invcileJ it with an army of 150,000 men, and took it May ig, ligi. M.iry of the 11. ha- bitants had previoudy retired to the inin'J')f Cyprus j tliofc who remained behind were m.iilacred by the infidels, who ra/.ed the iortificaticns, dellioyed its nobli; edifices, and reduced it to the moll deplorable ftate. Th« following fin^ular circunillance is recorded on this occaiioii ; a noble lady abbcfs, fc.iring that heifelf mid her nuns might fufler violation fium the brutality of the conquerors, prupofed to her flock to cut and mangle their faces, th.it by t .e dellruilion of their beauty they might preferve their purity. To thii flienot only i.xcited them by words but by her own example, which they immediately imitated. The 'Turks finding them fuch fpeiflacles of horror, inftiad of the b.auti.s they ex- peillcd, ciuellv put them to the fwi rd : thus fell thefe heroic ladies by the mean, they laudably ufid to preferve iheir chillitics. It is proper to obfer\c, that when the Danes invaded England, the ubbel's of ColJingham u'^ed in the fame manner; we mav thirefore judge fioni the fimilarity of the expedient, th.i* the lady uf Acre copied the example of the Lnglifli lady : " So dear to hea\'n is faintly chaftity, " 'Th.il v»he;i a fnil is found finceiely fo, " A th'uif.ind livery'd ani;eh, laequiy her} " Oriving lar oti laeh figii ul fin ai.d guilt, " And 111 clear dream, and fulemn vifiun, " 'Tell her of thing, that no gro''s i.ir t.in I, ear j " 'Till oft comeile with hia. i nly silit 'n'.^, " Begin to cafl and teim on the outsvaid fliape " The unpolluted ttinile of the mind, " .And luin it by dearies to the louTs cfTcnee, " 'Till all be iiU;Jc immortal." Milton. It was In this city that Edw.ird I. then prince of Wales, leceiicd a wound with a poifoiieJ ariow j but lueh was the coiiji^'al fidelity < ( his ptiiiccfa, that Ihe liukid the poiliui from tlic wound, and by that meaiis he was cuud : fut.U la the foicc ut rCal love, " 'There is in love a power, " "Theic is a fi>ft diiiiiity that dr.aw5 Iraiifporl " Fven from diltiels, that gives the heart " A cert.iiii pang, r\eelling fat the joyi '* 01 giofs, unite ling life." Mallit. The city has an excillent f.i.'iti.'T wiili icl'peifl both to lea anil land, yet has iu\er berii able tu iicovei iti piilt nr Iplrndor. 'l has two walU well luitilied by towers and bulwar t, which ire much deeavtd : among ihe magnificent ruins, with the w.ilK, ate the temaiii.. of thecathedial drdi. ated to St. Andrew, near the (ea fide, tleehiiich of St. J. ''ii the tiiulai Saint of the lity, the coinrnt ol the km^bt. hofpiiallers, the palace of the grand inartei ol the order, a .d the lem.iiiisof a larjje chuuh hrlon^iiig to the nunnery. Thrvenot alTcti), ihat when he law the place, the icmaiiis ot ^0 ihutkhca wer. (till vifildr. Pan> as 01 Ctlarea Pbilippi, a celebrated p!ace an- rienily, but now nothing more than a piKw \>lUff, at the iiH>i of nntuiil Pains, 11 fituatid luarthe foiiue of the Juidan. iJamalcuB, a city much famed in ancient hiflory, origiitally fwi iht ttliddHiol the fiill byrun kiiigi, and U g uftcr* I'i? .i m ■Y' i iii { . ^ i'f i'liil ii li I'f ,■,1 ii 1 < '■ ' f 1 '^ H >■ ^' mh; i'1 M I'l; 1 1 A NKVV COMPLETE SYSTEM OF (JF.OGRAPHV. 118 alterwardi f«i luiiif; a r'C^jl fcit ol' ihc dliiilu ol" ihc Sjracelis, 1.1 ilui tul in 35 ili i'. 37 min. ii' rlli lat. »nil 37 dt^. 4 mil). <.M\ U>iig. W ith icljucl to its anti- €)uity it IS ilic mod vcmrablc in tlic wliolc univcrfc'i it is gcmrally r.^jruJ 10 li.ivc been built by \-' t. (on ot Abraham, and gtandhm of Shciii, llic Ion iil Noah, and was the bitth-piaic nt I'lu/ar the lltw.iid (if Abraham. [l Kings \i. 24.] It was poliiirid by the Manulukcb till 150O, whm ihc 'ruik> tiim|u ud it, and have kcjii it ivirrni^cj it is wafiicd U\ tin- 1 Ivor Itaiady, for- merly called tlie Chryforiboas "r GolJcn Rivtr; the form is an oblong fijuaic, ab.mt two nnUb in length j at a diftaucc it appeals like a city in a wood, fioni the great number of towers, domes, minaret*, ^e. inter- fperfcd witli gaiiKiis and urehards. 'I'hf water of the river is conveyed not only in all parts ot the eity, bnt into the ncighbcMirin^ pla^i. The mohpies, b..j',nios, baz.'.rs, kh.ns, ^^o. arc najjnihcent, but the piivate houfes .ire Knv and mean, bui;g eitvlcd either with lun- buriit bricks or 11 iid ; yet, tlii.u^;h the lioules aic dclpi- cable, they are in gcmral aceo.i iiiodated with (lately apattmenis, r>iu.iie ti;uit v'rd', m.iblc lour.t.iiis and ni.'ihle portal- ; one cofi'e. -hoiife in the luvvn will con- tain 500 pci'ple ; it is di.il id ii.to two paits, the one for fumnur, the (tlitr for winter. In a I..rgc field call- ed the Mcidan, nv.ar the eiiy, is an hi fprtil for pil- grims andftrangeis of all reli-i.jiis, who aie maintained at the Giaiid Siignior's expence. The gland moUjue is a niai;nitieent edifiic, and was formeily a Chnili.n church, built bv the cmpeior Heraelius in hi iiour ol Zachariah, the father of John the U.iptill ; but at prefent it is death fit any one 10 inter il but a .Mudul- inan. About the middle of tl-.e e;t\ t!ieie ii> a eallle of an mal fr)r 111, with lliong walls 14 1 lie lies thick, tl.inktd with fquare towers, niouiitid w iili e, ,1.11011, and well tuiiiiflu I with arm<, water, Jcc, Kifteeii tli ufand janilTar.'es gor:i- fon it, vi/. 50CO to gu.iid the city, 5oro to attend the fultaii when he goes to li.igdad, and 5C0C to efcoit the Mecca cai.iv.in. 'i'heie is.i l.irje bake houfc where bifeuits arc made for the pilgiuns that aie going to Mecca, as the Grand S- ii;iiioi allows them 2.ocjinel.> load of .bifcuit, and the lame quantity of vater. The manufacluiei of I)amaf, ii> are feymetar.-, knive-, fword blades, biidle bii-, and 111. my other 11 m and Heel wares, in which .ibout 20,rr..i of the iiih.,bitants are employed. Carava, s bring hither the meichandi/.is ot Turkey, Arabia, and Iiidaj and ciravans arc con- tinuallv Soing to ami rctuimng from IJ.igdat, Aleppo, Mecca, .\c. The cily h..!h ei^ht gales .111, 1 dioii'; wall . The principal llie-ts bulh in cty and luhiiib, are arched to keep oti' tlic tun and rain. Ihc neigh- bouring.' tiiriiory is pkalant and fertile; the gr.ipes arc rtmarkablv fine, foinc of the bunches weighing troin JO to 40 p;>uiid5 1 and the (licep, which aic ex- ceedingly lar.'C and tliiir neat dilaicus e.iling, have laili that weigh in geneiai Co pounds. Niartlieeiiy alabafler is lound in gnat (|ii;mtilies, and a red caith efficacious as a remedy againil the biic of vciuimuii< (natures, 'Ihc corn is r,<>t luii. lliiallied as in moll other ceuntrlc", but the Draw i> cut oft" with iron pincer.-, falli ned to Wooden lulii'rs, drawn over the corn by a hoiii. ilcie the Jewi li.vc liii.e haiidfi>nH fvnagogues, and Chiiiliaii> ol all dim niinalion.. have their ihuiehcs of woifhp accofdmg to their own toni- niiinion. This ciiy, by ilie Tuik-, is at piefcni caILd .Scan or Siluii. The enipcior Julian foimeily (tiled it the rily of Jujnlci, the l;yc ot the hatl, and the Seat of MagmlKcnie, Mahon.u ' '.idding it from a neighbouring mountain, was to dii>|,iitvd with the appcarante of the iiiy and its iiuiroiis, that he lefufed to enter, or even approach any n* ler to it, f )'ng, " I am fiire there is but one paradifc deljj^iud fur man, and 1 will not enj..v mini' in thi, woild." Tlic follow- ing fingular i m uii.tljnees are by many aulhoi, f.iid to hi.-ha-penr; duiii'j the fiege ot ihisiity by the Aia- bians, A. U. ' 34. One niglit fomi; of the eentiiiel*, who weic iipiHi duty, hiioil tlie nei;;hing ot a horte, which was loming out ol one it the city galej | they kept tllvnt till II .ipjiiou'id, whrn ihcy took the iidn |illluner. Imiiiedialcly alter tin re i,;me out of the i.unc gate onotbcr (.crfun un hwrfeback, vhu callid the man that was taken prit'uiuT by his narrc. T Ive Saracens comiiianded hull to .mlwer them, an.l to lub- mit, when the eaptue ciied aloud in (jiick " ihe bird is taken." I'l.e pi 1 Ion to wlioin thelc vxrds witc fpokeii, compreheii ling their meaning, galloicd b..ek again to the city, though the Saiaceiis knew not what the piiloiier had laid, as none of them happened to ui.- deill lid the Ciieelc langu.ijie; yet they weic fenfibU- th.it by his me.Tiis tliev h.id li.tl a piil'oner: they llure- loic e.irrit I him belore Kh.ilid tluir general, whode- maii.'ed what he was: " I am, rsplicd he, a noMeni,-.ii, and have mariied a lady who is dcrcr to nic tli n life; 1 ut, when 1 li lit for lur liome, her paimts mjilc a lli^hting anfwcr, and I'.ud ihev had olh.-i hiiliii Is tj mind. Il.iviiig found an opp.iiti.nity tog't to the Ipcc^li of ler, we agreed to leave the cily in tlic ivenii.i^, and for th,it purpolc to give a eonfideiable lum ot nioiiey to th ' I eiloii whofliuiiid be on guar. I that iii^ht : I leaving the city tiift was fiiipiiied by that ni,iii, and 10 pre- vent mv beloved wile Iroin l.illing into h s hands, I I lied, 'Ihc bird is taken. '1 he dear creature uiider- ll. Hiding my me.uiirg, leturned wiih her two lirvaiits into the (ity, and who can Idanc me ti,r Ihewing fuih leiideiiufj?" Said the general, " 'riien what iliiiik yoi of the .Mahometan ieli.^ion .' cnibia.t it, and your wife thai' be ritlorcd to you wh.ii we t.,ke the city; itfufe, and you arc a dead man," Tlie po< r writih being tcriilie.', rrnruiufd tb.: Chritii.n f.iith in thife word;, " 1 leltily that there ;s I hut one G 'd j he lia> no paitncr, and l^laho•l et is h s jjiroplict." then deioting hinilUf to the Inlidil-, li« iiiliiiguithed himlclf in lightin.; ag.iii 'I the Chrillian?. Dain.iicu. being taken, Jonas, lor th.rt wa.* his nam , laii in iVareh ol his beloved, and was inlornud that Ihi hid immured herlelf in a nunnery, thinking that llie Ihould never fee him any moie. Ho (lew to the coii- veiif, ditcovered hiitiltlf to the lady, and at the fame, time inlormed her of his hav 111^' chan.ed his religion. This inlormalion induced her to ti at him with tiw ulmod conttinpt, and to xmclude, t!ut as he li.id ic- noiiiicid the C'hiillian r.liginn, it wa her dulv to re- nounce him. A;;ricablc to this refi lution, flu kit ihe city with the Chrilli.'-.ns, who were p iniiticd lodcp.iit. Jena', 111 the uti. oil dilli.utioii api lied tj tho ;ieiuijl, I ,ind I nlieated liiin to ditaiii her jiy loic-, lut Khahd replir,!, •' that la loiild not do any t>Kii thiiij ; but .is il)e Chiilliant h.i e.vecule ttis leloluliun l|' ti'i!v, ami oHcIid to Ik his guide. Thiy llieicloie Icll ihe my, at the head of 4C0... hoilc, bcillg all dilj uiled liku Chrillian Arabs, ihiv loim came up with ilie Chrif-, li.iiis, a (haip coiiielt enlued, bui ihvSiiaens piovcil. vn^ti/iii.us. iJuiin^ the e. g.igeiia nt, Jonas giii among the women in teaieli ol Ins wile. R.iphi Khn Oiiinrah, p.illii.!', iliai way, taw him lcuniiii)( with liii Ldi, who. 11 he had thiowii upon ih: groi iid with feme n.j- l< nee i and R.pio hunlelt U ^ d upon llir ilaughier of the enipiior Hiiailiu-, a; d ihi.' Icauiiliil wido\» of 1 huni.'s, a Cliiitlian ihiil who had bun killnl 111 the ci.gagn.eiit, llavm^ liiuied his ia| lives, he re- luiiud to the )l.ice wliiie he had lelt Jonas, when he found liiin bathed in Itats and hii wile williin); in hu blood. Ln^uiiing the oi cation, Jonas wrung Ins haiiJs, and uu'd, " Alas' 1 am the moll niiluible creature e»illii g. 1 i..nie to this woman, whom 1 pii/(d above all things, and would lam have |H'iluadcil h>, biiaiile I liid (h.ingid inv i.iigion, tnj ! vowed Hie Mould tcliic to a i lo It 1 to end her days. Not being able to petliiade by t.in'ei ciitiiate', 1 de- terniiniil lu enip!ii) lour, ami il:''iifoir thnw hii >lowii andtoukliirpiiloiii 1 twiunllie ludilenly dit w out .1 kinfr, dabbed hutill in ihr brvall, Itil down at rny leu, ami iiitlanlly fxpned," Kapln imild not lU'iaiii fioni liaii al ihii iiiuuiiiful rcLliuii) at lingth he fitij Ip comfort him. arc. 7 Ivi lll.l Id lul>- " ihc bird lloi-.tJ b..vk »V not Wl'Mt (.tkJ lo Ul.- •cm I'viiliHo tluy tlicrc- h1, who lic- to nic ill II aunts nutic I Inilili (s t) to the Ipcch vcnii.!;, a;i(l ol iiiunuy to It : I leaving ami lo prc- h s haiii-'b, I aiiifc uiidcr- \\ r\.ii:ts iiiio lu'wing liii-h lat think yoi nil your wile tity i itfulV, nruncfd thi ih.it there -i iho", tt is h > lr.li.lil>, h« e ChiilliJii?. ,-a.< hi') n.mn , tiiuil that Die iing thai Dw v to the con- I at the fame. his rclijiion. iiin\ with ill.; ai ht ti;id iv r iliilv lo re- II, Oti lUt llic [ticil loJei'.vit. iho i'fntial. hi It Klui^.l iiij i hut .!» h.: (liotilil tf tjp'.til- ef r^prntir.,'^ Ivriiis, »iiil .illh, ilcter- (tioilgly i!t, tiiJ ell the Illy. iiiU'il liie ihe Chril'-. ' lis provctl. go; ani<.ii|j II Oineirah, ih hii liidv, ih fi-nic vio- !«• ilaujihter iiliil widow Ul klilld III tivo, he re- al, »hcn lie Willi inn III » Wlullg lll> .ll niiluahle whom I ve |u'iuu>li:U , ilejl to my iigiiin, ind id her diiys. tai.e', I df- iw hti iluwn ,v out .1 kioir, ly III I, and 11 fiuni Halt J (D ttonifurt hii", 1 1 ASIA.l T U R him I " Heaven did not intend tlint yon flionld live I With her, .md has thcreroK pioviihd heltcr lor you." •' What do you mean f" l.'id (oiias, " I'll (hew you, re- paid Raphi, .1 laily that 1 have i.i.l;cn ol admirable bc.iutv» "I'd in the ritliell attiie ; I'll iii.ike you a prcltiit of her to eoinjicnl'ate your luls." Julias hcini; biou^lu to ih^- |iriiice('-, converled with her in Greek, and received her as a prel'cnt lioin R.iphi. Alter the cirnage had cealed, the general, hcain^ thai the iniperoiS iiaiigliter was, taken, ihnianded her ol Jon.is, wto liecly lelignird her, and reecivcd a prcl'en: which Kh.nlod thought proper to make ; Jonas con- tinued ever after aftinitcd with the deepclt nielamholy, a lull punilhnicnt tor his apoltacy, tor which he was fiaallv rewarded at the battle ot Yeiniuk, being Oiot through the breaft. '11k alioie llory furnilhcd the ingenious John Hughes Kfil. with the pl'it of his execlleiu trjgidy, called tiie hiege ot I'aiiialcur:, He has dilgiiilul the nanus of lon.e of the piincipal cliaiaders agreeable to that lieeiiee, whieh is allowed lo poets, and likewil'e in IbmenualiiK devia ed Iroin the llory. We tliall contlude this di- g'cl'iilp, v/hich we llailer ourl'elves will not be dieii eil iiiiiiiteieiling, with the following riflcclioir, upon death, made by Jonas, (or PhocT.i>, as he is called in the pl.iy) when klulcd threaten., to takeaway his lile : «' Whit ait thou, O thou great nnlKrioiis Terror ? " i i;( wav lo thee we know 1 difeal'es, famine, «' Sivurd, lire, and all ihv evir-opeii gales, •' I hat day and night lla::d nady lo leeei'. c us ; «' Lutuhn's beyond them ? who will draw that veil I " ^ct IJuith's not there ! No, 'lis a point ot time, " 'I'he vegc 'twixt inoital and iniim ri.d hiiiig ; " it ni.vks our thou);hi ; f live in mean huules, no ways antweiahle lo the jjr.iinl ideas whiih t! c lur- rmiiidiiii; luins give us of the dwellings ol then aii- tcllof. " The honoutable Van Ki'ont fays, " HalUer, ni'W called lia.ilbie, is pn b.ibl) the antieiil Heliopi lis, ir Ci y of the Sun ; and its ni w n.ime l^cnis to correl|K>nd w til the ancient liaal 111 the I'luenieian language, liir- liii.iiig an idol, p.irtn.ul.iiiy thai ol ih.e fun. And whai Itiins to coiilirni me in n^v opinion that llalhic is the ancient llilmpolis, or CiU ol the Sun, was a medal ol Pliillippiis C.tl'ar, which t found lure. He is on one li.'i- rcprelcnted as a youth without beard or ciown ; mi.l on the icvetfe are two la^-.ies with the ends ol then bi iks joln.d, and bitwien limn ih. le two words, CC)L. nt I., wluiue It IS plain that ihij city was at ihit lime a Human colony." It u llti.ilrd in one ot iliv moll drli.;hifiil plains In the wmld, .it the loot ol muunl Aiiiilib.iiiiis towards the willward it is about 30 mih ■ 111 nil ol D.inialsus and the fame c.li lioni the lea loill, in JJ dig. luiilh 1..I. and <7 deg. j,i n.ili. e.ill lung. This pl.ue was by the .\iubi n> CiiiUd the Won- der of Sviia i ami the nijgmrieuit luins arc eeiunli thi' ailmii.ition iif all iravelleis who heiiold ilmn. A I ipe b place, a imble temple, and lume o.hei luins, II lid at the fouth well of the town ; and having 'leiii piielied .111 I pieced In 1 iter intie., aie lunverlid niio a c.illle, as It It railed. In appioaehing thelc veil, table ril tni', a rolund.i fir inuinl pih allraCts the vnw, ..n- cireled with pill is of the Coiiiiihian oidir, which lup- poit a CO niir that itii's all luund ihe lliueliiic. TIk w' iile, thoiinh preall) dicajed, exhibit iiiaiks ol alio Ihihiiig elt'Lianci and gi.indeiir, bung built of niaible, I miliar wohou', an I oilangulai willnii. I'he Itntks, b) whvHii it lulli b«rii luiiveilcd ilitu a iliuicli, have IC E Y. ^9 t.'.kcii infinite pains to fpoil its bfanfy, by d3ut)in(;'ic with plailttT. There is a fuperb lofty building con- tiguous to the rotunda, which le.ids to a noble arched portico of 150 paces in length, that conduits you to ,\ temple ol altmiifliing magnificence, which to a miracle hath withtlood the injuries of time. It is an oblong fi]i:arc ot 192 feet in length on the outfule, and 120 V. ithin. The breadth on the outlide is gb t ct, and ■.viihin 60. The whole is lurrounded by a noble por- tico, lupportcd by pillars of the Corinthian order, each of which confill • only of three rtones, though the height is £4 feet, and the iliamctrr fix feet three niches ; tliey arc nine feet diilant from each othtr, and fioin the will of the temple : their number on e.ich fue of the temple is 14, and at e.ich end eight ; the irchitrave and cornicu arc exquilitdy crved and enibellithed : roiind the tem- ple, between the wall an.i pillars, is an arcade of lari.;e llnncs hollowed out archwile, in the centre of each of which is a god, goddefs, or hero, executed with fuch animation as is learce concciveable. Round the foot of the temple wall is a double border of m.nble, wliofc lower parts are filled with hallo relievo miniatuics ex- preinve of heathen ceremonials and mvlKries. The uitrancc to the tem|ile is the moll augult imaginable, t!ie afcent being by 30 Iteps, bounded by a w.ill < n each tide that leads to a pedellal, on which a tlatuc formerly tlood. The front is compofed of eight Corinth an pil- lars, fluted like thofe that go round the temple, and a nobly propoitioned tr'angular pediment j in the inidll j of tliefe pillars, at lix feet diltance, are four others, refenibling the former, and two more with three faces each : all thel'e form a portico 60 feet bioad and 24 deep before the door of the temple. Under Ihe vault of tlic portico the entrance ot the temple appeals through thelc pilars 111 admirable proportion. The pi. rial is liiuaic, and of marble, 40 fei t high and j8 w.de, the apeituie being about 20 •, from this portal the I ottom 1 f the lin- tel is feen, einl ellifhed by a piece ol leulpturc not to be paialleled in the uinverfe ; it reprefenis a prodi.ious large eagle in hallo lelievo ; his wini;s are expande', and he laiiii-s a caduieus in hi> poiinci s j on iither fide .1 Cup d appc.iis hiilding the cue ■ iid ol a filloon by a iibhon, as the eagle Inmiclf holds the ntlur in his btak, III a nunmr inimitably tine. The tenple is divided iii'o lliiee ill . or .iihs, two narrow on tiie tide-, and one bioad In the middle, by three rows of fluted Corin- thian pill irs of ne.ir lour Kit in diameter and about 36 fell in height, including the pedittal ; the pillars arc It In number, fix of a fide, at 18 tcet diltance from ,ach other, and 12 tioin the walls. The walls thcm- lelves aic decorated by Ivvu rows of pilaltcrs, one .itovc the other, and bctwuii 1 ach Ivvo of the loweimoll is x nil he 15 leet high ; the lioltoms of the niihes are up. n a level wiih the l.iks of llie pillars, and the wj|| 10 that height Is wrouii.ht in the piopoition ol a Corintl.i.m pedellal ; the nnhes llieinlelvcs aic Corinihiaii, and exe- i iitcd with Inimitable delicacy. Over the round niches are 1 row of li|uatc ones between the pilaltcrs of the upper Older : the ornanvents are marble, .ind the pedi- ment triangular. At ihe w.ll end ol the middle ifle, you alccnd to a ihoir by 1 { Heps : Ihe choir is dillinginmed from the icll ot the lahnck by two large Iqiiaic columns adorned with pilallcis, which lorni a lupiib entiance. The proliilion of .idmiiable Iculptme here is alloiiiOl- iiiil ; but ihe aichitr^luie is the lame as in the [vij of the temple, ixiept that the niches Hand upon the pavement, and the pill.srs aie without piJeDals. Thr principal deny loimirly woiftnpped here tlooj in a vaft mchc at the bollom ol the chmr. The ihoir li open tuwaids Ihe middle. The wiiide pile Hands upon vaults of fill h excellent architictuir, and lo bold in their con- lliiiition, that it IS imagined they wiie d Tinned for loniethlng moie than metrlv to lMp|vm the fuperineiim- bent building. This irmple anclrnilv was accompanied by lome other in'gnihcrni buildin|s, as is evidmt tiom four aleenis to it, one upon each angle, with marble llrps long rnuufih for tin people to go up a hie II. The palace, which is in what the Tur.s call tht CallU, mill) have hern one ol ihe moll liiprib lliuc- iiires that ima|tinj|iuii can lonicive, hut ii is much mure decayed tl)i ' : 'I'l fl } ' 1 ^^ 'ii S L C T. XVIII. Pjlcftinc, JuJ.sa, /f<' Land of C»iiaati, sr //y Holy Laml. • TIIK third grand div, lion of Syria, talccn in its Urged f.iilV, IS tiic aiiclint kin(;diiiii of Jud ■ ., or Jiiu'ei, or l'.ilcllini- i the lorinir ot tluMc iiamei it recti4i.d lioin Juduli, wholi; tube was the inoft confiderablc ot llie twchc, and tic latlcr from the I'aKftiiits, i.i I'hihllincs, as ihcy arc tern id in f^iipturf, who (loliitli-d the greatrll part of It , it had likcwifc a van. ty of other names, luch as the I. hI of C'an.ian, the l..iiid of lliarl, the Land rf Gud, ilic Ljiid ot the lli'hKws, iS;c. but tlie inolt prc-cmiiiciu appcilation by which it hith ever been di- /lilluuiOied l^, the Hely LunJ. 1 he n.ime of Canajii it teetived from tht dcfccndants ol C.ina..ii the for uf Cham, ur ilaia, who, being ex- pelled by the Ifiaelitct, it was thencecalled the Land o llVacl. li'.ith Jcwi and Chiilliaiii call il (he H»ly Land, for thife dillinct rcalmx : the former give it that ejMthct, hecaufe it wai fulcly a|ipropruted to the fetviec ol God under tluir imniedutu dilpeiilauon ) and the litter fo c.ill It, beraufc Chiill wai b.rn here, and it bc- tamc the feeiie ol all th.it w.i wruujjhtor lurtired f ^r the SALVATION of MANKIND, h wa* figuratively called the L.ind of I'ruinilc, as hating been ptomilcd by God himf II lu the ehokn people ol llraci, and the land flowing with milk and hunry, fiom its uui Jerlul leitiliiy. under the ucncr.'l nairc of Canaan, Judra, or I'alellint, fomc ineludc the whole ol the land pol- fcfkd by the twelve iribei, though it pciuliaily belongs to no more than the eouniiy weft ol the river Jordan, which Mofes himfcif pa.tieulaily iHimts out, l)eul. ii. 29, in this exprelfiun, " Until 1 (hall paft over Jor- " dan intu tlie land which the LtMd otir C>od giveth *' u»." Jm'ca, ill the (general xtent of it, mull there- fore he divided inlu Lell'er and Greater , the (irralrt iiidea extenthtl from the Mcdiiriraneaii to the upliraici. Thi'' diviliuii w»i iKVcr pcaeeably pol- lelicii b/ (iic Jew>, though ibey in lamt mciluic fubvcrted moft of the Syrian powers The Lcrtl-f was conKned to the land pofl'eflcd by n.tioiis particii.. larly marked out fur cxpulfion and extermination. T'l.ig is evident from the commands 4f God hinilulf ; for when the arinies of the Ifraclites mnrchcd ag.iinif any of the cities in the former, they were ordered to mako otters cf peace ; but in the latter no conditiuna were to be propofcd, but the inhabitant:) totally dcftroysd and roottd out. The exart extent of Cana.in fcems to have been ac- curately pointed out by Moles in Gen. x. 18, 19, in hefe words, " The border of the C.\naaiiiics w;is Irotn " Sidon, as thou coinell to Gcrar unto (}:i'/a, as " thou gocit unto Sodom and Gomorrah, and Admah >' and Zcboim, even unto Lafh.ih." The four i.ngh-s wherein the four borders of the land met, are plainly dcfcrlbcd, as the lollowing di.i^ram will evince : •", in which vail fii^his of mar- ble flairs, of 1,0 Heps 111 a flight, are lici)ueiitly found. 1'he turn and elevation of ihcle vaults are bold and lur- prifingi they contain many noble halls and fuperb ipartmcnis, admirably deeoi.ited. Some of thele vaults are dark, others receive light fiom large windo.vs which Itand on the level of the ground above ; but the moll fingiil.ir eircumllancc is, that all ihele allor.ifhmg edifices are bu.lt with fueh enoinious lionet, as (hole before-mentioned, without any viliblc iigns ( f mort..r, or any kind of eenicnr wh.ittver. The prelent city is furruunded with a wall of liju. re (lon^s, and loine towers in good condition ; the gardens in the environs arc plcafaiit, fiuitful, and well watered. Many houles whieh contain various ap.iitn.cnis, are cut nut of the folid rocks. It is inhabited by about 30 or 40 Chnlliaii families, a few Jews, and neai 8co 1 urks. Tyr. Acra Nuilli Mount Carititl « Land of Csnaan, or ihe 0 J"1'P» $■ Holy Land % JeltUSALEM South ^% v* av»' Ambu PLtixa Paliftinf, or Judc.i, is fi'u.ite! between 31 deg, 30 mill, and j2 deg. 20 niin. iioith Kit. and from 34 dcji. 50111111. (o 37 deg. 15 mill, eall long. Inin; boiiidej h\ the .Mediterranean lea on the well, .^yria'and I'hue- nieia on the north, Ar.^.'iia Oel-it.i on the eaPt, and Arabia I'etr.ea on the limth. It ii ihercfoie nejr jco miles in length, and about Ko in breadth towards the middle, but inrr.'alics or diminirtK-s ij or 15 miles 111 other places; the longcft day is about 14 hours 15 mi- nules. 1 he ait of Jiidca is the n oil falubrious and pleafaiit imaginable; neither heat nor e,.l I ate I'eit in the cx- ireiiie, but an au'rec.ble fercnity diffufes ilfelf through, out the year, which puts the Itranger in mind of Uie golden age : " The flowers unfown in fii Ids and meadows reign'.!, " And Weill rn winds immortal fpring maintain'J.' '1 hnu.'^h the e.imatf of this cruntry is at ptefrnt the moll admirable in Ihe univeric, we have no doubt but in the early »gcs of the world, when the pallor.d life was the moll f -iioiirable, and agriculture the null refpe^ej employ, It even fxccedid its pielint exeellemy, by means of the »en(i.il cultiiation of the country. Of the richnrls and fe'liliiy of ,ts foil we have the moll aiithrntie lelliinonies ; m particular that it abounded 111 corn, wine, oil, Jinney, pomegr mates, date., fig», ci- lioiis, otanjcs, .ipple^ ,,(■ rar..Jife, lug.it-eanes, cotton, hemp, flix, cidais, cyprelles, and .1 great vaicty of other iLitrlv, fragrant, ,ind fn.illul trees, balm of Gi- le.id, and other precioin (irugj, &c. cattle, fowls, lifli, •amr, nnd other delicjeies, ai well as neeedjijes .,f hlo. Indeel, who.ver eonlider< the veiv lm.dl (xtcnt of Jiidea, will be fenlifle that noihin- but fueh aftonifliiii r lerlility could enable it to inainain fueh a niiiiilicr of inhabitants ,is rtfided in if in the time of ling David, finro ihry nmounted to 6,ccr,:oo. Ti,c p,.nlucc of the land not only fubfilled this |.io!igious multiludf, but there was a luffieunt fupclluKv to f, ml to Tire and other places for i »po;ta ion. Yet the l,„l was only eiiltivate.1 (ix yrai, in fcvc„, ,. the frpt nnial year was always n lime ol riH from the afliits ot agritullure. It IS tobeobfeived, that the » l.o'e o| llic lountry was cul- tivated, and ihii woodc, pn.H, vv.ilK- grmmdj, &c WMC unknown, It it now uuliapp.ly inluuiud by fom<^ i 'il < 0^ <. / •y ■t ^ Vm * O iL a miiid ul tU( ASIA.] Turkey. iii of the moll indolent peo|))e exiting ; yet Dr. Shaw in- forms us, that with a little cultivation it would yield as much as it did in the days of king David and king So- lomon. The principal mountain of Palcftinc is the famous chain that goes under the name of Libanus and Anti- lib.inus, and iliviJis Syria from I'alclline : the whole is about ICO leagues in c ompafs, and confifts of four riil;os one above another, two of which are fertile, and twobaricn, viz. llu- lower is rich in grain and fruit ; the next rocky and barren; the third abounds in gai- dcns and orchards, thnuph higher tlian the preceding ; anil t hi- (11 in nit is (Icrilc and uninh.ibitaMi', by rcafon oi the cxcedive ctildnefs en its ai:y brow : the Ma- roiiilcs inhabit its lower regions, and Ar,.b3 all the oihrr parts c.\cept the lop. In this mountain fcveral confuler.dile, or rather crl.brnted rivers have their (ource, VIZ. Jordan, Rochain, Nahur-Rr^ni.iii, Naha-Codicha, and Aboiuli, the fiilt only of which runs through I'.i- Mtinc, Of thefe mountain.j the wetierii part abme is prupcilv called Libanus, the e.'.lUrn being named Aiiti- iiK;iiu>, and the intervening part Calo-Svria. The whole chain, however, ;.lv,'ay5 v.jf, and is liill looked upon 31 a retreat for robbery. Mount llermon, like Libanis, is very high and capped wi;h fnow the great-ll pait of the year. Mount Tabor, anriently ealltd .\lons Alabjriiis, and Il.divriuin, from a cm of that name which flood upon il, !•. adirinalile with refped to its eonfhnt verdure, be.iutv, fcitility, and reguLiiity, a.s well as for its fitwa- titn, which is m ih;- niiddle ot a l:'rge plain, at a di- ftaiKC Irom niiy other hill; a Winding afcciit of about two miles leads up to it, and the plain, nn its top, is half a mile in length, and a i|uarter of a mile in breadth. This mountain was the fcenc of our Saviour's transfiguration, and eonfequently is held in great vene ration, and has been much relortcd to by C'hriltians ol all aijes. Mount Carmcl, fituafed on the fea (horc, is the moll remarkable h'-adland on that coaft. The prop! ct Klij.ih is fuppofed to have relided here in a cave, which it llill (hewn, previous to his being taken up to heaven. The cave is i8 feet in length, and 1 1 in breadth. Mount Olivet, or the Mountain of CJlivcs, is only about a mile from Jeruf.ilem, being feparatid ihereliom by the brook Kidron, and the valley of Jeboflliiphat. It il of a confiderable height, and from its fummit there iv a fine profpctt of Juuf.ilcm. It runs in a ridge, and hii thite or four heads hi h r than the reft; from one ol the principal C'loift afi ended into heaven, and the imprertion of a foot in a hai.l rock, (hewn there at this day, is faid to have bttn made by him. Mount Calvary, or (iolgoiha, was the place where ruf Saviour was ciueibed. It is a rocky hill on the vvrll fiilc of Jcriifalem, and was anciently ufed as a ge- i'.er,il charnel-houfe to tiat ciiv, from whence it deiived irs name of (lolgotha, that Hebrew word fignifying the place or lepofitory of a ikull, of which Cilvary is the latin tr.nllaMon. This mountain, according to thi. authority of the jntient faiherj, is the fjme on which Abriham w>nt to oiler up his fon Ifaac. It was for- meilv I'le place whei,- criminals were exeeutid, but, fir.ee tile trueifixion of t.,'hri(l, it h.ith been U> reve- n need and rihiled to by C'hnltiain of all denomiiu- .ion«, that It h.th, if we may ba allowed the expref- li' II, ilrawn the citv round about it, for it now llands .'1 ; u- midlk ot Jeniialcm. Conllantinc the (Jrcat in- t I'ld It within the new walls, and even Kit out fome p.irt III Mount Sion, that none of Calvary fliuulJ be iktiiid.'d, .Vtuunt Moriih is the eiti'ncncr on which the teni- I !e (i| Soliiiiioii w.i, built. Mount (iihoii ((ands about » quart,cr of a mile from jirufiilrn', anil on it the pu.l is fldl lo be fern from wheiiv- Me/.ckiah brought water by an atjueduCt inti' llie Illy. A few other mouiitjins are found in I'aleltin'" lefs iBnlidriiiblr ih.in ihe foimer, yet wmlh mem onin^, on uiouiii of m»nv (ingul.ir i ncunill.inces which aie par- t'cuiarly noticed in Ihe Holy Serlptures toiiccrniii^ "•rm ; «f thile, we fliall begin fult with Mount tbal, il or Hebal, and Mount Gcrizim. The fc mountains are both remarkable on account of the following p.iitifu- lars ; Moles had enjoined, that when the children of Ilracl h,ul palled over Jordan, they flioi.ld (ct upon Mount Ebal great Ifoiics, and, having ci vrLcl them wiih plaifter, fhould write the 1 iw upon tl.rm ; v.d. Deut. xxvii. 2, 3, 4 J and iliey wire to iniild an alt.ir there uiito the Lord llair f.jod, .-nJ to offer bunu-oili.ting«, and peace-offering.-, ai.d to tel !)r..t-' a kail uritj tlic I-ord ; vide ver. 5, 6, 7, of li.c fame ch.ipter : and they were to divide the pcop!-, .ind !;i pljccTrs of the tribes of the people on Mount Geri/.i;)', opv.olilc to Mount Ebal, and fix on .Mount i^b. ' j and tii.u the Lcvitcs were to read, with a hud voice, tlie curies fet down by Molts fo. the tianl'grcflors of the law, unto each of wliich the people were to aniuer, Amen. [See the luc- ceeding veil'e.s of the fame ch.ipier.l J flnia afterwards perlornied the whole of the ib 've in iiiuiion. Mount Kiigadi is ne.ir tlrC I. ke of Sodom : Mount Amaleck and Ga!i.:(}i, in tl.veliers, iiiid repe.ited e:.pcriii .-nts, ,,) be c'roneous ; pa.ticularly tiiat iithni; Ui-.ild liik il.at It calt Inch a Ittnch .ind iniuke, that t',., \ciy hi.!, died in acien pliiig to Hy over i'. . ill.,! tJiiiegicw ap|.ks about it lair without, but ill a.r.e ..111 b;ttcriiels within ; and that the ruins ol tl..- r.iiecit: » th„t ueri. deltroyed by fiie fiom heaven, wire t! !1 i , be leen under the water in cle.ir ueather; that .. Iinokc conllantly alVemled from it, &e. .Ml thele abl'uid notions have been refuted Ik n; I'criptuie it- Iclt by K< land, in his P.jltjiint lilujlnittj. This lake is e.:!led Al'phaltiie, from the quantily of bitumen in and about it. I'orMierlv it was iinagimd th.it great i|uaiititics ol this coiiiburtible were tlirov»n up by this lea i that, however, i^ not the cafe, for it ij ihc n.onn- tains on both lid.s ihit produce it. It reCembles pitch, and is only to be ilillingui(hed fiom it b\ the ft.lphu- reoufiiels of il> lallc .ind linell. Kir the biuimen itfelf Ibme have niillaken a black pebble found on the flioreu of the lake, wliiih being held in Ihe flame of ,1 can.lle, ptefenily takes lire, and burns with a molt intolerable lUnch, llelides Ihe above (|Ualit\, ihcfc pebbles have this lingular property, that by burning, their weight only, and n.it their bulk, is dimiri Died. It is termed the Dead Sea, bccaule it is fuppolld tliat no living creature can exill i- t, on account of the e.vceflive falt- nefs of it. waters; .Maundrcll, however, infills that it contains lilh, and Iikewile gives tcllimonv againlt an- ol'ier received npiiiioii, that is, if any buds attempted to Hyover il, they were lure to drop downde.'d in il ; but he declares that he f.iw many fly over it. Why it was called the Salt Sea IS obvious, and it is imagned that no col|i,;liMn of waters in the univerfe have (o gre.it .1 degree of fallnef<. The great phjAcLin G.ilen o.ilervcs, that the exceeding faltnels of the water Is tinged with an unplealant bilternefs; and lh.it, with lelpev't to Ipc- cific gijvity, il at iiiiich exceeds other fca waters, ..s tbcy do river waters. Il is about 24 leagues in Knglh, and between fix and fevcn in bre.idth. It n bounded on the eaft and well bytxceiding high iiiount.iiiis ; < 11 the north by Ihc plains of Jericho ; but to the loulh ihc view is rnlirely open beyond the reach ol the eye. The waters arc clear, limpiJ, . ml ir infpireiit. I he Sea of (Jalilce, or Lake if I'lberia!, is much (mailer fhmi that of Soilom, but .ibouiuls in lifti, lul IS highly commended tor Ihe excellency of its waters. It was on this lea ih.it St. I'cler, Andiew, John and James followed ihiir employ ai lilhei men ; the river Jordan pallo through it, II h Th tlie before men- tioned S.iniachonite lake, (Inw-lor 15 milci more, enters the fea of Tibci us anil hnvioL; pad it, flicams through a difart till it dik'nb'igues iti'elf nilo the Afph.\ltite lake. Contrarv to the r,eiier.il n.aure of tivers it is fullelt in funiiner time ; ii> banks a:e (•) covered with tall reeds, willows, tamarilks, ivc. that t!iev h itbour innumerable lions and other wdd bealls. Its llieam is fo rapid and ftrone that a rmn cannot rtem it in fwiniming. The bieaJ'h where it is wiOell doei. nut ixeeeJ 60 leet j the waters are f.duhiious and incorruptible, but turbid or inuddv, the n.itural conlcmiince id its rapidity. The other ri\er-, or ra'hcr tnulets, lire Arnon- Jabok, Cheriih, Sorcc, Kilhon, lUiior, Belus, Nahar- al-farat, .^lul Je/reel. The principal vallies and plains mentioned in fcrip- tuie, and by piofjne writers ate, Beraklnp, or the valley of B!e(Ting, on the weft fult of the lake of Sodom ; the v.de of Siddim, which ront.iins the Alj-haltite lake ; the valley of Sliaveh or R.iyal Vail', 'he valley of Salt, the v illey of Jtzieel, th- vale of Mambie, the vale of Rcphiaim, the vallev of J-hofliaphat, the valley of the chil.jien of Hinnom, the vale of Zeboim, the vale of Achor near Jericho, the vatr of Buchim, and llic valley of Llah, where David Ilcw the giant Goliah : Where it was prov'd that he hath gre.iteft mi^;ht, Whofe heart is i^odly, and whole caufe is tight ; Thus weakncfs may I'upeiior lliength difgrace, And the mod fwift, if impious, lofe the race ; Giants in fin, (hall like (Joliali fail. And Davids, arm'd by Providence, prevail. Among the plains arc tliofe callid the Great Plain, through which the river Jordan flows, the plain or vallev of Je/.rerl, the plains ot Sharon and Siplieljh, and the plain of Jericho. The whole country at prcfent is a perfeifl wildernefs, tlirouu'i the want of cultivation : anciently, when in its mull flouiiflnn^ ilatr, it was faid to contain f.nie defaits or wildeinell'es , but t!ii> is to be nnJerdool uf fuch iraMs as piodutcd n^i corn, wine, oil, &c. but were fet apart for feeding cattle, llocki of (hecp, goats, &c. There was n )t a (tctilT fpot throughout the whole country, thepioplc therefore haJ no conception ul barrennefs. Hippy land ! where rich pallures and beautiful meadows were termed de|■art^, through the abfence uf real barienncf» i wheic the people, ideas of fciiililv were confined only to fpots produiilivc of a ptidufiun of luxuries. Many natural curiolities are found in this country, pariicularlv lloncs which exac'lly refembic citrons, melons, olives, peaches, hunches of grapes, and even many kind of tilh ; they ate found principally about Itiouiit t'armel : lliofe that refcmb'e olives are tin I.apides Judaici, which h >th always been deemed an excellcnl icmcdy for the (lone and gravel. Near Bethlehem are found little Hones whiih greatly ref nil.Ie peas, they »rc therefore called the Viigm Mary'', Peas j and another (lone of a chalky natuie, goes under the appel- la'ion of her niilk , a (lone of the llale koid, which is found not only here but in Phuenicia and Syiia, ex- hibits in every flake the reprelentation of a great variety of tilhei. We mjy include a'noiig the natural curiufilies nianv I <>t and mnietal waters. Near the Dead Sea ate a number of hillocks rcf'mbling places where there have been liine kiln>i arid abundance uf Inline tfHurefccncct. A thorny bufh grows in the plains of Jericho, w!:ic'i bears u fruit tliat h.is fome finiilitude to an nniipe w.il- nut ; trom this fruit the Arabs cxirafl an excellent 0.1, which is a foverei^n remedy for biuifes, when inter- nally applied, and lor wounds when ufcd e.iit.riialK. its reputation is fo grcU that U is preferred c\cn to the balm of Gilead. Two more natural curiofities abound in this pl.un of Jericho, viz. the wooJ-olive, the outward coat ot which is green like the common olive, but i>cing takm oft', a nut of a woo.ly fubllancc appears ; it is of abeut the thicknefs of an almond fliell, and ribbed Kingwil. . Alfo the caroub or locuft tree that beais a truit like ^ bean, in which are fome (mall feeds ; the flicll wjv.n dried is eaten, and has a very agreeable lafte. St. John fojourned heie, whence it is called St. John's delarts and tliefe ate tl ■"■ght tube the loculls on which he fed, .iiid not the anim.iTof that name as many have fupnofed. J'ldea was peopled by the defcendants of Amor Cham, who came hither with his eleven funs after the confufion of tongues at Babel, five of whom fettled m hyiia and Phirnicia, viz. Heth, Jel us, Einor, Gir- g.illii and Heve, who v\'erc the lounJtrs td' (o many nations, and thcfe were afterwards cncrealed by the defcendants of Abraham ; that patriarch having been called out of Mefopotamia to fojourn here. W'c (liall now particularize the diftriils allotted to the fcveral tribes, beginning with the two tribes and a half who fettled beyond Jordan, .-Mid then pnccediii > to the oppofitc fide, take in the other nine tubes ana a li.ill as they lie from notth to fouth. The lot of Ruben extended along the banks of the river Jordan from the north-call coalf of the D. .nd S a, and was bounded on the eaft by the country of the Moahitcs and Animoiiitcs, on the fuuth bv the river .Anion, which fepar..ted it from the country inhabited by the Midianites, and on the north by a fm.dl river which parted it from the lot of Ciad ; it fornmly con- tained many goo.l cities, of which th-re are no paiii- cular ancient defcriptioiis known, nor any traces of the towns theinfclves at prclent remaining. The lot of viad had half tlic tribe of Manallch on the north, Ruben on the fouth, the Ainmonites on the eaft, a id Jordan on the weft ; though naturally a couiitty ol infinite richnefs and fertility, it at prcleiu appe.irs like a wildetnefs ; neither any nxidern built towns appear in this tract, nor the leniains of the ancient. The lot of half the tribe of Manaflvh had (Jad to the (outh, mount l.ehanon to the nurth, [.irdan and the Saiiiachonite lake to the weft, and the hills ot Balhan and llermon on the eaft. This diftrict, with reipctl to cultivation or cities, is in the fame predicament as the two loriner. The lot of the tribe of Aflier, on this fide Jordan, was lioundcd on the north by Pha-nicia, on the fouth by Z.ibulon, on the call by Naphtali, and on the weft hv the .Mediteriaiiean ; of all the cities and towns be- longing to ihc defcendants of .Aflier, none arc now re- inaiiiiii^ except A. le, winch we have already delcribcd. Saphat, a town near Acic, was deltroycd in the yeji 1759, by an carthi|uake, which did a gtcat dc.ii of d image all over SyiM, bi.t more particularly about Damafcus. The tribe of Naphtali extended along the weAern banks of the Jordan, fiom Lebanon to the fea of Galilee. No vcftigcs of any of the antient ciiiis arc now m being, aid the very lew villages aie fo poor and 111- coiifidei..blc that ttavcllers fi aice mention them. Wo (hall nenrtheilrfs notice fome particulars relative to two of IIS ancient cities, viz. Capernaum and Dan, though tliev no longer i xift. Capernaum, dodtoi Wells takes notice, is not men- tioned ill (he Ohl r< (lament i it w«s therefoie moll prved 111 the yi-ji a gieat de.[| of riicuUrly about III}; the vseflcrn le fia ol Clali!ec. arc now hi fii poor and ni- n I hem. Wo 111 irs relative to uuiii and Uan, ICC, ii not mcn- s ihercloic moll I * J after their II the fea coall, • i.ililee, in tin- "d confequcntly I took its iiaiiiP he excellency ol lufc ttiii as the I'laif &f. place of his rcfidcnce, In preference to Na/.arcih, where the llub'.'ornefs and incredulity of the peopL- had ob- ilruiited ihc propagation of his docliines. It was more particularly the place ot his abode during the lad three years of his life; and where he wrought a great r.uinb'.'r of miraclis. Chnit, however, infornii.il the inhabitants, that ihoii!;h thiir city was then exiJu.l iinio heaven, it Ihould Ihortly be btxurjil lo hill, thai is, lo the moftd'j- (ilorahle fituatioii ; ke Matthew xi. 23. which pre- jiiition was vcrihcd in the Jcvvifli wai>, when it was lot illy dellroyed ; fo that thcie is not at prcfeiit the lejil trace of it left, uiilcis fix poor filhcrniens cott.iges may be fo teiincil. Dan, this citv was built by the Danites, who being too lliaitcncd in their own tribe, and fcekin;; for a new babiiatioii, thole of Zcrah and Lditaol ar oed 600 men, who fei/.ed the rich town of Lailli, dellroyed its inha- bitants, burnt the city, thtn ichuilt it, and called it Dan, after the name of their pro|:ciiitor. It was pro- b.iblv the lame as Laflia, nienti.ined Gcncfis x. 19. as one on the holders of the land of Canaan : it vvasiiiuated at the head of Jordan, and after haung receded its new name, w.is deemed the northciii boundary of the land o, Kgypt, as liecrflieba was the foutheni. H«nce the pio- verbial fcriptuie cxprcrtion, fiom li.m to Beerfl.i a. It was here that Rchoboam placed one ofhisgoK.ii calves. Dan was given by Aiigullu- to Herod the Great, who bequeathed it to his younger fnn Philip, (together with the Tetrarch) of Liuria and Trachoniics) who made it his capital, and called it Carfarca I'hillippi. The tribe of / ebulun had the Mcditerraman on the weft, the fea of (jalike on the call, lllachar, from which it was parted by the brook Kinioii, on the foulh, and Naphiali and Alher en the north. The priiicipul town of this dillrict is Nazar.lh, where our Saviour was brought up; it is now a \ery iiiconHdeiable villaji, though once a line city, lltuatcd in a kind of concave valhy, on the topof a hill. A convent is hi rebuilt ovci the place of the annunciation : the monks (hew a lioufc, which they infill was the houfe of Jofeph, in winch Chrill (elided neat 30 years. Bethfaida is frequently mentioned in the New Tefla- nient ; Saint John, chapter I. 44. cxpref^ly tells us, that Saint Peter, Andrew, and Phillip were of this citv ; the mme in Flcbrew implies a fifhin;^ place. It is not meii- iioiied in ihcUld redameiit, nor is that indeed altonifli- ing, lince it was but a Iritiing viUagi', as Jofephiis in- forms us, till Philip the Tctracli rendited it a magnifi- cent, rich, and populous city ; at prclciit it only confills of five 01 fix poor cottages. Joppa, or Jatia, as it is at prcfcnt called, is fituatc.! cnth.' MediteiiaiRan coali : it was anciently the princi- pal fca-port town to Jirulaleni and all Judea, and the place where the cedars of Lebanon, luoUj^ht in floats fiom Tyre for building the temple, were landed. It was plea- faiitly fiated on 1 rock in a beautiful plain, and fifiated in {o drg. 20 niin. north lar. and 35 dcg. 3 iiiiii. ealf loni>,. Jonas here embarked for Ninevah ; and from the hiftoiy of his miraculous voyage, the Hory of Andro- meda was fabricated by the heathen poets ; lor their fea- monfter was no other than the Leviathan of the lacred wilting", and the whale of the modcrni. " Huge F-eviathan unwieldy moves, " ;\iid thro' the wa^c. a living ifiand roves ; *• in dreadful paftimc terribly he (ports, *' And the vaft ocean fcafce his weight fupports. " Where'er he turns, the hoary deeps divide j " He breaths a tcnipcit, and he flouts a tide. Broome, We cannot help adding the fublime defcrlption given by Job of this tremendous creature, which the antients lo terribly dreaded, and which the moderns have found the means not only to fubdue, but to render fubferviciit to many domcllic ufcs. " nil bulk is charg'J with fuch a furious foul, " that clouds of linoak Irom his Ipread iiodiils roll, " As from a I'uriince, anduhen rous'd his ire, " i'aie ill'ucs Ituci liisjaws in Uicamnof file. " The rage of tompcll, and the rc;T ot I'.-.-is, " This great fupcrior of the ocean picafe; " Strength on his ample (houlders fits in itate, " His well join'd limbs are dreadfully complete ; " His flakes of folid flefli arc flow to part, " As (kel his nerves, as adamant his heart ; " Large is his front, and when his burnifli'd evc> " Lift their broad lids, the morning fcems to rife. " His padimcs like a cauldron, bod the flood, " And blacken ocean with the lifing mud ; •' The billows feel him as he works his wav, " His hoary footilepsihine along the fea." Dr. VoL'nt's Job. It was in Joppa that Saint Peter raifed Dorcas to life, and received the mcll'engers of Cornelius. Though it was anciently a vciy magnificent town, and a great commer- cial mart, yet the harbour was nivcr con.modious, on account of fcveral rocks, which render the pallagc into It d,ingtTQus. It l.iy for many ages in luins, hut of late hath been much improved, though it Hiil tails beneath itsorijiinal fplendor. 'Ihe lower ground towards the lea IS covered with good houfes, chiefly of lloiu . Tie prin- cipal cnmmodiiics arc Ramah and J^rufdlcm I'oap ; rice, and other articles are brought fiom Eg\pt, and ex- ported from hence to v..iii^us places, which yields the bafla ot Ga/a a confidcrable annual income. The in- liabitantsarc fupplied with water from an excellent fpring on the weC "de of the town. The Chrillians as yet have no church, xceptone alniolt in luins and uncovered ; but they have fcveral han.'lomc houfis appropriated to their life, and (or the entertainment of pilgrims. Caiia of Galilee, fo called to dillinguifh it from a town of the fame name, which lay near Sidon, is not far from Na/.arcth. Here Chnft performed his firit miracle, by ciuinging the water into wine at the man iajc feaft. The inention of the above bungs to our mind the following cir. umltance : A young gentleman of great genius, who w,is placed in a certain ieminary ot learning for cduca- cation, a few yi.iis lince having the Miracle of Cana given him as a theme, neglected to prepare it for the in- Ijieclion of the mailer, till within a tew minutes of the tiMiC wlun it was propei to produce it ; fearful of be- ing puniflied foi his rcmiirncls, he fat down and com- I'liicd the will L- in the lollowing admirable line : •' The modtf water law the Lord and blufh'd," Thcm.lKrwas fo eliarin'-d with the energy of this fentence, that he cafily pafdune I the young pupil for not rendering his theme more piohx, Cana was the native or at Kail dwelling place of the Apollle N.ithanicI, 01 li. rtholomcw ; for he is exprelsly llilcd Nathaniel of Ciia in G..liUe, ', ide John xxi. 2. Ihe lot ol the tribe of lllaclur was bociiuled on the iioith by Zeb>ilun, on the fouth by the other half of M.inalich, on the call by Jordan, and on the well by the M.uii 'rranean. It contained the mounts Carmcl and Gilboa, the valley of Jezrcel, and plain ot Cialilce, now called Saba : though its fertility is allonidling, it contains only a lew milcr.ible inhabitants, who telide in Icattered huts, and has fcaice any remaining traces of the cities, towns, or villages, which it might loimerly con- tain J but as I'ome of the phiccs in their ancient Hate were extremely teiiurkabie, we (hall mention them on account of fiiinc cuiious citcumdaiices with which they were conneifted. Shuium, or Shunen, was a city, according to Julhua, xix. fituated on the borders of the tribe of lllachar. In the I Samuel, chapter Xxviii, 4. it mentions that the Philillincs pitched heie, as the Ifiaelites did in Gilboa. This city was likewile famous, as the place of refidence of the hofpitable Shunamitc, who was lo kind to the pro- phet Elilha. Her benevolence, and its happy conlequence, fiirnilhed Mr. Stephen Duck with the idea and luhject matter of his cilebratcd poem called, Iht Shitnamilt, which not only oecafioned his advancement liom the plough lo the pulpit, but procured him the royal favour, and patronage ol queen Caroline, Accept of the follow- ing Ikeich of that pleafing perfoimancr, which the au- thor hath put into the mouth of the Shunamitc herftlf, who thui atldfclR-i the people ; ** My li! Iri'i ill t24 A NEW COMPLETE , ', " My lord and I, to whom all bounteous heav'ii *' His blelTuigs with no fparing hand had given, ** Like failhtui ftiwards of our wealthy (lore, " Still lodg'd the (Iranijcr, and relicv'd tlic poor : •' And as Elisha by divine command, " Came preaching virtue to a (Inful land, " He often deign'd to lodge within our gate, •' And oft rcciiv'd an hofpitablc treat : " A decent chamber for him weprcpar'd ; " And he, the gen'rous l.ibor to leward, " Honors in court ircamp to us propos'd j •' Which 1 tcfus'd, and thus my mind difcloi'd : •' Heav'n's king has plac'd us in a firtik- land, •' Where he fliow'rs down h:s gifts with copious lianJ " Already we enjoy a fluent (lure, " Why mould we be folicitoiis for more ? " All blelTiiigs hut a child hath heav'n fupjjly'd, •' And only that ih' Almighty hasdeny'd. •• Which when ihcholv prcrcimt fage had heard, " He laid '■ -Hail, gen'rous foul ! thy pinus cares 1 " Aie not forgot, nor fruitlefs ate thy prayers j " Propitious heav'n, thy virtuous deed.^ to crown, " Shali make thy barren wonih cinccivca fon. " So fpake the Stcr ; and to .